dishchannels

While DTH pay-TV platforms represent a key market for satellite operators, a large part of demand for video distribution is also driven by other applications. Two particularly noteworthy applications are free-to-air satellite broadcasting and distribution of video services to terrestrial system head-ends (e.g. cable, towers, DSL and fiber). Together these related markets represented over 7,500 channels broadcast, approximately 41 percent of all channels broadcast by satellite. In the last five years, this number increased by an average of 15 percent per year. In addition, it has brought and continues to bring a number of innovations that will support growth in the coming years.Even before the emergence of satellite pay-TV,satellite broadcasting was used in a number of countries to provide leading terrestrial channels on a national scale. This was the case in France, Germany, and Japan, to name a few examples. While the satellite has maintained this role over time, it has also seen its position expand greatly.One example is the role of satellite as the primary growth driver for digital TV in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where roughly 900 channels were broadcast free-to-air in the region in early 2007 as compared to only 275 channels in 2003. Several important innovations underpin growth of free-to-air viewing. First, the decrease in the cost of digital set-top-boxes over the last few years is a key factor, as it has allowed the introduction of digital free-to-air services for a low initial cost for the viewer.

Dear Readers!

International Monthly Magazine

VOLUME: 19 - No: 08 AUGUST 2012

Editor-in-Chief

Managing Editors

Editor

Associate Editor

Technical Editor

Advertising Manager

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Accounts Manager

Legal Advisor

Editorial Address:

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Publisher

HABIB [email protected]

SUROOSHIZNA

SUMERA HADI

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HAIDER [email protected]

Mohib [email protected]

SHAHID ADEEL

S.ASHRAF-UL-HAQ

QAZI MUNAWAR ALAM

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SG-7000 HDSG-7000 HD

HD DIGITAL SATELLITE FINDERHD DIGITAL SATELLITE FINDER

NB-502 DISEQCSWITCH

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Contents231st LEGEND ISSUE OF PUBLICATIONS

Letter from Editor

G

Innovation with Satellite

(Test Report)

(Test Report)

Satellite TV Reciever

Satellite Dish Antennas

Advantages Of Satellite

Satellite Frequency

Satellite tops cable

TV Satellite Services

lobal Flash News

Communication Satellite

Sat Mart

Fortec star (Test Report)

The Real Truth about

Echolink (Test Report)

Echolink (Test Report)

AZBox Me

AZBox Me

Satellite TV services

Television in Germany

Satellite TV Software

Television Programs via

TV market in Turkey

Understanding Satellite

What is MPEG 4

The first 50 years of

Satellite pay-TV yet to

International satellite TV

Ikusi SZB single-channel

Around the satellite world

Trouble Shooter

Search Satellite

Everyman's Non-Technical

Low signal level

Digital is better

Fiber satellite

C-Band Reception

Digital Chart

TEST REPORTS

AZBOX ME Digital HDTV

Echolink EL-3080 USB Fortec Star FSHD-4700

ARTICLES VIEW

CommunicationSatellite

Satellite TV Receiver

18 34 53 75 76

Everyman'sNon-TechnicalGuide to HDTV C

Everyman'sNon-TechnicalGuide to HDTV C

THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF SATELLITE TV

THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF SATELLITE TV

Low Signal Level

SRT 2010 HDSRT 2010 HD


www.startrackworld.com



SR 55XSR 55X

SR 150SR 150

ST 560ST 560

ST 570ST 570

SR 140SR 140

19 GENEROUS YEARS OF PUBLICATIONS

Inside view

201218 The Highly Circulated Satellite Magazine

Television satellite signals originate from a single 'uplink' facility and are transmitted to a communications satellite orbiting 22,300 miles above the earth's equator.

11.7 to 12.75 Ghz). New generation satellites are being built with Ka-band capability (22Ghz) and a very few, older specialty satellites are in the lower frequency S-band. After receiving the signals from earth, the satellite amplifies the signals then rebroadcasts them, or 'downlinks', back to earth in a These type orbiting communications predetermined beam pattern commonly satellites are considered to be 'parked' in called a 'footprint'. The calibration of the orbit; though in reality they travel from footprint is in EIRP (effective irradiated west to east but appear stationary to an power) and its units are in dBw (decibel observer on Earth because their speed is the watts).exact speed of the Earth's rotation thus they The downlinked signal from the satellites, are termed geostationary satellites. upon reaching the earth, is very weak not The overwhelmingly common receive only because of the great distance the signal frequency of satellite transmissions, for has traveled but also because of the video purposes, are either in the C-band 'spreading' effect of the signal from a point (frequency range from 3.7 to 4.2 gigahertz) source at the satellite to a regional image at or in the Ku-band (10.7 to 11.7 Ghz and its footprint.

AUGUST

Communications satelliteCommunications satellite

Before you read this ask yourself are you further from the truth. You find out the hard one of those adventurous souls who have way that all that glitters is not gold and then the ability to discern between the truly you are stuck with the trash that you've got. trashy and the absolutely fabulous then read This includes dozens of channels that you on, if no then please don't waste your time. are never going to even flip through in this We are going to talk about some truly cool life time and a huge dish that consumes alternative to the various Satellite TV dish power faster than a teenager inhales networks and other TV channel systems cheeseburgers. So you need to ask your self that have you paying through your nose and is there an alternative to satellite TV dish yet make you feel that you are being networks and their enforced hegemony? shortchanged. Remember that you are not Yes. There is. Free to air is here. Satellite alone. There are millions of people out TV dish networks are the future of cable there who have been through the grind and TV networks that will enable you to receive come out stronger. There are hundreds of all the good stuff on cable TV all the time disgruntled customers whose lives are irrespective of the network that you are mired in millions of miles of cables and using. In fact with the free to air satellites satellite dishes that consume more power you won't need to have a network. Just free than they can handle and this makes it to air will suffice. Satellite TV dish network difficult for them to discern between the able to transmit satellite signals which a various satellite TV dish networks. Today, person can receive legally for free. Thisthere are two major satellite TV dish means that without having any subscription networks that are ruling the airwaves, Dish and without paying the exorbitant fees you Network and DirecTV. Each of them offers get all the satellite channels that you want a large number of channels and several so for free. Although the free to air satellite called low-cost options for service. In transmission is not encrypted, it is typically addition to that, they also promise to offer encoded for MPEG-2 video and may have freedom from the binding stresses of your geographical restrictions.local cable company. The reality is much


