Diseases of the Urinary System

Inflammation of the bladder usually caused by pathogens entering the urinary meatus

More common in females because of the shortness of the urethra

Cystitis

(1) Frequent urination (2) Dysuria and a burning sensation during urination

(3) Hematuria (4) Bladder spasm (5) Fever

Symptoms:

Antibiotics Increased fluid

intake

Treatment:

Inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney

Can be: Acute or Chronic

Glomerulonephritis/Nephritis

Usually follows a streptococcal infection such as strep throat, scarlet fever, or rheumatic fever

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis from scarlet fever

Cut surface of the kidney with glomerulonephritis

Chills Fever Fatigue Edema Oliguria Hematuria albuminuria (protein in

the urine)

Acute Glomerulonephritis symptoms:

Rest Restriction of salt Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance Antipyretics for fever Antibiotics With treatment kidney function is usually

restored

Treatment:

(1) Follows repeated attacks of acute glomerulonephritis

(2) Progressive disease that causes scarring and sclerosing of the glomeruli

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Early symptoms: hematuria, albuminuria, hypertension

As disease progresses, more glomeruli are destroyed

Edema, fatigue, anemia, congestive heart failure

Finally, renal failure and death occur

Symptoms:

Directed at measures to treat symptoms

Low- sodium diet Antihypertensive drugs Maintenance of fluids and

electrolytes Dialysis: removal of waste

products from the blood by a hemodialysis machine

Kidney transplant when both kidneys are severely damaged

Treatment:

Dialysis

Inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis

Usually caused by pyogenic (pus forming) bacteria

Pyelonephritis

Chills Fever Back pain Dysuria Hematuria Pyuria

Symptoms:

Antibiotics Increased fluid intake

Treatment:

Kidney stone formed when salts in the urine form a precipitate (settle out of solution)

(1) Small calculi may be eliminated in the urine

(2) Larger stones often become lodged in the renal pelvis or ureter

Renal Calculus /Urinary Calculus

Kidney Stones

(1) Sudden intense pain known as renal colic

(2) Hematuria and urinary retention

Symptoms:

(1) Increase fluids (2) Provide pain medication (3) Strain all urine through

gauze or filter paper to see if the stones are eliminated

(4) Lithotripsy: procedure that is used to crush the stones with shock waves to that they can be eliminated through the urine

(5) Surgery to remove the calculi in some cases

Treatment:

Kidney stop functioning

Can be Acute or Chronic

Renal Failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) Cause by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning,

nephritis, or dehydration Chronic renal failure (CRF) Results from progressive loss of kidney function Causes: chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension,

toxins, and endocrine diseases Waste products accumulate in the blood and affect

many body systems

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Decreased mental ability Convulsions and muscle irritability Ammonia smell of the breath and

perspiration Later stages: coma and death

Symptoms:

Dialysis and control of fluid intake

Diet modifications and restrictions

Careful skin and mouth care

Kidney transplant is the only cure

Treatment:

Tracy Morgan after transplant

Toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream

Causes: (1) Any condition that affects

proper function of the kidneys (2) Renal failure, chronic

glomerulonephritis, hypertension

Uremia

(1) Nausea and vomiting (2) Ammonia odor to the breath (3) Oliguria or anuria (4) Headache and mental confusion (5) Coma and death

Symptoms:

Restricted dietDialysis until a kidney transplant can be performed

Treatment:

Inflammation of the urethra Causes:

bacteria such as gonococcus, viruses, or chemicals such as bubble bath solutions

Urethritis

(1) Frequent and painful urination

(2) Redness and itching at urinary meatus

(3) Purulent (pus) discharge

Symptoms:

(1) Sitz baths or warm moist compresses

(2) Antibiotics (3) Increased fluid

intake

Treatment: