DISEASES OF HONEY BEES

ASSIGNMENT ON

SUBMITtED BY,

Rashmi Ranjan Moharana,Adm. No.- 21B/10

SUBMITtED TO,Dr. L. N. Mahapatra,

Dr. S. K. NayakMr. U. K. Behera

(Dept. of Entomology)

TYPES OF DISEASES :Protozoan -Nosema,

Amoebic Bacterial- American and

Europian Foul broodFungal -Chalk brood, Stone

brood Viral -Thai sac brood, Acute

and Chronic bee paralysisDiseases caused by Mites

viz. Acarosis (Tracheal mite) and Varroasis (Varroa mite)

Disorder- Colony Collapse Disorders (CCD)

DISEASES DUE TO MITES

ACAROSIS (The Honey Bee Tracheal Mite)Also known as Acarine disease, Isle of

Wight ( because it was observed in Isle of Wight in 1904).

CAUSAL AGENT- honey bee tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi, a small parasitic mite. It affects mostly the trachea and body fluid.

Nature of damage:- It infects worker, drone and queen honey

bees. mites live and reproduce in trachea. They pierce the tracheal tube walls &

feed on the hemolymph of the bees. feeding on blood & depositing their

faeces in the passage.

STAGE OF INFECTION:- adult

PLACE OF INFECTION: Trachea and body fluid

MANAGEMENT:-Use of grease patties ( typically made from 1 part

vegetable shortenings mixed with 3-4 parts powdered sugar) placed on top bars of the hive. Menthol allowed to vaporize from crystal form or mixed into the grease patties.

Use of resistant hybrid bees known as Buckfast bee, developed by Brother Adam at the Buckfast Abbey.

Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive in flat perforated lid.

Destruction of affected colony. Smoke fumigation with Chlorobenzilate

Time of Treatment: Spring and early summer

VARROASIS (The Varroa Mite)CAUSAL AGENT: Asiatic varroa

mite, Varroa destructor.Symptoms:Varroa reproduce on honey bee

pupae and feed on bee hemolymph. Varroa are also known to carry and

vector bee viruses that are particularly damaging to the bees.

Varroa infestations can cause irreversible damage to honey bees that can lead to honey bee colony losses.

STAGE OF INFECTION: Larval

PLACE OF INFECTION: Body and body fluid i.e. haemolymph

MANAGEMENT:Apivar: Apivar is effective against varroa mites,

Apistan-resistant varroa mites, and Checkmite+ resistant varroa mites.

Using 65% formic acidMite Away Quick Strip (MAQS): MAQS is a 7-day,

single application mite control product registered for use against varroa and tracheal mites.

 Time of control: Spring and early summer

PROTOZOAN DISEASES

NOSEMOSIS (Nosema Disease)CAUSAL AGENT: Nosema apis

and Nosema ceranae. that infects the intestinal tract of

adult bees. It is a serious adult disease.

SYMPTOMS:-Bees become dysenteric with

distened abdomen with faeces, shining and swollen abdomen.

Affected worker bees have disjointed wings & are found crawling near the hive entrance.

On dissection of the infested bees, the mid intestine is seen swollen & dull greyish-white in colour as it is full of spores.

Many bees loose body hairs.

Hind gut is inflamed by protozoa

STAGE OF INFECTION: AdultSITE OF INFECTION: StomachMANAGEMENT:-Feed the affected colony with Entakon M @

455mg/lt. Of sugar syrup at weekly interval.Sterilisation of brood boxes and frame hives with

Glacial acetic acid fumes (soaked in cotton or rag at 120ml/hive) or 40% formalin fumes only after the queen and the bees have transferred to new foundation combs.

Time of Treatment: Spring & Winter

AMOEBIC DISEASE:CAUSAL AGENT: Malpighamoeba

mellifeicaeSITE OF INFECTION: malpighian tubules.SYMPTOMS:The bees get infected by ingesting the

cysts which accumulate in the posterior end of the midgut or in the rectum.

The cysts get loose, swollen and enter the glassy malpighian tubules entering intestine and show faecal matter at that place.