Inside view

THE REALTRUTH ABOUTSATELLITE TV

DISHNETWORKS

201226AUGUST The Highly Circulated Satellite Magazine


Inside view

When you invest in a new product or these days may seem to be a hassle with all service it is always a good idea to look into the terms and condition applied to the the latest technologies and services in the subscription. The technicalities related to market before deciding on one. No matter the programs that you want or subscribed the product, technology is what moves to. Trouble is when getting the programs; services and equipment forward, and you you might not understand the terms and want to be aligned with a provider who also conditions. Moving on to the trend of TVhas that also has that ideal. Television is a viewing, you can watch television on product and service that has surged forward computer these days. Look Forward to lately in terms of the technology offered. Satellite TV InnovationsBig jumps have been made in terms of Millions and millions of folks are football quality and additional equipment offered. fans and they look forward to the Now with a satellite television provider you opportunity to get action on their own TVhave access to all of these great sets. In the United States, football has easily technologies, as well as a product that has overtaken baseball as the national past time better quality than its competitors. over the past few decades. Now, it is as if Television technology has taken a little Sunday has its own set of traditions as while to pick up. Although there have been football fans from around the world gather major developments in the size as well as in front of their television sets to watch the quality of a television stream, there have big game.not been the accessories that make the The best providers are also obviously still experience truly different until now. concerned with the quality of viewing of A technology service is truly a service their television packages. Although an older when it can be personalized to fit your innovation, it is still important and affectsspecific needs. Every home is diverse, with the entire television watching experience. different needs and interests. For that reason, when you sign up with any provider you want to make sure that you have a say in the different services that are offered. Getting a satellite or cable TV subscription


Innovationwith Satellite TV

Innovationwith Satellite TV


Inside view

Today, digital television has become well- LNB output signals are converted to audio known radio transmission; most of the city's video signal or RF signal electronic friends have a "set-top box", using a TV to devices. Analogue satellite TV receiver - watch digital TV. A small box, the value of receives an analog signal, because most of three five hundred, or even three thousand, the current signal has been digitized are weigh feel very alone in the hands of Pu, basically extinct. Digital satellite TVwith the box will be able to watch digital receiver - receives a digital signal, the TV? As everyone knows, this box really a receiver is commonly used, but also points lot of knowledge, it's a single type of strike, card numbers machine, free, HD machines.you coal Friends Ye Hao, first came to A basic satellite TV receivers, should suddenly see the friends it has, it can be normally include the following seen several of them. Satellite TV receivers, components: electronic tuner tuner, IF commonly known as set-top boxes, is head amplifier and demodulator, Signal of the TV box. Now say "now" basic digital processor, audio signal. Satellite TVsatellite TV receivers in general, and then receiver circuit circuit. Demodulator, the the "past" what is it used, of course, the front panel indicator, power supply circuit. analog satellite TV receivers. Then ground, Card machine also includes digital card cable transmission signal is analog, the first interface circuit. 1, the electronic tuner satellite television transmission is an analog tuner. Its main function is the input from signal. Compared with digital signals, 950-1450MHz to be selected to receive the analog signals are susceptible to signal of a television channel frequency,interference, so the image quality is not and it transforms into the second IF good, and the analog signal to the frequency is fixed (usually 479.5MHz), sent frequency band utilization is low, a satellite to the IF amplifier and demodulator.transmission of a small number of simulation programs; digital signal is more stable, high image quality , high bandwidth resource utilization, transfer programs more. Burning faithful know, and now we are all domestic digital satellite television transmission. Since the domestic set-top box business is thriving. SARFT end of last year's bid, it leads to the extraordinary forces of more than thirty companies, the companies have a lot of names, satellite TVreceivers. Satellite TV receiver is a satellite





Inside view

Single Cable Distribution is a satellite TV solution that allows Unicable-certified a conventional front end, amplified and technology that enables the delivery of Digital Video Recorders and receivers to down converted to the L-band, to be fed to broadcast programming to multiple users multiplex selected programming when a number of Single Cable Router (SCR) over a single coaxial cable, and eliminates using Unicable LNB or multiswitching chips one for each user that can be the numerous cables required to support products.The Unicable Interoperability connected - to further down convert the consumer electronics devices such as twin- Platform is open to companies designing required section of the received spectrum to tuner Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) and and/or marketing satellite and other centre on the user band IF frequency.high end receivers.Without single cable broadcast-related products. The platform is distribution, providing full spectrum access designed to facilitate the acceptance of for multiple receivers, or receivers with Unicable-certified solutions in the multiple tuners, in a single consumer TV broadcast family home has market.Each satellite required a receiver in the separate installationcoaxial has a cable dedicafeed ted

ing useeach

r band tunerof a from the

bandwidthantennaapproximately the equipment (either

same as a transponder.multiple LNBs, a multi-The receiver requests a output LNB or a multiswitch

particular transponder frequency via a distribution system) because of the largeDiSEqC-compliant command. A mixer in bandwidth requirement of the signals.the dish-end equipment (an LNB or Single cable distribution technology distribution unit) converts the received enables one coaxial cable from the antenna signal to the correct user band IF centre equipment to multiple tuners, to provide frequency for that receiver.The converted independent tuning across the whole range transponders of the various users are then of satellite reception for each tuner.combined, and sent via the single coaxial A European industry standard for cable to the receivers. The combined signal distributing satellite signals over a single is tapped or split to reach every user.coaxial cable has been defined in 2007 and Special LNBs have been developed for use developed by a consortium led by SES.in single cable distribution systems. All four Single cable distribution technology can be sub-bands of the Ku band (low found in commercial equipment with the frequency/horizontal polarity, high Unicable trademark from FTAfrequency/horizontal polarity, low Communications Technologies. Unicable frequency/vertical polarity, high uses an integrated software and hardware frequency/vertical polarity) are received by


hsi AD ne tt eil nl net aa sS


Inside view

Satellite system is introduced, and people license fee for each host when it is installed. are always available for free on Dish However, a small dish Ku-band channels Network. Other companies that either are and a number of programs to get in one on Direct TV. There are many rumors about small bowl. This is because low-cost the TV advertising on the Internet on Flash. satellite Dish Network.But how can a system of satellite Valuable feature of the Ku-band satellites is television? their small size and compact design. YouThe answer is here. This system uses the can do everything on the roof or the terrace. power of communications satellites in the Therefore, there is no need to decorate your southern hemisphere, which is located a garden you a heavy bowl. Then you can use kilometer away from the surface. The the extra space on the farm for other company uses the satellite-TV services via purposes.satellite frequency throughout the world, If you are registering on Dish TV satellite place of residence or the household, with a systems, you receive free professional clear view of the southern sky. They do this installation service. This is another added by using an antenna and receiver. feature to the frequency Ku-band satellites. Not so long ago, I remember the people still If you want to install a satellite frequency using that big satellite dish. These doses are band C, they must find a way to repair your very large and heavy. They are usually in own. If not, do it on technology for you. the courtyard of the house. They are often Therefore, the additional costs. It is clear based on the satellite C-band transmission. that the jury in determining whether the Ku-This is in contradiction with the Ku-band - band satellite frequency because of their the frequency usually used in small plates, size, professional, price, features, and offerswhich are widely used Dish Network. a variety of channels to choose from. So if High-frequency C-band flat faces many you are interested in satellite TV, there is no limitations, because they have less capacity better time than now to offer DISH Ku-band satellites. Therefore, if you want Network offers you and goodbye cable to get more channels of satellite C-band, television .more than a satellite dish and also have a



