Diseño basico de tuberias

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    Design of Piping System

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    Piping System Design - What is that?Concept Layout Development

    Piping Components & their access requirement.

    Straight length requirements.

    Orientation of various tapings, components, etc.Piping Drains & Vents

    Insulation.

    Material & Sizing

    Critical piping system consideration.Pipe Stress Analysis.

    Pipe Supports

    Pipe Fabrication

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    Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!

    It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc.

    meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that

    flows.

    It is a very important component for any industrial

    plant. And its engineering plays a major part in overall

    engineering of a Plant.

    In next few pages we shall try to familiarize about pipe

    and its components.

    Piping Fundamentals

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    In any plant various fluids flow through pipes

    from one end to other.

    Now let us start with a plant where we see three

    tanks.

    Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3

    We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1 to

    the other two tanks.

    We will need to connect pipes to transfer the

    fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3

    LET US BRING THE PIPES.

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    We have just brought the pipes, now we

    need to solve some more problems.

    Pipes are all straight pieces.

    We need some

    branch

    connections

    We need some bend

    connections

    To solve these

    problems we need the

    pipe components,

    which are called

    PIPE FITTINGS

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    These are the pipe fittings,

    There are various types of fittings for various

    purposes, some common types are -

    Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,

    Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.

    Anyway, the pipes and

    fittings are in place, but the

    ends are yet to be joined withthe Tank nozzles.

    We now have to complete theend connections.

    These, in piping term, we call

    TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.

    http://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Basic%20piping%20fittings.ppt
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    These are flanged joints

    This is a welded joint

    So far this is a nice arrangement.

    But there is no control over the flow from Tank-1

    to other tanks.

    We need some arrangement to stop the

    flow if needed

    To control the flow in a pipe line weneed to fit a special component.

    That is called - VALVE

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    There are many types of valves, categorized

    based on their construction and functionality,

    Those are - Gate, Globe, Check, Butterfly, etc.

    Other than valves another important

    line component of pipe line is a filter,

    which cleans out derbies from theflowing fluid. This is called a

    STRAINER

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    Here we see a more or less functional piping

    system, with valves and strainer installed.

    Let us now investigate some aspects of pipe

    flexibility.

    If this tank nozzle

    expands, when

    the tank is hot.

    In such case we need to fit a flexible

    pipe component at that location,

    which is called an EXPANSION

    JOINT

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    When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may

    also like know the parameters like, pressure,

    temperature, flow rate etc. of the fluid.

    To know these information we need

    to install INSTRUMENTSin thepipeline.

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    There are various types instruments to measure various

    parameters. Also there are specific criteria for installation

    of various pipe line instruments.Next we shall look

    into how to

    SUPPORTthepipe/and its

    components.

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    Here are some of the pipe supporting arrangements.

    There can be numerous variants. All depend on

    piping designers preference and judgement.

    Let us see some OTHERtypes of supports

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    We have just completed a pipe line design.

    We shall rewind and check how it is really done in practice.

    First the flow scheme is planned,

    1) What, 2) From what point, 3) To which point

    Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected.

    Types of Valves are planned

    Also the types of instruments required are planned

    We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping andInstrumentation Drawing, in short P&ID. For P&ID generation we use SPP&ID

    software.

    By this time you have already come to know that while we prepare P&IDs in

    SPP&ID, we enter all the pipe lines system information in the drawing.

    So the SPP&ID drawing is an Intelligent drawing which under its surface carries allthe information about a pipe like, Pipe size, Flowing Fluid, etc.

    Let us see a P&ID prepared in SPP&ID

    http://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Drawings(R).ppt
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    This is screen picture of P&ID made by SPP&ID

    If we click on any line it will show the Data embedded.

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    After the P&ID is ready we start the layout work.

    Here we carryout pipe routing / layout in Virtual 3D environment.

    Preferable

    Not Preferable

    We use PDS 3D software to route piping in the Plant virtual 3D space.

