Disease Management in Tomatoes and Peppers -...
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Disease Management in Tomatoes and Peppers
Mohammad Babadoost
University of Illinois
Email:
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Major Diseases of Tomatoes and
Peppers in Illinois____________________________________________
Peppers____________________
Phytophthora Blight
Tomatoes_____________________
Septoria Blight
Late Blight
Leaf Mold
Bacterial DiseasesBabadoost
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Major Diseases of Tomatoes
(Septoria Leaf Blight)______________________________________
Fungal Disease: Septoria lycopersici
Causing rapid foliage blight
Seed- and residue-borne disease
Occurs throughout the season
Babadoost
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Septoria Blight of Tomato
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Septoria Leaf Blight of Tomato
(Disease Management)____________________________________
Plant pathogen-free seed
Crop rotation: 3 years
Remove plant debris after harvest
Control weeds
Chemical control:
Quadris, Amistar, Quadris Opti, Cabrio
Reason, Scala, Gavel, Endura
Maneb, Mancozeb, Chlorothalonil, Ziram Babadoost
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Septoria Leaf Blight of Tomato
(Disease Management)_________________________________________
Effective Chemical Control:
Quadris + Kocide-3000
alternated with
Bravo Weather Stik + Kocide-3000
Weekly intervalsBabadoost
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Major Diseases of Tomatoes
(Late Blight)______________________________________
First report in Europe in 1845
Now, occurs all over the world
Pathogen: Phytophthora infestans
A disease of cool and wet conditions
Common disease in northern US
Not a common diseases in Illinois
Occurred in 2009, but NOT in 2010 Babadoost
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Late blight on tomato leavesBabadoost
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Late blight on
tomato stems
Babadoost
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Late blight of
tomato plants
Babadoost
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Late Blight of Tomato
__________________________________________
Management: Cultural and Chemical
Cultural management
Avoid inoculum
Keep plants as dry as possible
Remove and destroy infected plants
Clean up the site after harvest
Resistance: no reliable tomato cultivar
Babadoost
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Late Blight of Tomato
________________________________________
Management: Cultural and Chemical
Chemical control
Commercial fields: Maneb, Mancozeb,
Chlorothalonil, Coppers
Forum, Gavel, Ranman,
Reason, Revus, Tanos,
Ridomil Gold
Organic fields: Serenade, Sonata, Coppers
Home gardens: Maneb, Mancozeb,
Chlorothalonil, CoppersBabadoost
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Major Diseases of Tomatoes
(Leaf Mold)________________________________________________________
A major disease in indoor production
A worldwide disease
Causal agent: fungus Fulvia fulva
A diseases of high humidity
Occurred in 2009 and 2010 in high tunnels
Not common in open fields
Babadoost
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Leaf mold of tomato
Pale green lesions on
upper leaf surface
Fungus sporulate on
lower leaf surface
Infection first on old
leaves and mores up
Leaves weather,
plant dies
Upper leaf surface
Lower leaf surfaceBabadoost
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Leaf mold of tomato in a high tunnel Babadoost
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Leaf Mold of Tomato______________________________________________________
Notes on the pathogen the disease:
Fungus may survive as conidia and as
sclerotia on plant debris, seed, and soil
Sclerotia produce conidia
Conidia initiate infection
Conidia spread by water-splash, air current,
mechanical means, insects
Spore germination: in water or >85% RH, at
40-94F (optimum 75-78F)
Symptoms appear 10 days after infectionBabadoost
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Leaf Mold of Tomato
_______________________________________
Management: Cultural and Chemical
Cultural practices
Reduce primary inoculum
Good air circulation
Keep temperatures above 60°F
Avoid wetting leaves
Avoid excessive shading of plants
Remove and destroy plant debris
Steam greenhouse at 135°F fro 6 hoursBabadoost
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Leaf Mold of Tomato
_______________________________________
Management: Cultural and Chemical
Chemical control:
Cover the foliage thoroughly with
fungicides
Available fungicides:
Termil (chlorothalonil), Flint, Quadris
Babadoost
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Major Diseases of Tomatoes
(Bacterial Diseases) ___________________________________________
Bacterial Canker:
Clavibacter michiganense pv. michiganense
Bacterial Spot
Xanthomonas campesiris pv. vesicatoria
Bacterial Speck
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Babadoost
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Bacterial canker
Babadoost
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Bacterial canker
Babadoost
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Bacterial spot
Babadoost
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Bacterial spot
Babadoost
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Bacterial speck
Babadoost
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Bacterial speck
Babadoost
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Managing Bacterial Diseases of
Tomatoes_______________________________________________
Seed and Seedlings:
Purchase certified pathogen-free seed
or disease-free seedlings
Select resistant/tolerant varieties,
if available
Purchase treated seedBabadoost
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Managing Bacterial Diseases of Tomatoes______________________________________________________
Greenhouse Practices:
Clean the building, tables, flats, hoes, …..
Soil sterilization with steam, not with methyl bromide.
Scout weekly. If a bacterial disease is detected,
consider all plants at the location to be contaminated.
Keep varieties separated.
Destroy all volunteer tomatoes and other plants.
Use new crates and boxes OR clean the old ones.
Low moisture, avoid splashing.