Inside view


Satellite tops cable

SES has revealed that satellite has become the European TV homes (57 per cent) the leading TV infrastructure in Europe, receive their signals from Astra. 73 per cent ahead of terrestrial and cable reception. of all European satellite homes are AstraApproximately 84 million European households, a total of 62 million. As a households have satellite (DTH) as their leader of digitalisation and HD, Astra is primary TV reception mode, an increase of also the leading HDTV platform in Europe. 22 per cent over the last four years. In the Over 23 million of the total 29 million same period, terrestrial TV lost nearly 16 satellite HD households in Europe are Astramillion homes, while cable TV lost over 2 households. The Astra Satellite System million. IPTV has grown from a very low transmits 267 HD channels.level to some 16 million households. Worldwide, SES broadcasts more than 1200 These are the results of the year-end HD channels on its fleet of 50 satellites and Satellite Monitor that SES presents reaches 258 million TV households.annually and that is based on primary This success confirms our view that research in 35 European and North African satellite reception is the most attractive and countries. The study is based on more than future-proof mode for households to watch 62,000 interviews, conducted by leading TV, said Norbert Hlzle, Senior Vicemarket research institutes under the lead of PresidentTNS Infratest, Germany. The main growth Commercialmarkets for satellite in 2011 were the UK, Europe, in Germany, Ukraine, Poland and Italy. The London.main growth drivers are the development of The trend in digital reception and HD. Satellite today is Germany,the leading digital infrastructure, reaching wherenearly 44 per cent of all 186 million digital satelliteTV homes in Europe. The digitalisation rate overtookof satellite is 97 per cent, compared to 70 cable for the per cent in terrestrial reception and 48 per fir st time in cent in cable.The study also shows that history, is Astra is extending its position in the confirmed in European markets. Around 142 million TV the UK as households are served by Astra, 7 million well as in more than the year before and 25 million Europe overall, where satellite outgrew the more than four years ago. More than half of other reception modes.


Inside view

For years it has been debated whether cable Most of the time satellite television always or satellites are better sources for accessing has a clear picture and sound quality the best television channels for quality and however, if the satellite is positioned with price. Both cable and satellite TV have their obstructions such as large trees, or benefits and drawbacks. However, continue buildings it will affect its signal. Allreading the following to learn more about satellites must have a clear view of the sky satellite television specifically and its to receive the best signal.advantages are. A few drawbacks that may come with Satellite TV comes in two different forms. choosing to use a satellite as your TVOne is a subscription through satellite provider are:companies such as Dish TV. Customers of If located in areas that experience high these satellite TV services pay monthly volume of rain or heavy snow, your satellite package fees and are usually provided with will most likely have a frequent signal free equipment and installation. The second interruption during storms. form is usually more expensive, which is Satellites must be set up outside of the custom built satellite. home, usually located in the back yard or Custom built satellites are usually better roof of the house. This could be an eye sour deals when it comes to free-air channels appearance wise. In addition if you rent and international programming. Satellite your apartment or house your landlord television in general offers a wide range of might not allow satellites for this reason, so channels and more channels than typically always check before you decide to install.cable television. All channels are digital and More options are available for choosing offer quality picture and sound. Satellite television services today than ever before. television also gives its customers the Not only can customers pick from a variety ability to view more HDTV channels then of hard-wired cable companies, they can cable TV. Other services offered through also choose satellite television. Both satellite TV are access to Sirius Radio, satellite television and cable have advocates shopping channels, pay per view, online and critics. Deciding which one is right for gaming, and DVR. Although some of these you involve determining which features are applications are also starting to show up most important to you then weighing your through cable services as well, they are options.typically cheaper through satellite services.



Inside view


SatelliteSatellite TV service has undergone series of and if you are seriously looking for a sure revolutions in the recent past. Among the way to watch satellite TV on PC, then you new innovations is the use of software to should consider downloading a software watch satellite TV on the personal program which is fondly known as PC computers. To many folks this new means satellite TV software. It is prudent for you of watching satellite TV is strange while to learn more about these software others will see it as a welcome development programs since there are a few options due to its uniqueness. The overview of this available. These days technological software will be x-rayed in this article in a advancements have made it very easy for us bid to acquaint all and sundry about the to watch television in a number of differentsoftware and how it works as well as the ways. One of the most recent additions has advantages and disadvantages of using it. been the ability to watch TV through our The software like any other software is computers. Entertainment If you want to get written in high level programming language pc satellite, I propose you take a look at the for the computer hardware to decode and item and see for manually what you will take necessary actions contained in the set have when you get the software. You can of commands which characterizes the view more details here program. The software is digital and could http://televisionthat.com. Satellite TV and be installed from digital storing devices or cable TV demand monthly fees but pc downloaded directly from a website in the satellite TV requires solely a once fee internet on the personal computer. which can be salaried to access over 4000 You must be connected to the internet in TV channels. With the popularity of pc order to get your channels, but that is about satellite, the charge of this software may the only inconvenience. However, for most spread at anytime. When using an internet people who purchase the software, it is no facility that is not fast, the resolution of the trouble because they have internet pictures will be poor and sometimes they connection at all or most times. will be freezing when watching and the satellite TV review is important as watching sound will be crackly.satellite TV online is all popular these days

TV Software


Inside view

Satellite receivers are used to decode the establishments manufacture the satellite Television signal is one of the functions signals received through satellite. They are receivers and it is an on-going business. mainly depending on the satellite receiver.used to receive television signals and are The demand is always there for this product The receiver is provided with a decoder the broadcasting systems. They receive as every person has or will aim at having a chip to decode the specific codes received. unencrypted signals, which are decoded by television in his house, office etc. This The receivers also convert the digital the receiver.A satellite receiver is used for creates an ever-growing demand for the signals into analog signals. The receivers different purposes like receiving signals for satellite receivers. Many people have found also have the function of extracting

a career in individual channels from a larger satellite this field signal.ofmanufacturingSatellitereceivers.There are differenttypes of satellitereceivers.While the primitiveonesrequiredto be installedat the top of the buildingforreceivingsignals,thepresentones have beenmodifiedtremendously.Theycan be keptinside the house and

there is no need to put them outside the different usages and Television signal is one building.There are different price ranges of the functions mainly depending on the from getting satellite television channels for satellite receiver. The receiver is provided domestic purposes. The price range varies with a decoder chip to decode the specific from place to place. There are also some codes received. The receivers also convert channels aired as free sky. Subscribers can the digital signals into analog signals. Thechoose what they need from the various receivers also have the function of options availableSatellite receivers are used extracting individual channels from a largerto decode the signals received through satellite signal. This is used in some satellite. They are used to receive television countries to broadcast religious programs signals and are the broadcasting systems. and educational programs.Any satellite They receive unencrypted signals, which receiver does the work of receiving the are decoded by the receiver.A satellite signals, decoding them and sending them to receiver is used for different purposes like give television programs or decoded receiving signals for different usages and version in any other form. Many


