DISEASE IDENTIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND...
Transcript of DISEASE IDENTIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND...
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DISEASE IDENTIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT
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• Pathogen: Disease-producing organism
or biotic agent.
• Sign: Indication of disease from direct
observation of a pathogen or its parts.
• Symptom: Indication of disease by
reaction of the host, e.g., canker, leaf
spot, wilt.
WORDS TO KNOW
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• Insects and Disease of Woody Plants.
• IPM Books.
• Weeds
• Insects
• Disease
• Insect Management Recommendations
for Turf and Ornamentals.
•
RESOURCES:
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Disease
• Process that develops over time.
• Non-random event.
• Infectious.
DISEASE VS. INJURY
Injury
• Event suddenly occurs.
• Random event.
• Not-infectious.
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DISEASE TRIANGLE
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• Alteration of normal physiological and
biological development of a plant that
results in abnormal morphological and
physiological changes. (Symptoms)
• Alteration results in reduced biomass
and/or reproductive output of the plant =
reduced yield.
WHAT IS DISEASE?
Wilt. Source www.apsnet.org
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• Biotic
• Infectious and transmissible.
• Abiotic
• Non infectious, non-transmissible.
CAUSES OF DISEASE
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• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Viroids
• Nematodes
• Parasitic Plants
BIOTIC CAUSES OF DISEASE
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• Temperature.• High, low, sudden change.
• Water.• Over or under (soil related).
• Soil pH.
• Nutrient deficiencies/imbalance.
• Air pollutants.
• Herbicides!
ABIOTIC CAUSES OF DISEASE
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• Color Change.
• Death of tissue.
• Abnormal growth. +/-
• Wilting.
• Defoliation/fruit drop.
• Replacement of plant tissue.
SYMPTOMS OF PLANT DISEASE
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Canker
Gall
Rots
Decay
Leaf curl
Wilts
Mosaics
Yellows
Downy Mildew
Powdery Mildew
Rust
Smuts
TYPES OF DISEASE
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• Most important group of plant pathogen.
• ~ 100,000 species of plant pathogens.
• ~ 8,000 plant pathogens!
• Over 70% of all plant disease are caused
by Fungi.
PATHOGEN: FUNGI
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• Composed of filaments, called hyphae,
which grow to form webs (mycelium) as
they seek nutrients from their host.
• Contain cell wall made of chitin.
• Reproductive cells called spores.
• Reproduce sexually and asexually.
• Eukaryotic.
PATHOGEN: FUNGI
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Signs:
• Fruiting bodies.• Reproductive structure of fungi• Rust
• Pycnidia
• Smut
• Mildew.
• Conks.
PATHOGEN: FUNGI
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Symptoms:
• Tend to be circular spots.
• Wilt.
• Root rots.
• Powdery/Downy Mildews.
• Rusts.
• Smuts.
PATHOGEN: FUNGI
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Management:
• Cultural.• Increase air circulation.
• Eliminate water on tissue.
• Fungicides (Preventative, not curative).
• Elimination of infected plant parts.
PATHOGEN: FUNGI
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• Microscopic.
• Unicellular
prokaryotes.
• Slime layer or
capsule. (EPS)
• Motile; often have
flagella.
PATHOGEN: BACTERIA
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Signs:
• Ooze. (Caused by EPS.)
• Bacterial streaming.
PATHOGEN: BACTERIA
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Symptoms:
• Angular leaf spots.
• Yellow halo around dying cells.
• Water soaking.
• Soft Rots (associated with odor).
• Witches broom.
• Also causes similar symptoms as
fungus: Canker, gall, vascular wilt,
necrosis, yellows, scorch.
PATHOGEN: BACTERIA
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Management:
• Difficult and complex!
• Disease resistance to antibiotics?
• Use plant materials resistant to
pathogens.
• Crop rotation.
• Eradication/exclusion.
PATHOGEN: BACTERIA
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Submicroscopic,
intracellular, obligate
parasite consisting of
a core of infectious
nucleic acid (either
RNA or DNA) usually
surrounded by a
protein coat.
PATHOGEN: VIRUS/VIROIDS
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Signs:
Inclusion bodies.
PATHOGEN: VIRUS/VIROIDS
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Symptoms:
• Lesions
• Stunting
• Dwarfing
• Chlorosis
• Yellows
• Leaf rolling
• Tumors
• Mosaics/Mottles
• Ring banding
• Flower break
• Necrosis
PATHOGEN: VIRUS/VIROIDS
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DiagnosisStep 1. Identify the plant.
Step 2. Identify the problem(s).
ManagementStep 3. Evaluate if management efforts are
warranted.
Step 4. Evaluate what management options are
effective.
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
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Step 1: Identify the Plant!Thousands of insects and diseases occur, only a few attack any plant species.
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
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Step 2: Identify the pathogen.
a. LOOK – Define the problem by
describing signs and symptoms.
b. READ – Refer to reference materials
describing similar signs and
symptoms.
c. COMPARE – Determine
probable cause(s) through
comparison and elimination.
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
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Multiple problems have similar
symptoms!
Treatment without correct diagnosis is
malpractice!
Ask what is normal, abnormal.
Systematically evaluate the plant:
Describe symptoms, signs, part affected.
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
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Management
Step 3. Evaluate if management efforts are
warranted.
Step 4. Evaluate what management options are
effective.
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
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Management• What type of damage is being caused?
• Under what situations would management
efforts be warranted?
• Are management efforts warranted
for this situation?
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
cosmetic stress/damage death
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Step 4.
What management options are effective?
• Cultural.
• Mechanical.
• Chemical.
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
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QUESTIONS?