    We call this as piping modeling or physical design.

    While development of piping layout we have to consider the following

    Piping from source to destination should be as short as possible with minimum

    change in direction.

    Should not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any

    equipment maintenance space.

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    While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following

    Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.

    If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMSto be provided to facilitate these.

    Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipecomponents are to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers

    can only be installed in horizontal position.

    Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like

    temperature gauge can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.

    Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTHof pipe for some components to

    be maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter

    straight pipe length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down

    stream of orifice.

    Example of Straight length requirement for Flow Orifice

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    Also arrangement is kept in the

    pipeline so that liquid can be

    drained out if required.

    To achieve this a DRAIN

    connection with Valveis provided

    at the lowest point of the pipeline Pipes are also slopped towards low

    points.

    For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is allowed

    to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.

    To achieve this a VENT connection with Valveis provided at the top most point

    of the pipeline.

    Let us look

    into typicalVent and

    Drain

    arrangement

    in a pipeline

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    Let us have a look into a piping model done by PDS 3D

    This is a 3D model

    of Feed water linealong with pumps

    and other

    accessories

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    INSUL TION

    - When hot or Cold fluid flows through pipe then generally pipe is

    insulated Hot or Cold insulation respectively.

    There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.

    Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the fluid. Itis called Hot Insulation

    Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot surface

    of pipe. It is called Personnel Protection Insulation

    Cold pipes are also insulated

    Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold fluidfrom outside. It is called Cold Insulation.

    Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent condensation of atmospheric

    water vapor on pipe surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.

    Other types of Insulation

    When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In such casespipes are insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.

    Some times pipe and its content are heated from outside, by heat tracing

    element. In that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to

    conserve the heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.

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    INSULATION MATERIAL- The insulating material should be bad conductor of heat.

    There are two basic categories

    1) Fibrous Material, which has large voids full of air between fibers - Cork, Glass Wool,

    Mineral Wool, Organic Fibers. Note stagnant air is a bad conductor.

    2) Cellular Material, which has closed void cells full or air - Calcium Silicate, Cellular

    Glass (Foam Glass), Polyurethane Foam (PUF), Polystyrene (Thermocol), etc.

    Some times Cast material like Cement Plaster or Plaster of Paris are also used.

    INSULATION CLADDING - Insulation materials are generally soft or fragile. So the

    outer surface of insulation are protected with Aluminum, Stainless Steel or GI

    sheet cladding.

    Have a look at how

    pipes are insulated,

    and general

    components ofinsulation

    Pipe Material Selection - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.

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    Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.

    Find out

    Flow volume

    per second

    Check Velocity

    Allowable per

    second

    Calc. flow area

    required and

    Pipe size

    Calc. Press.

    Drop for that

    Pipe size

    Check Press.

    Drop meets

    Press. Budget

    Pipe

    Size

    OK

    YES

    Increase

    Pipe Size

    NO

    p pp p p p g p p y

    Find out type

    of Fluid

    flowing

    Check Pipe

    life

    Expectancy

    Select suitable

    Material per

    practice (Note-1)

    Check Mat.

    Listed in

    Design Code

    Pipe

    Material

    OK

    YES

    See Note-1

    NONote-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in

    mind and per material listed in design code. If material isnot listed in code we may select next suitable material

    listed.

    Find out

    Fluid Temp.

    & Pressure

    Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.

    Select Mat.

    & Diameteras above

    Decide on

    Corrosionallowance

    Calc. Pipe

    Thickness perCode

    Find out

    Fluid Temp.& Pressure

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    In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and

    temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure.

    These pipes carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant.

    These pipelines are call the CRITICAL PIPING.

    Very special care are taken for design of these piping.

    First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to

    withstand the high pressure and may be also high temperature.

    As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given

    the right of way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout.

    Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have tobuilt in flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion

    force is absorbed within the piping.

    Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads

    are not transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps

    There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines andmandatory requirements for design of such piping.