TelevisionPrograms

viaReceiversTelevisionPrograms

viaReceivers


Inside view

It is important for people to understand that as a part of the installationprocess, a scheduledappointment is set and typically,the homeowner is provided with a four-hourwindow.Additionally,someone will need to be at home when the installer arrives and the person must be 18 years of age or more. Theinstaller would need to work

both inside and outside the home so the Satellite has forever changed the way in satellite television provider wants to ensure which television is watched. Thiseveryone feels comfortable and safe during technology offers a huge list of benefits, the installation process.which is why so many people have signed Although installers have a good idea of the up and left cable behind. For one thing, time it will take for the completion of the satellite television is available to everyone, job, special circumstances can arise. even people living in extreme remote Therefore, homeowners should expect locations. Additionally, this service offersbetween two and five hours for their broadcasting from around the world with satellite television to be completely more than 3,000 stations, each with unique installed.programming and language options. Then,During the installation time, the satellite is affordable. Priced not much professional would need to have access to more than what someone would pay for every television set in the home. The first cable, this service is worth every penny.step would be to analyze the inside and For satellite television to work, a small dish outside areas of the home to determine the is attached to the home or somewhere else best place for the dish and cables to go. For on the property. Then, cabling is run to a satellite television to work there has to be modem, which then connects to the an open view to the southern sky so the television. When a person subscribes to installer will look at building peaks, hills, satellite television, standard installation is trees, and anything else that might create a included by a highly trained.problem.The individual who does the installation is

certified, someone who takes his or her job seriously. A satellite dish must be installed, which could be a full-size dish or a mini-dish.


Understanding


Inside view

Should everyone consider it as an important of bit-rates, which is from few Kbps up to feature when choosing DTH service? It's tens of megabytes per second (Mbps). It is the question on the minds of lot of people. known for enhancing the efficiency of Many of the people who choose to purchase coding and it is even capable of encoding DTH in India may think that MPEG 4 mixed media data such as audio, video and technology is better that MPEG 2, but the speech.fact is that both have same picture quality. DTH Service Provider who provides MPEG MPEG 4 is an unproved technology that 4 Technology. The amazing audio and video was came into existence at the end of the compression format is used for streaming year 1998 and it soon gained massive television signals; therefore many DTH popularity. This format is used mainly to service providers have decided to adopt this stream internet media and later on it was technology to offer maximum TV viewing introduced for streaming television signals. pleasure. For this purpose the DTH service In today's date the MPEG 4 is recognized as providers of satellite television have a standard video and audio coding format. introduced newer receiver models that are MPEG 4 is somewhat similar to MPEG 1 compatible with this format.and MPEG 2 since it shares quite a few The multimedia world of today did not features from these two formats. There are happen the way it was thought it would new features have been also added later on happen. Instead of people receiving Gbit/s for make it capable for 3D rendering. The of multimedia data through optical fibres, well known codec's such as DivX, Xvid and today people receive digital television Nero Digital have now become a part of programs through satellite and cable, talk this incredible compression format. and exchange messages and files on mobile Before the audio video compression format phones, watch movies from DVD, find all was meant mainly at low bit-rate video sorts of information and entertain all sorts communication. But soon the scope for this of relationships on the web, listen to music compression technology got extended and compilations downloaded from the web, now it has become the most important tool watch postage stamp size video from the for multimedia coding. MPEG4 format is web and play computer games on game extremely efficient across a wide spectrum consoles etc.


What is

MPEG 4 Technology?

Satellite TV may seem quite new, but its history actually spans over a fifty year period. The original concept of satellite television is often attributed to writer ArthurC. Clarke, who was the first to suggest a worldwide satellite communications system.

Funding for satellite technology in the U.S. began in the 1950s, amidst the space race, and the Russian launching of the satellite Sputnik in 1957. The first

communication satellite was developed by a group of businesses and government entities in 1963. Syncom II orbited at 22,300 miles over the Atlantic; the first satellite

communication was on July 26, 1963, between a U.S. Navy ship in Lagos, Nigeria and the U.S. Army naval station in Lakehurst, New Jersey. Overloaded land based

distribution methods had the telephone companies utilizing satellite communication way before the television industry even came into the picture. In fact, it was not until 1978 that satellite communication was officially used by the television industry. In

1975, RWT's co-founder and BBC transmitter engineer Stephen Birkill built an experimental system for receiving Satellite Instructional Television Experiment TV

(SITE) transmissions, beamed to Indian villages, from a NASA geostationary satellite.

Birkill extended his system, receiving TV pictures from Intelsat, Raduga, Molniya and others. In 1978, Birkill met up with Bob Cooper, a cable TV technical journalist and amateur radio enthusiast in the U.S., who invited him to a cable TV operators' conference and trade show, the CCOS-78. It was there that Birkill met with other satellite TV enthusiasts, who were interested, and ready to help develop, Birkills

experiments. Interest in Television Receive Only (TVRO) satellite technology burst forward. The American TVRO boom caught the attention of premium cable

programmers, who began to realize the potential of satellite TV. Back in the mid-1970s, TV reception was the under the control of international operators, Intelsat and Intersputnik. On March 1, 1978, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) introduced Public Television Satellite Service. Satellite communication technology caught on,

and was used as a distribution method with the broadcasters from 1978 through 1984, with early signals broadcast from HBO, TBS, and CBN (Christian Broadcasting

Network, later The Family Channel). TVRO system prices dropped, and the trade organization, Society for Private Commercial Earth Stations (SPACE), and the first

dealerships were established. Broadcasters realized that everyone had the potential to receive satellite signals for free, and they were not happy.

THE FIRST 50 YEARSOF SATELLITE TV


Inside view



Inside view

The tackle-up of satellite TV and cable is an estimated $160m in subscription growing faster in the Middle East than revenues in 2003 and that the fierce rivalry anywhere else in the world. The region between them means new customers can currently has about 25m satellite and cable enjoy a growing range of incentives, households. However, satellite pay-TV is including free installation charges and flee still a niche market, with no more than satellite receivers mid decoders, all of 1.5% of Arab households subscribing, which are intended to stimulate further according to the findings in a specialist growth.In the free-to-air satellite TV sector,report.Most of the Arab world remains more than 90 channels are competing for tuned to free-to-air satellite TV channels over 71m viewers in the Arab world. Thewhich broadcast mainly from Egypt, the immense growth in satellite TV viewers and UAE and Lebanon, said the Arab Advisors content has been driven mainly by factors

related to technological advances. Thedecreasing cost of receivers and the spread of specialised channels have

played an important role in expanding audience size.Another factor has been the poor performance of government-owned channels, which have seen viewers in

the Arab world drift away by failing to offerGroup (AAG), a telecoms and media them sufficiently entertaining consultancy based in Jordan.programming. The major satellite TVIn their report, Satellite TV in the Arabaudience--more than 50%--comes from World, the AAG estimate the total size of North Africa, with its large populations, pay-TV in the Arab world in late 2003 at followed by the Gulf and the Levant, with around 625,000 households (less than 1.5% the majority of advertising focused on the of total households).The major markets for Gulf market.The majority of Arab satellite pay-TV remain the richer Gulf countries, channels broadcast from Egypt with some with Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the UAE 34% of these located in Cairo's Media leading the field. The bulk of the marker is Production City. A further 19% are beamed currently shared by Showtime and Orbit, out of Dubai Media City. Lebanon takes with the remainder split bcrween Arabthird place, after Egypt and the UAE with Radio and Television (ART) and Arab12% of the total, Saudi Arabia accounts for Digital Distribution (ADD), according to 5%, followed by 3% each for both Qatar AAG president Jawad Abbassi. He and the United Kingdom.confirmed that the four main pay-TV

operators in the region were competing for


programmingincludes Spanish, Arabic, Brazilian, Caribbean,Chinese, Filipino, Italian, Korean, Russian, South Asian, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese.Examples of programming from these international broadcastingchannels include: Over 260 channels in Spanish or with

