DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT
-
Upload
fatin-amira -
Category
Documents
-
view
24 -
download
5
Transcript of DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT
![Page 1: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SME 3023
TRENDS AND ISSUES IN EDUCATION FOR MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS
NAME NO MATRIKATINA HASANAH BINTI MOHD RAZALI D20121058406NUR SHUHADA SURIA BINTI SHA’ARI D20121058472FATIN AMIRA BINTI YUNUS D20121058529
GROUP : A
LECTURER : Dr. MOHD FAIZAL NIZAM LEE BIN ABDULLAH
INTRODUCTION
![Page 2: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
There is consensus that the education of children is one of the key vehicles
engendering the development of economies (UNESCO, 2009). However, the distribution of
resources and its consequent effects on rural-urban schooling performance has remained a
serious issue in most developing countries. Despite a rising focus by governments to target
rural areas for special assistance, rural-urban disparities in education performance have
remained a problem.
Malaysian education programmes have continued to emphasize increasingly on
accessibility, equity and quality, strengthening the delivery system, as well as improving the
achievement of rural students to reduce the performance gap between rural and urban areas
(Malaysia, 2003: 102). During the Eighth Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), RM43.7 billion or 26%
of the government development fund was allocated for education and training. Of this, about
RM7 billion or 16 per cent was for primary school education and RM11 billion or a quarter
was for secondary school education. On average, the development expenditure for primary
schools came to around RM440 per student per year as compared with RM1740 for
secondary schools.
Many schools in the area of education in recent past seemed to have shifted studies
from the measures of individual to the measure of the environment. The reason that could be
adduced for this trend ranges from the accurate prediction which measures of environment
could bring to learning in order to possibly manipulate the environment so as to bring about
optimal conditions for learning. For quite some time, a general perception of the comparative
inferiority of rural schools has prevailed. This view implies the existence of rural-urban
differences in students’ academic performance.
The general perception of rural urban differences also extends to many other socially
desirable outcomes, such as aptitude, intelligence and aspiration (De Young and Lawrence,
1995; Herzog and Pittman, 1995). Until recently, there has been little empirical evidence to
challenge this view. Now, however, a growing body of work has begun to examine how well
students perform in and after graduation from rural schools. Although the results are far from
conclusive, they do suggest that some generally held beliefs about rural student achievement
need review, if not revision. This concern about potential rural – urban differences in
education outcomes is not limited to one country, but rather it appears to be a global issue.
DIFFERENCES IN ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
![Page 3: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. FAMILY
At the rural areas, family is one of the factors that determine their child performance. In
this study, students in rural areas have low performance compared to students in urban areas
because it is relate to their parents education. Majority of parents in rural areas are less
educated than parents in urban areas. The family background is the most important and
weighty factor in determining the academic performance of learners (Adell, 2002: 91).
Survey found that, rural students felt no pressure to attain good performance when their
parents’ expectations towards education were low. Parental encouragement has a positive
influence towards their child performance and at rural areas most of parents did not care
about their child academic performance. Some experts believe that parent expectations is the
most influential factor affecting youth decisions to pursue education
The first institution of a child where he learns is his home. A child passes most of his
time with his parents and learns from his parents and the environment provided to him by his
parents in home. Parents play a vital role in the education of their child, whatever child’s age
is, (either he read in college or in school). If parents pay attention to their children, they make
more scholastic achievements than those who are ignored. If parents take care of following
things, they can improve the education of their children.
Give more time to children.
Spare time in busy routine, for the children. If you keep on ignoring your children, it
will make them feel irresponsible and they will lose interest in study. Spend time with your
children as much as possible and discuss with them about their studies daily. Ask them daily,
what they read in school or college today. Help them in their studies, if possible. Talk to them
about the how can they improve. Make them aware of the importance of study in their life.
By this way, children start taking interest in their studies and they do well in exam. If you do
not give them time you cannot expect that they well do well in their academics.
Provide them a supportive environment in home.
![Page 4: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Home environment affects a student life a lot. Create a loving environment having
good relationships among all family members which has a good impact on the mind of your
children so that they can study well. If the environment of home stresses children, they will
not be able to concentrate on their studies. Create a supportive and educational environment
in home. Don’t do such activities which can absorb the attention of your children while they
study like turn off television when they study. Provide them a quiet place for study where
they can study with more concentration and interest. Paste some charts or tables (having
study material) on the walls of home.
Encourage your children.
Appreciate if they do well in exam and if they get less grades encourage them for hard
work. By appreciating them for their achievements in exam, they start to struggle more to get
more appreciation. Encouraging them if they fail or get less marks enables them to stand
again and start with new determination.