Transplant when the foliage is dry. Babadoost
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Managing Bacterial Diseases of
Tomatoes _________________________________________
Field Sanitation:
Remove all plastics from field before
starting the new crop.
Remove all old stakes and ties from
field before starting the new crop.
Use new stakes and ties OR wash and
bleach if they are to be reused. Babadoost
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Managing Bacterial Diseases of Tomatoes_______________________________________________
Field Practices:
A 3-year rotation with a non-host.
Do not enter the field if the foliage is wet.
Do not prune/clip plants if the foliage is wet.
Clippers and pruning tools should be disinfested
between plantings and rows.
Clean transplanting equipments before and after
each use.
Remove infected plants or plow in the spot.Babadoost
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Managing Bacterial Diseases of Tomatoes__________________________________________________
Field Practices:
Avoid cull pile in the field.
Control weeds & volunteer plants.
Copper spray (start spray before disease starts).
Actigard (low rate early season, high rate late season)
Tanos – tank mix/alternate with another compound
Quintec fungicide – NOT Sufficient Data
Babadoost
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Phytophthora Blight of Peppers
(Phytophthora capsici)
________________________________________
Importance:
Worldwide occurrence
Affects >50 species in 15 plant families
The most important disease of peppers
and cucurbits in the US
Causes up to 100% crop losses
Babadoost
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Phytophthora blight of bell pepperBabadoost
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Phytophthora crown infection of peppersBabadoost
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Phytophthora blight of pepper Babadoost
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Phytophthora Blight of Peppers
(Management)_____________________________________
Resistant cultivars
Chemical control
Cultural practices
Babadoost
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Phytophthora Blight of Peppers
(Management)_____________________________________
Resistant cultivars
Babadoost
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Evaluating pepper cultivars for resistance
to Phytophthora capsici
Babadoost
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Pepper Cultivars Resistant to
Phytophthora Blight _____________________________________
Results of greenhouse and field trials Alliance
Aristotle
Emerald Isle
Enza
Paladin
Reinger
RevolutionBabadoost
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Phytophthora Blight of Peppers
(Chemical Control) _______________________________________
Since 2000, we have tested more
than 40 fungicides for their
efficacy for control of
Phytophthora capsici
Babadoost
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Phytophthora Blight Management
(Chemical Control)_______________________________________
2000-2009: Spray application
2010: Drip-irrigation delivery
Babadoost
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Babadoost
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Fungicides for Control of Phytophthora capsici__________________________________________________________
Effective Fungicides
** Cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC)
** Captan (Maestro 80DF)
* Dimethomorph (Forum 4.16SC )
** Famoxadon + Cymoxanil (Tanos 50WDG)
* Fluopicolide (Presidio 4SC)
** Mandipropamid (Revus 2.09SC)
* Mefenoxam (Ridomil G. EC 4SC, R. G. Copper 65WP)
• Phosphorous acid (ProPhyt) – inconsistent results
• Zampro 525SC – further studies needed
No fungicide is effective with heavy rainfallsBabadoost
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Fungicides for Control of Phytophthora
Blight of Peppers
___________________________________________
Fungicide Name FRAC Code
Cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC) 21
Dimethomorph (Forum) 40
Famoxadon + cymoxanil (Tanos) 11, 27
Mandipropamid (Revus) 40
Mefenoxam (RG EC, RG Copper) 4
Fluopicolide (Presidio) 43
Phosphonates (ProPhyt, …..) 33Babadoost
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Phytophthora Blight of Peppers
(Cultural Methods)__________________________________
Crop rotation Host range of the pathogen
Survival of the pathogen in soil
Sanitation
Babadoost
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Phytophthora Blight Management
(Host Range: 36 Crops and 9 Weed Species)___________________________________________
Host________________ Non-Host____________.
Cantaloupe Cucumber Gourd Corn Pigweed Soybean
Eggplant pepper Beet Broccoli Kale Cabbage
Pumpkin Squash Radish Crabgrass Basil Chive
Zucchini Watermelon Turnip Sandbur Celery Dill
Honeydew Swiss-chard Carrot Wheat Water hemp Barley
Spinach Nightshade Onion Cocklebur Lamb’s-quarters
Green bean Lima bean Tomato Mustard Cauliflower Velvet-leaf Snow
pea Tobacco Parsley Puncture vine Babadoost
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2 cm
10 cm
25 cm
Average
100
16.7
10.1
0.9 0.4
% O
osp
ore
s r
eco
vere
d
0.06
5,000 Oospores/g soil
Oospore survival in soil
Depth:
60.6
0.0040.04
Babadoost
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2 cm
10 cm
25 cm
Average
53.2
47.2
30.0
15.5
7.6% O
osp
ore
s g
erm
ina
ted
2.7
Germination of oospores recovered
Depth:
2.5
20.8
0.0
5,000 Oospores/g soil
Babadoost
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Managing Phytophthora Blight _______________________________________________________
Recommended practices
Plant resistant cultivars
≥3 years of effective crop rotations
Grow on raised beds
Avoid using contaminated water
Sanitation to prevent pathogen spread
Fungicide applications (7-day, alternate)
Tolerant cultivars with fungicidesBabadoost
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QUESTIONS