Satellite TV is regularly enjoyed in millions Spanish language audio or subtitles.of English-speaking American households, One of satellite TV's major draws is its but is also popular among foreign language access to a variety of sporting events and speakers living in the United States. One of sports-related programming. Many viewers the many pluses of satellite TV is its ability however wish to have access to to offer access to international channels and international sporting events taking place. broadcasts in many ethnic languages. DirecTV offers a subscription to two Major satellite TV providers, such as Dish international sports channels: SETANTANetwork and DirecTV, offer the ability to Sports and CricketTicket. These channels subscribe to international channels and offer access to international football broadcasts in addition to regular and (soccer), rugby, cricket, and other sporting premium English-language channels, and events throughout the world. Thesemany are already included in subscription channels are available as a subscription packages. International channels provide based package in addition to a basic entertainment that can be enjoyed by satellite TV subscription from DirecTV.English speakers and foreign language Freeview is the easiest way to enjoy digital speakers alike, and the opportunity to enjoy TV for free. No subscription, no contract, international cultures.Dish Network offers no fuss.With over 50 digital TV channels in subscribers over 125 international channels SD and HD quality to choose from on in over 25 different languages. These Freeview, there's something to keep international channels can be part of a everyone entertained. Not to mention 24 monthly subscription package or ordered a digital radio stations, better picture and la carte. Dish Network's international sound quality and all those interactive programming includes African, Arabic, features when you press the red button on Armenian, French, Japanese, Russian, your remote.Chinese, German, Greek, Korean, South Asian, Italian, Polish, Urdu, Farsi, Israeli, Portuguese, Filipino, and Ukrainian. Examples of programming from these international broadcasting channels include:Abu Dhabi Abuda, Arabic. One of the most well respected general entertainment channels in the Middle East. DirecTVoffers subscribers access to many international channels in over 11 differentlanguages and also includes Caribbean programming and international sports programming. These international channels are purchased as a monthly subscription based package in addition to basic satellite TV service. DirecTV's international


Inside view


International

Satellite TVInternational

Satellite TV


Inside view

The SZB single-channel amplifier is one of independent for each channel, is as easy as Ikusi's classicproducts, which has turning the variable fader on the front panel demonstrated its reliability on the market of each module. Plus, SZB headendsare again and again. Whilst it has amply proven highly flexible, providing optimum its worth, it now returns to the market, expandability options, total reliability and

minimal servicing costs. The SZB single-channel amplifiers are one of the products that Ikusihas lined up for the market in preparation for the arrival of the Digital Dividend. Ikusihas approached the process from various angles, developing the equipment to guarantee the reception of a high-quality TV signal, once the transition in frequencies has taken place, whilst also redesigning its production processes to meet the demands of the market, as soon as the starting shot for the digital dividend has been fired. In respect of equipment development, it should be remembered that Ikusiwas the first company to launch a comprehensive range of broadband amplifiers prepared for the Digital Dividend and NBS,back in the first quarter of 2011. But this was just the first step in the process and it is now gradually adding more equipment, all set to reap the benefits of the Digital Dividend. In 2010, Ikusi had already identified the need to adapt its productive resources, in order to guarantee service capacity and the equipment's dependability, and thus began incorporating automated production processes, based on cutting-edge technology, well in advance. As a result, the company now has the flexibility to meet the market's demands and the automated prepared for the coming Digital Dividend processes have increased productivity and and with a redesigned appearance. permitted the application of machine vision The SZB modular series covers all the during final assembly and adjustment, processing functions of a high-quality thereby improving the product's quality.SMATV headend and is extremely easy to Having implemented the two strategies of install. All the modules, which are compact designing equipment specifically for the and user-friendly, can be assembled without Digital Dividend and modernising its using tools, on one or more wall-mounting production processes months ahead of the base plates. No additional distributing or launch, Ikusi is now fully prepared to meet connecting parts are necessary, as it based the requirements of all telecommunications on the Z input de-multiplexing and output installers, whilst guaranteeing the reliability multiplexing system. It is also free of and serviceability required by the coming awkward power cables, as it connects of Digital Dividend.automatically through the base plate.

Adjusting the RF output level, which is


IKUSI SZBsingle-channel amplifier

I have recently become interested in DTH, and came across your site and

the satellite stuff, seems quite exciting. WhatI want to know is that I have bought a FTADTH box. Can I get C-band satellite channels from it? Is the C-Band dish still available in the market since one shop that I went looked at me strangely when I enquired about a C-band dish? ( Basheer Jamal, via e-mail)

A. C-Band is very much in service even today. You must have gone to a DTH dealer who generally may be your neighbourhood grocery shop-owner or a television shop owner. They would not know the ABC of satellite television. To get the C-Band equipment, you should visit a cable TVhardware shop which is generally located in the electronic market.

SATELLITE

TROUBLE SHOOTER

I am currently in Sydney. Can I subscribe to DISH TV or Tata Sky

in India and use it in Sydney? I have done a bit of research and found out Dish TV uses NSS 6 Satellite and that satellite has foot prints in Australia. Can you please point me in right direction. ( Junaid Iqbal, Sydney)

A. You are right that NSS-6 satellite carrying Dish TV signals has its footprints in Australiabut these are the footprints of their South East Asia beam where they carry mostly Thaichannels. Dish TV signals are on India Beam which covers only the Indian subcontinent. Insat-4A carrying Tata SKY signals also does not have its footprints in Australia. Hence you can not subscribe to Tata SKY or Dish TV as their footprints are restricted only to India.

Q:2

19 YEARS OF GENEROUS PUBLICATIONS

SATELLITE TROUBLE SHOOTER


TATA SKY C-BAND SATELLITE

Q:4

Q:6I want to buy a Ku Band LNB and dish for watching Free-to-Air

channels, particularly any French TV?(Tahir Mehmood, Rawalpindi)

A. There is only one French channel available on Ku-Band in India. It is TV 5 on NSS-6 at 95 Degree East, at 11.038 GHz frequency in vertical polarization. This is available on Dish TV DTH, so you will have to buy their DTH package to receive this channel. This channel is also available on Asiasat 3s at 105.5 Degree, as a free to air channel on C-Band. For this you require a large C-Band dish and LNB. A digital receiver can receive Ku as well C Band signals

Q:3. I am a new reader of your web-site & thankful for the guidance you provide to people who don't know about dish & other satellite channels. I am living in Peshawar. I receive Ku band channels on my 90cm solid Ku band dish from a satellite at 75 Degree East. I also have 4 feet solid dish. I am using this for 'C ' band. Can I use it for Ku band for more channels? I also want to know about Yamal on Ku band & how can I get more Ku band adult channels on my dish.(Anwar Jamal, Peshawar)

A. You are receiving the Ku-Band signals from ABS satellite at 750 East. You can definitely receive the Ku-Band signals on your 4 ft C-Band solid dish provided you use the Ku-Band LNB with it. You can use the same receiver for receiving Ku-Band. TheLNB frequency to be used is 9500 and 10600 MHz. You can see our website or the magazine for different FTA channels on all satellites. You must check if the foot print of the satellite cover your city or not. Yamal201 satellite at 900 E and YAMAL 202 at 490 E do not have Ku-Band transmissions.

Q:5I came to know about your website on the net. I am glad that you started such a wonderful service that not only solved other's problems but also cleared many basic doubts. I have no knowledge about satellite, dish, types of cables used in cable TV and Dish TV. (Farooq Azam,Hyderabad)

A. A satellite system consists of a satellite receiver box that connects to your TV, an outdoor satellite dish, LNB and a remote control. You have to decide if you wish to receive C-band or Ku-band channels because for C-band you will require a large dish of 6 ft or more diameter and for Ku-band you will require a small 60-120 cm dish. Even there are different LNBs for these frequency bands. If you wish to receive both these frequency bands, you will have to go for a C-band dish with perforations smaller than inch or a solid dish with a universal LNB.




What is a DiSEqC setting, how it is set in a receiver for different

satellites? (Ali Imran, Karachi)

A. The DiSEqC 1.2 system has been adopted as a standard by satellite receiver manufacturers. It needs several adjustments to achieve correct dish alignment including correct eastern/western alignment, manual setting of all the satellite positions, limit setting etc. Configuring an installation to receive signal from various satellites like you want to do, is possible with multiple dishes and a simple switch system as shown in the diagram. DiSEqC- enabled peripherals allow users to automatically select the desired dish and satellite.

SOLID DISH

DISEQC SETTING

CABLE TV

KU BAND LNB

I have a Supermax 6500 CI receiver. It has two cams and

cards. I have an Irdeto cam. I used to watch free to air channels mostly, but now I am eager to watch scrambled channels. Please let me know about the cards? (Mohammad Ghafran, Sindh)

Ans: You will have to buy Skycom magic embedded receiver, which will able you to watch more scrambled channels. You will need to buy cards of different channels packages like Showtime, Pehla Package and Star Network etc.

I am trying to use 2 LNBs on fixed 180c Dish to be able to

receive from 2 Satellites (Arabsat 3A, Hotbird), I know these to Satellites are close together, I can receive from Arabsat a very strong signal, but I'm trying to allign the other LNB to Hotbird but unfortunately I can't find it, my question: - Do you have a diagram or any method to calculate the exact location of the Hotbird depending on the position of Arabsat? I'm using a digital Humax receiver. (Shafiq Ullah, Kuwait)

Ans: This two satellites are not close enough (13 degr.), to receive both of them with one antenna. Even if you carefully place one LNB in the far offset, there will be not enough reflection-power from the dish to get a signal strong enough. Why not place a second smaller fixed-dish for HOTBIRD beside the large one? To calculate the azimuth and elevation, please use the DishTrak(tm)-feature

Q:8

Q:9Q:7 . I am residing at Dubai. Previously with a Dish I could view FTAchannels viz sun TV, DD Podhighai etc but for the past one month I could not view the same. Please tell me how can I see these DD channels and other free to air Indian channels? (Aftab Alam, Dubai)

A. You have not mentioned the satellite from which you were receiving the free-to-air channels including Sun TV, DD Podhighai etc. We presume that you were watching NSS-6 satellite and DD Direct FTA signals on a large Ku-Band dish. NSS-6 foot-prints touched Dubai so you could receive them. However, now DD Direct Channels have shifted to Insat-4B which does not have footprints over Dubai.

On every satellite all my higher numbered channels are out but the lower ones are perfect. I had the LNB tested and it is fine. Is it tuning? (Amjad Khan, Lahore)A: This is caused by the tuner inside the receiver malfunctioning.

Q:10




FTA CHANNELS

BBC CHANNELSI am in Cyprus and trying to receive the very weak BBC channels from

Astra 2 at 28.2. However, some of the channels on the same satellite are very strong. What LNB do I need? Sydney Peter, Cyprus)

A: Everyone knows that noise figure is important for an LNB, but in your instance, the isolation of the LNB will be just as important. This is because the very strong signals on the satellite can interfere with the very weak signals that you want to see. The strong signals act as noise, so reducing the C/N. Most people are finding that the Invacom QDF-031, used with a good quality feed horn matched to the dish, is the best performing combination for these areas, and outperforms other people's LNBs with much larger dishes.

ALLIGN LNB

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With the recent rapid advances in the becoming more and more popular with new technology of home entertainment television buyers particularly at times when equipment, the introduction of High an important sporting event such as the Definition TV (HDTV) has been at the Olympic Games is due to start. HDTV is forefront of these changes. Together with particularly suited to sporting events - the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Plasma movement of an athlete or a ball is crisp TVs, HDTV has been the most accepted and precise. There is no 'shadow' behind the and pioneering new aspect of television athlete during fast movement. For those over the past few years. In 1996 the people who still have an Analog TV then introduction of Digital TV transmission now may be the right time to move to a sounded the death knell of Analog better TV system. They can either change to television. Although it's taken many years a SD television, or else the improved for Analog to finally succumb to the HDTV system. HDTV is the latest and best improved technology that is Digital, the end in modern TV technology High definition will come in late 2012 when US TV was released in the late 90s to much broadcasters must by law cease to transmit acclaim from the TV experts because of the Analog TV signals and transmit only in the crisp, crystal-clear picture and the surround Digital format. Digital TV (SDTV) gave a sound presentation. The quality of HDTVsuperior picture and clearer sound than the cannot be matched by standard definition out-of-date Analog system. Viewers had a TV, a point understood by someone seeing TV viewing experience far in excess of HDTV for the first time. Once the what Analog could ever provide. However superiority of HDTV has been in the years since the start of Digital acknowledged, a viewer have difficulty in transmission, television has improved even accepting the inferior SDTV format.further and now one of the latest features is The factor that determines the quality of a High Definition TV (HDTV). This again is TV picture is the number of vertical lines a vast improvement on its predecessor the on the screen. The SDTV system is based SDTV and provides a greatly improved on 480 to 576 lines. television viewing experience. HDTV is



Inside view

Everyman'sNon-Technical

Guide to

HDTV

Everyman'sNon-Technical

Guide to

HDTV


Inside view

Before we start you need to

know what low signal level is.

Low signal level is having

transponder signal levels

around 30, 40, 50 and low 60's.

If you have at least a 70 signal

on the weakest transponder,

you have enough signal to

expect proper operation.

The signal strength will vary

from one transponder to the

next. When determining your

signal level you should always

find the transponder with the

lowest signal and use that as

your benchmark. You will find

as much as a 50 point swing on

some systems between one

transponder and another. If all

your transponders show at

least 70 you are OK. Even a

couple in the mid 60's would

not concern me.