    The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are

    ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation

    Pipe Stress Analysis

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    Pipe Stress Analysis

    We have already seen that some of the pipes are subjected to high pressure

    and high temperature. Also pipes carry the load of the flowing fluid.

    We need to check and confirm the pipe is not going to fail with these loading.

    This process of checking the stress developed in the piping due to variousloading is called Pipe Stress Analysis/Flexibility analysis.

    In the process of Analysis we apply various postulated loading on the pipe and

    find out the stress resulted from these loading.

    Then we check with governing codes if those stresses generated are

    acceptable or not. We check support load & movement for various loading condition.

    We also check out the terminal point loading generated from pipe to the

    equipment connected to the pipe. This loading are to be within acceptable

    limits of the equipment suggested by the vendors.

    We also find out the pipe growth due to change in temperature and need to

    keep the movement of pipe within acceptable limits.

    Pipe Stress Analysis is an Interactive and Iterative process.Each step is

    checked

    If a check fails we have to go back, modify the layout and restart the analysis.

    PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

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    PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

    Inputs

    Geometric layout of Pipe

    Pipe supporting configuration

    Pipe Diameter and Thickness

    Pressure inside Pipe

    Cold and Hot temperatures of Pipe

    Weight of Pipe and insulation

    Weight of carrying Fluid Pipe material Property (Youngs Modulus,

    Thermal Expansion Coefficient)

    Thrust on pipe due to blowing wind.

    Thrust on pipe due to earthquake

    Load of Snow on pipe

    Any transient loading like Steam Hammer

    load

    Any other load on the piping

    Tools we use

    PIPSYS - is an integrated pipe stress

    analysis module of PLADES 2000

    CEASER - Commercial Piping analysissoftware

    There are many other commercial software

    available

    Outputs

    Stress of the pipe at various loadingconditions

    Load at various supports and restrains.

    Movement of pipe at support locations

    Pipe terminal point loading.

    Codes and Standards In general Power Plant Piping have to

    comply stipulations of ASME ANSI B31.1

    In India Power cycle Piping to comply IBR

    code requirements.

    Types of Pipe Supports

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    Types of Pipe Supports

    In the beginning of this discussion we

    talked about various types of pipe

    supports. Here is some elaboration

    There are three general types

    Rigid type (no flexibility in the

    direction of restrain)

    Spring type (Allows pipe

    movement in direction of

    loading)

    Dynamic Support (Degree ofrestrain depends on acceleration

    of load)

    There are two types of spring

    support

    Variable load type, here support

    load changes as the pipe moves.

    Constant load support, the load

    remains constant within some

    range of movement.

    Constant Load Spring

    Variable Spring

    RigidHanger

    RigidSupport

    Dynamic Support,

    Snubber

    Rigid Support

    Some Special Considerations for Piping

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    Some Special Considerations for Piping

    When pipes are routed UNDER GROUND(Buried) following points to be kept in mind:

    Minimum pipe size to be routed under ground shall be not less than1 inch.

    Avoid flange joint in U/G piping.

    Keep in mind if pipe leaks U/G, it will be difficult to detect, so avoid U/G routing of pipe

    carrying hazardous fluid.

    Pipe to be laid below Frost Zone at areas where ambient temperature goes below freezing.

    U/G, Buried piping should be properly protected from corrosion.

    Pipe may be properly wrapped and coated to prevent corrosion.

    Or U/G piping be protected by using Cathodic protection.

    Freeze Protectionof outdoor Piping:

    In the areas where the ambient temperature goes below freezing there is a possibility that

    the liquid content of pipe may freeze while the plant is under shut down.

    For similar case pipes are wrapped with heat tracing elements to maintain the content

    temperature above freezing (around 4 deg. C) even when the ambient temp. is belowfreezing.

    Electric Heat tracing is done by wrapping electric coil around pipe, which turns on as the

    ambient temperature goes down. Pipes are insulated over the heat tracing coils.