Mostly dominant in April and May.MANAGEMENT:Only way to control is by proper hygiene

and by the disinfection of equipments by 2% carbolic acid. Transferring of bees to a fumigated box.

BACTERIAL DISEASES

AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB) (Dreadly disease)

CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus larvae larvae.

It is the most widespread and destructive of the honey bee brood diseases. It affEcts queen, drone, and worker larvae alike.

PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut SYMPTOMS- turn dark brown and later

changes into sticky mass producing foul smell (Infected larvae darken and die)

Dead Pupae

Irregular and sunken brood

STAGE INFECTED – larvae

MANAGEMENT – Hive to completely Use of antibiotics such as oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin) and tylosin tartrate Dusting the combs with sulphathiazole powder Dipping the hive partsin hot paraffin wax or a 3%sodium hypochlorite solution(bleach)

Burning of infested comb

EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD :

CAUSAL ORGANISM-Melissococcus plutonius, Bacillus pluton (bacterium)

PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut

SYMPTOMS –The diseased larvae turns yellow

and then brown and the tracheal system becomes visible.

Larvae dies in a coiled stage causing foul smell. Cells are poorly capped and mixed with normal cells.

STAGE INFECTED-Larvae

MANAGEMENT-Use of oxytetracycline hydrochlorideThe ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee

husbandry can also be used to effectively control the disease

FUNGAL DISEASES

CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease):CAUSAL

ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis

PLACE OF INFECTION:GutSYMPTOMS :The fungus will

consume the rest of the larva’s body, causing it to appearwhite and ‘chalky’.

STAGE INFECTED:larvaeMANAGEMENT:Prevent

during wet spring .Transfer of healthy bees into another bee hive .Increase the ventilation through the hive.

STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease):CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus

fumigates, A. flavus and A. niger

PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal

SYMPTOMS –Dead larvae turn black and become

difficult to crush, hence the name stone brood

Fungus erupts from the integument of the larva and forms a false skin and larvae are covered with powdery fungal spores

STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults

MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive with formaldehyde fumes

 

VIRAL DISEASES

THAI SAC BROOD.It is a serious brood disease of

Apis cerana indica caused by virus Morator aetatulus (Thai strain) during spring season.

SYMPTOMS:Spotty brood appearance (pepper

box.)capping tends to be darker,

concave & punctured frequently.Dead larvae dry up in brood cell

forming loose scale or sac likeBrood die in pre pupal stage but

in unsealed stageDead larvae lie on their back, tip

of head capsule turned upward.

MANAGEMENT:

Destruction of frameMaintenance of strong and vigorous colonySterilisation of beekeeping equipments with

KMnO4 @ 50g/lit water followed by hot water dipping.

Fumigation of hive by formic acid (85%) @ 5ml/hive

Caging queen for 21 days for creating broodlessness condition.

ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS:caused by acute bee paralysis

virus (ABPV) and affects only the adults which only show signs of trembling ,sprawled legs and wings .

Occasionally ,they also exhibit partial hairlessness and in some case a black shiny appearance.

The death rate may be high,but the disease may be mild or transient at times .Infected adults bees usally show the first symptom of acute paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die within a day .

CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS: caused by the chronic bee paralysis

virus (CBPV) and the infected adult may take many days to die .

Adult bees infected SYMPTOMS:the adults have a bloated abdomen,

which is caused by the distension of the honey sac with liquid.

They do not fly, instead they crawl on the ground, exhibiting an abnormal trembling motion of the wings and bodies.

They become almost hairless, appearing dark or almost black and shiny.

Uninfected bees nibble at them and prevent their return to the colony.

COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)CAUSAL ORGANISM-

stresses, malnutrition, pathogens and genetically modified (GM)crops

PLACE OF INFECTION - colony

SYMPTOM–worker bees from a beehive colony abruptly disappear

STAGE INFECTED – worker bees

MANAGEMENT – Exact causes are not known so following natural beekeeping practices.

General Treatments :

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