Loss. You may find the solution to your problem there.The remaining contributing factors to a low signal level are a weak satellite signal, mis-aligned dish antenna, poor cable connection, low quality cable, cable length, splitters or other components in the cable run.The only time a weak satellite signal would be an issue, is if some obstruction was blocking the signal or if you trying to receiving signal that was weak by it's own nature. A natural weak signal is a signal that will never give you a strong signal level reading on your satellite receiver. If you are the edge of the satellite footprint or on the edge of a spot beam footprint you may never get more then what you have. The best solution is to contact a local technician who is familiar with the signal levels in your geographical area.A mis-aligned satellite dish antenna is probably the most common reason for a weak signal. The trick here is every satellite service technician has performed a service call for someone who tried to adjust there dish, themselves. Now, I are not going to say you can't adjust your dish, but I will say don't be upset if you try to make it better and end up with a lower signal level or worse, No signal. It happens everyday to a lot of people.

Low signal level can be contributed to a If you do attempt to adjust your dish, make wide variety of things. Before you read this sure you can do it safely.you should preview the section on Signal


Low signal level


Inside view

picture in a Bitmap format. The file size is Digital is not always better very large, but the image remains in its

than analog. It is cheaper, it original, uncompressed format. However, if you save an image in a JPEG format, you allows more television loose image quality. The amount of image

channels to be broadcast quality degradation when using JPEG is incredibly small. Some compression is just with in a given bandwidth, fine for everyday use. Too much

and it is capable of compression to save disk space produces a lower image quality.transferring any media Until a majority of the channels you watch

between two locations are in HDTV format, you may have to live with some image quality issues.without loosing image If you do not have access to HD digital

quality. The problem is it cable, HD satellite TV, or can receive over-the-air HDTV broadcast (consult with a also has some problems. local television store), do not waste your

With an analog signal, a money on a new High Definition Television unless you really need a new TV. If you do weak signal produces get a knew HDTV, you should also plan to

perhaps a bad, but still upgrade your television signal to a service that provides HDTV, or use a roof top watch able image. With antenna for HD reception. Consult with a

digital, a signal level below a local HDTV technician to see if your area can receive over the air HDTV.minimum threshold The final example of why digital is not

produces no image. Analog always better than analog can be explained this way. Given a telegraph reaching 10 signals are uncompressed miles across a town or a set of CB radios

video. Digital signals can be with a 20 mile range placed 10 miles apart, which option would you think provides the uncompressed, but they are best method of communication?

not. To increase channel capacity, both Cable To increase channel capacity, both Cable TV and Satellite compress their digital TV and Satellite compress their digital channels. This compression is similar to channels. This compression is similar to when you save a digital picture on your when you save a digital picture on your computer or digital camera. computer or digital camera. If you save a


Digitalis better!

Thor 3 (0.8W)Thor 5 (0.8W)

Thor 6 (0.8W)Intelsat 10-02 (0.8W)

Amos 2 (4.0W)Amos 3 (4.0W)

Atlantic Bird 3 (5.0W)Nilesat 101 (7.0W)

Nilesat 102 (7.0W)Atlantic Bird 4A (7.0W)Telecom 2D (8.0W)

Atlantic Bird 2 (8.0W)Express AM44 (11.0W)

Atlantic Bird 1 (12.5W)Telstar 12 (15.0W)

Intelsat 901 (18.0W)NSS 7 (22.0W)

Intelsat 905 (24.5W)Intelsat 907 (27.5W)

Hispasat 1C (30.0W)Hispasat 1D (30.0W)


NSS 10 (37.5W)Telstar 11N (37.5W)

NSS 806 (40.5W)Intelsat 3R (43.0W)Intelsat 11 (43.0W)

Intelsat 14 (45.0W)Intelsat 705 (50.0W)Intelsat 1R (50.0W)


Intelsat 9 (58.0W)Amazonas 1 (61.0W)EchoStar 3 (61.5W)

EchoStar 12 (61.5W)Telstar 14 (63.0W)

Star One C1 (65.0W)Star One C2 (70.0W)

Nahuel 1 (72.0W)AMC 6 (72.0W)

DirecTV 1R (72.5W)Nimiq 5 (72.5W)

Horizons 2 (74.0W)Brasilsat B3 (75.0W)EchoStar 4 (77.0W)EchoStar 8 (77.0W)

Simn Bolvar (78.0W)AMC 5 (79.0W)Nimiq 4 (82.0W)AMC 9 (83.0W)

Brasilsat B4 (84.0W)AMC 16 (85.0W)

AMC 3 (87.0W)Galaxy 28 (89.0W)

Nimiq 1 (91.0W)Galaxy 17 (91.0W)Galaxy 25 (93.1W)Galaxy 3C (95.0W)Sirius FM 5 (96.0W)

Galaxy 19 (97.0W)Galaxy 16 (99.0W)DirecTV 11 (99.2W)

AMC 2 (101.0W)AMC 4 (101.0W)

DirecTV 4S/8 (101.0W)AMC 1 (103.0W)AMC 15 (105.0W)

AMC 18 (105.0W)Anik F1 (107.3W)Anik F1R (107.3W)

DirecTV 5 (110.0W)EchoStar 10 (110.0W)

EchoStar 11 (110.0W)Anik F2 (111.1W)SatMex 6 (113.0W)

XM 4 (115.0W)SatMex 5 (116.8W)

Anik F3 (119.0W)EchoStar 7 (119.0W)

DirecTV 7S (119.0W)EchoStar 9/Galaxy 23 (121.0W)

Galaxy 18 (123.0W)Galaxy 14 (125.0W)

AMC 21 (125.0W)Galaxy 13/Horizons 1 (127.0W)

Galaxy 27 (129.0W)Ciel 2 (129.0W)

AMC 11 (131.0W)Galaxy 15 (133.0W)

AMC 10 (135.0W)AMC 7 (137.0W)

AMC 8 (139.0W)

00000

0000

001020304

0506

0708

0900 1

0 11021

031

041051 061 071 08

0053043033023

0130

03

09

20

82

07

20

62

05

2042

032 022 012 002 0

EAST

SOUTH180

WEST

270

NORTH

0

90

AZIMUTHANGLE

Orbital position of NILESAT 7 WEST

ELEVATIONANGLE

201278JULY The Highly Circulated Satellite Magazine


Satellite Directional chart

Astra 1C (2.0E)Rascom 1 (2.8E)

Eurobird 4A (4.0E)Sirius 4 (4.8E)

Eutelsat W3A (7.0E)Eurobird 9A (9.0E)

Eutelsat W2A (10.0E)Hot Bird 9 (13.0E)

Hot Bird 8 (13.0E)Hot Bird 6 (13.0E)

Eutelsat W2M (15.8E)Eurobird 16 (15.8E)

Eutelsat Sesat 1 (16.0E)Amos 5i (17.0E)

Astra 1M (19.2E)Astra 1L (19.2E)