    Heat tracing can also be done by winding Steam tubes around main pipes.

    SPOOL

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    An assembly of fittings, flanges and pipe that may be

    pre-fabricated.

    It does not include:

    Bolts

    Gaskets

    Valves

    Instruments

    Spool size is limited by transportation

    SPOOL

    http://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Piping%20Module/Clippings/SPOOLMOVEMENT7.MPGhttp://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Piping%20Module/Clippings/SPOOLMOVEMENT6.MPGhttp://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Piping%20Module/Clippings/SPOOLMOVEMENT5.MPGhttp://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Piping%20Module/Clippings/SPOOLMOVEMENT4.MPGhttp://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Piping%20Module/Clippings/SPOOLMOVEMENT3.MPG
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    Piping Fabrication

    http://d/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/U90UXZ1A/Pipe%20fabrication,erection&testing(R).ppt
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    Drawing/Documents for Pipe Work

    PURPOSE

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    THE MAIN PURPOSE OF A DRAWING

    IS TO COMMUNICATE INFORMATION

    IN A SIMPLE AND EXPLICIT WAY

    PURPOSE

    STAGES OF DRAWINGS

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    STAGES OF DRAWINGS

    Issued for information IFI

    Issued for review IFR

    Issued for approval IFA

    Issued for construction IFC

    Issued for as built IFAB

    DRAWINGS/DOCUMENTS FOR PIPE WORK

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    DRAWINGS/DOCUMENTS FOR PIPE WORK

    Overall Plot Plan

    Key Plan

    Schematic diagrams

    Flow diagrams

    (Process or service)

    Isometric drawings

    Line identification

    Process and Instrumentation

    Diagrams (PID)

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    Isometric sketches (ISOS)/spool drawings

    Cutting Plan

    Field routing drawings for small bore piping

    General Arrangement drawings

    Test Packs

    As built drawings

    Process Flow Diagram (Optional).contd

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    Pipe Supports Schedule

    Project Specifications for Fabrication, Welding and

    Erection

    Project Quality Plan (PQP)/Quality Inspection Plans

    (QIPs)

    Material Specifications

    Stress Relieving Standards

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    INFORMATION ON AN OVERALL PLOTPLAN

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    PLAN

    Battery limit of overall Plot of the Project

    Location of Project Site with reference to any other

    known/established facilities

    Plant North, actual north, wind direction.

    This information help in erecting the plant

    equipment

    General grade level with reference to a known level

    for example mean sea level

    INFORMATION ON AN OVERALLPLOT PLAN

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    PLOT PLAN

    Layout of various units/sections of a projectindicating roads and other facilities within the site

    It also gives the layout of plant equipment within

    various units/section of Plant

    It also gives equipment list in various units of the

    Project, their elevation

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    INFORMATION ON A KEY PLAN

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    INFORMATION ON A KEY PLAN

    In addition to the information given in PlotPlan, Key Plan gives:

    Plant area/classification

    Drawings classification for each

    area/block

    SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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    Shows

    Path of flow by single lines

    Process equipment shown by simple

    figures (rectangle, circle. square etc.)

    Process notes included

    Diagram is not to scale

    butRelationships between equipment, piping, process is shown

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    ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

    ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

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    The purpose of an isometric drawing is to show a

    three-dimensional picture in one drawing

    It resembles a picture without the artistic details

    The isometric drawing combines the floor plan

    and the elevation

    It clearly shows the details and the relationship of

    the pipes in a piping installation

    The isometric drawing follows certain rules or

    conventions to show three dimensions on a flatsurface

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    INFORMATION ON AN ISOMETRICDRAWING

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    ISO Number & Revision

    OrientationReference to Project Site(North).

    Coordinates of Key Reference Items

    Elevation of Piping Sections and their angle with

    reference to horizontal (H) and vertical (V).

    Pipe Supports No., type, elevation (T.O.S).

    Reference to other ISOs and GA drawing. ..contd.