Astra 1KR (19.2E)Astra 1H (19.2E)

AfriStar 1 (21.0E) + RadioEutelsat W6 (21.6E)

Astra 3A (23.5E)Astra 1G (23.5E)

Astra 1E (23.5E)Eurobird 2 (25.5E)

Badr 6 (26.0E)Badr 4 (26.0E)

Astra 2D (28.2E)Astra 2B (28.2E)

Astra 2A (28.2E)Eurobird 1 (28.2E)

Arabsat 2B (30.5E)Trksat 1C (31.0E)

Astra 2C (31.5E)Intelsat 802 (33.0E)Eurobird 3 (33.0E)Eutelsat W7 (36.0E)Eutelsat W4 (36.0E)Paksat 1 (38.0E)Hellas Sat 2 (39.0E)Express AM1 (40.0E)Trksat 3A (42.0E)Trksat 2A (42.0E)Intelsat 12 (45.0E)Yamal 202 (49.0E)Galaxy 26 (50.8E)Astra 1F (51.0E)Express AM22 (53.0E)Insat 3E (55.0E)Bonum 1 (56.0E)NSS 12 (57.0E)Intelsat 904 (60.0E)Intelsat 902 (62.0E)Intelsat 906 (64.2E)Intelsat 702 (66.0E)Intelsat 10 (68.5E)Intelsat 7 (68.5E)Eutelsat W5 (70.5E)Insat 4CR (74.0E)Edusat(74.0E)Insat 3C (74.0E)ABS 1 (75.0E)Eutelsat W75 (75.0E)Apstar 2R (76.5E)Thaicom 5 (78.5E)Thaicom 2 (78.5E)Express MD1 (80.0E)Express AM2 (80.0E)Insat 4A (83.0E)Insat 3B (83.0E)Insat 2E (83.0E)Intelsat 15 (85.2E)ChinaStar 1 (87.5E)ST 1 (88.0E)Yamal 201 (90.0E)Measat 3a (91.5E)Measat 3 (91.5E)Chinasat 9 (92.2E)Insat 4B (93.5E)

Insat 3A (93.5E)NSS 6 (95.0E)

Express AM33 (96.5E)AsiaSat 5(100.5E)

Express A2 (103.0E)AsiaStar (105.0E) + Radio

AsiaSat 3S (105.5E)Indostar 2 (107.7E)

Telkom 1 (108.0E)NSS 11 (108.0E)

N-Sat 110 (110.0E)BSAT 2A (110.0E)

BSAT 1A (110.0E)Sinosat 1 (110.5E)

Palapa D (113.0E)Koreasat 5 (113.0E)

Chinasat 6B (115.5E)Koreasat 3 (116.0E)

Telkom 2 (118.0E)AsiaSat 4 (122.2E)

JCSAT 4A (124.0E)Sinosat 3 (125.0E)

JCSAT 3A (128.0E)JCSAT 5A (132.0E)

Vinasat 1 (132.0E)Apstar 6 (134.0E)

Telstar 18 (138.0E)Express AM3 (140.0E)

Superbird C2 (144.0E)Agila 2 (146.0E)

JCSAT 1B (150.0E)Optus D2 (152.0E)

JCSAT 2A (154.0E)Optus D3 (156.0E)

Optus C1 (156.0E)Optus D1 (160.0E)

Superbird B2 (162.0E)Intelsat 8 (166.0E)

Intelsat 5 (169.0E)Intelsat 2 (169.0E)

GE 23 (172.0E)Intelsat 70 (180.0E)

NSS 9 (177.0W)

000000

000000

0 10 20 30 4050

6070

8090

100110

120130

140150

16017018

0 10 20 30 40 5060

7080

90

100

11

0120

130

140

150160170180190

201279JULY The Highly Circulated Satellite Magazine


Satellite Directional chart

Phone: 061-6772740 Mobile: 0300-9637414

PARAS DEALER:

MUHAMMAD IMTIAZ0301 7634501

PARAS HD ELECTRONICS

Hakeem Arcade Hussain Agahi Road, Multan. Ph: 061-4577999 Mobile: 0345-7230430, 0300-9637231


Inside view

Fibre satellite distribution is a

technology that enables satellite

TV signals from an antenna to be

distributed using an optical fibre

cable infrastructure and then

converted to electrical signals for

use with conventional set-top box

receivers.

Particularly applicable to satellite

TV distribution systems in a

multi-dwelling unit, such as a

block of flats (but useful in

smaller domestic distribution

systems too), such a hybrid

fibre/electrical system reduces the

cabling required, reduces signal

noise and interference, and

provides for an easy upgrade to

increase the number of tuners

connected at each dwelling.

for a satellite TV IF distribution system is that the fibre can carry the entire received spectrum on one cable, which can then be split to provide for multiple tuners, without requiring a separate feed from the antenna to each tuner. Additional outlets can be added to increase the number of receivers within one home without accessing the central antenna or main infrastructure.Fibre cable is cheap in long runs, retailing at about twice the price of equivalent copper coaxial cable, but replacing four runs of coaxial cable with a single fibre cable. It is also much smaller than the coaxial signal cable used for electrical IF distribution, but robust and flexible. The losses in a fibre system are almost negligible so very long cable runs of hundreds of metres are possible without any signal reinforcement.Because the signal is carried as a beam of light, it is impervious to the electrical interference that even the best coaxial satellite cable may suffer, and cables can be safely and conveniently run alongside mains power cables. Power consumption is Conventional systems that distribute the also lower than an equivalent electrical electrical satellite IF signal via a star system While optical fibre has been used network of coaxial cable require one for telephone and Internet backbone data, relatively short cable run from the central and even for television and multimedia distribution equipment to each tuner carriage for terrestrial cable, for many connected to the system, whereas in a fibre years, use for satellite IF distribution has system, cables can be very long, and split at been held back by considerations of cost successive locations, in a tree structure and installation convenience.without detriment to the reception.

The primary benefit of using optical fibre


Fibre satellite

distributionFibre satellite

distribution

Thanks to modern Ku-band satellites with This really left me with no choice but to use their high output power, a large dish is not a feed meant for a parabolic dish and foundreally necessary since you should have no the MTI AC21-C2B. It is a C-band LNB trouble getting several thousand channels with standard grooved feed that switches from a variety of countries. Despite all the between polarizations through 14/18Vvariety available on Ku-band, the more control signals.exotic programming (like North Korean LNBs are rated in noise temperature - the State TV) or other foreign language lower the number the better. Noise programming is usually only available in C- temperature is a value that indicates the band. So, the question then is, what can we unavoidable, inherent level of background do in C-band with a 120cm dish? atomic (molecular) motion in an object and Naturally the first step would be to put this inherent noise (called ambient noise) is together the required antenna assembly. I in the microwave frequency range. ran into my first little setback here: I could not find any manufacturer or dealer that could scrape together a special feed for an offset antenna. Ebay wasn't able to help either; only a funnel-type feed was available which we later found out was totally incompatible.


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201282 The Highly Circulated Satellite MagazineAUGUST

C-Band Reception in EuropeC-Band Reception in Europe

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