    INFORMATION ON AN ISOMETRICDRAWING

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    MTOs

    Piping class and line number

    Test pressure

    Test media

    Line to be heat traced or not

    P&ID reference..contd.

    INFORMATION ON AN ISOMETRICDRAWING

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    Insulation requirement

    In line instruments & valve numbers, size, type

    Painting requirement

    Weld positions (spool b/d to mark FW&SW)

    Welding specifications

    Operating & design temperature & pressure

    ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

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    LINE IDENTIFICATION

    INFORMATION ON A LINE IDENTIFICATIONDIAGRAM

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    Size

    Plant number/area

    Fluidpiping service

    Material class

    Coating/Insulation category

    Line sequence number

    EXAMPLE OF AN ISOMETRICDRAWING NUMBER

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    74 / BZ / 6 /412 / 23-2Plant/Area

    Fluid

    Nominal Pipe Size

    ISONumber

    MaterialSpecification

    Line Number

    -A SpoolNumber

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    PROCESS AND

    INSTRUMENT DIAGRAM(P&ID)

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    Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

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    Interpretation of Process Flow Diagram

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    Previous Figure is a PFD that shows the basic relationshipsand flow paths found in a process unit. It is easier to

    understand a simple flow diagram if it is broken down into

    sections: feed, preheating, the process, and the final products.

    This simple left-to-right approach identify where the process starts and where it will eventually end. The

    feed section includes the feed tanks, mixers, piping, and

    valves.

    Contd

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    In the second step, the process flow is gradually

    heated for processing. This section includes heatexchangers and furnaces. In the third section, the

    process is included.Typical examples found in the

    process section could include distillation

    columns or reactors. The process area is a complex

    collection of equipment that works together to

    produce products that will be sent to the final

    section.

    rocess n ns rumen raw ngs(P&IDs)

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    A process and instrument drawing is more complex. TheP&ID includes a graphic representation of the equipment,piping, and instrumentation. Modern process control can beclearly inserted into the drawing to provide a processtechnician with a complete picture of electronic and

    instrument systems. Process operators can look at theirprocess and see how the engineering department hasautomated the unit. Pressure, temperature, flow, and levelcontrol loops are all included on the unit P&ID.

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    Interpretation of P&IDs

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    In order to read a P&ID, one needs an understanding of theequipment, instrumentation, and technology. The next stepin using a P&ID is to memorize your plantsprocess symbollist. This information can be found on the process legend.Process and instrument drawings have a variety of elements,including flow diagrams, equipment locations, elevation

    plans, electrical layouts, loop diagrams, title blocks andlegends, and foundation drawings. The entire P&ID

    provides a three-dimensional look at the various operatingunits in a plant.

    Process Legends

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    INFORMATION ON P&ID

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    Process flowdirection of flow

    Line numbers, Their terminal points including

    equipment connections

    Identification of Field Instruments

    In line instruments/vendor items

    Simple Depiction of Control Strategy

    Design/Operating parameters

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    SYMBOLS

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    For example, when two steel plates are joined together into a T shape,

    welding may be done on either side of the stem of the T.

    The weld symbol distinguishes between the two sides of a joint by using

    the arrow and the spaces above and below the reference line.

    The side of the joint to which the arrow points is known as the arrow side,

    and its weld is made according to the instructions given below the reference line.

    The other side of the joint is known as the other s ide, and its weld is made

    according to the instructions given above the reference line.

    The below=arrowand above=otherrules apply regardless of the arrow's

    direction.

  • 8/10/2019 Diseo basico de tuberias

    74/80

  • 8/10/2019 Diseo basico de tuberias

    75/80

  • 8/10/2019 Diseo basico de tuberias

    76/80

  • 8/10/2019 Diseo basico de tuberias

    77/80

  • 8/10/2019 Diseo basico de tuberias

    78/80

  • 8/10/2019 Diseo basico de tuberias

    79/80

  • 8/10/2019 Diseo basico de tuberias

    80/80