Make link with the school or college teachers of your children.
Visit their school college once a week and ask the relevant teacher about the studies
of your children. It will give you the idea about the study of your children. You come to
know about the weakness of your children and then try to improve accordingly. If you ask the
their teacher, your children will study whole heartedly.
Discuss with your children about their problems.
Your children may have some problems which hinder their study. Ask your children if
they have some problems and try to solve their problem. Be friendly while discussing with
them about their problems so that they can discuss openly.
Keep watch on the activities of your children.
![Page 5: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Have watch on the daily activities of your children and see they may not be utilizing
their energy and time in un-necessary activities. They may not be wasting time in playing
game or watching movies for a lot of time. Never suspect on your children but have watch on
their activities in a way so that they may not feel that you are suspecting on them.
Improve the study habits of your children.
Advise your children about how to develop study habits. Make your children sleep in
time and get up early in the morning. Make them sit for study if they do not, so that they
develop the study habit. Show them the tips for good study and preparation for exam. Stop
them from useless activities.
Your behavior while advising them
You should have balance in your love and strictness to your children. Have love while
advising your children for studies Have authoritative behavior while prohibiting them from
some things. Never beat them but strictly prohibit them from wasting time or unnecessary
activities or wrong manners etc so that can take it serious and follow it.
2. TEACHER
Many people emphasize the importance of good teachers, and many local, state, and
federal policies are designed to promote teacher quality. Research using student scores on
standardized tests confirms the common perception that some teachers are more effective
than others and also reveals that being taught by an effective teacher has important
consequences for student achievement.
It’s important to note that there are individual teachers who are highly effective
although they lack one or more of these qualities, just as there are ineffective teachers who
have all of them. But on average, the presence rather than absence of these qualities is more
likely to produce effective teaching.
An effective teacher loves to teach.
![Page 6: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The single most important quality that every teacher should possess is a love and
passion for teaching young people. Unfortunately, there are teachers who do not love what
they do. This single factor can destroy a teacher’s effectiveness quicker than anything else.
Teachers who do not enjoy their job cannot possibly be effective day in and day out. There
are too many discouraging factors associated with teaching that is difficult enough on a
teacher who absolutely loves what they do, much less on one who doesn’t have the drive,
passion, or enthusiasm for it. On top of that, kids are smarter than what we give them credit
for. They will spot a fake sooner than anyone and thus destroy any credibility that the teacher
may have.
An effective teacher demonstrates a caring attitude.
Even teachers who love their job can struggle in this area, not because they don’t care,
but because they get caught up so much in the day to day routine of teaching that they can
forget that their students have lives outside of school. Taking the time to get to know a
student on a personal level takes a lot of time and dedication. There is also a line that no
teacher wants to cross where their relationship becomes too personal. Elite teachers know
how to balance this without crossing that line and once a student believes the teacher truly
cares for them, then there is no limit to what that student can achieve.
An effective teacher can relate to his or her students.
The best teachers work hard to figure out how to relate to each of their students.
Common interest can be hard to find, but exceptional teachers will find a way to connect with
their students even if they have to fake it. For instance, you may have a student who is a Lego
fanatic. You can relate to that student if you do something as simple as ordering a Lego
catalog and then going through it and discussing it with that student. Even if you have no
actual interest in Lego’s, the student will think you do and thus naturally create a connection.
![Page 7: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
An effective teacher is willing to think outside the box.
There is no one set cookie cutter way to teach. A cookie cutter approach would likely
be boring for both teachers and students. What makes teaching so exciting is that kids learn
differently, and we have to find and utilize different strategies and differentiated learning to
reach every student. What works for one student, will not work for every student. Teachers
have to be willing to be creative and adaptive in their lessons, thinking outside the box on a
continual basis. If you try to teach every concept in the same manner, there will be students
who miss out on key factors because they aren’t wired to learn that way.
An effective teacher is an excellent communicator.
To be the best possible teacher you must be an effective communicator. However, in
this area you are not just limited to being a skilled communicator to your students although
that is a must. You must also be a strong communicator with parents of your students as well
as your faculty/staff team within in your building. If you have a difficulty communicating
with any of these three groups, then you limit your overall effectiveness as a teacher.
3. STUDENT
For students with special needs, participation in transition planning is critical.
Students must be willing to participate in planning for their future. Opportunities should be
provided for students to actively participate in transition planning meetings and provide
suggestions for identifying and accomplishing goals for the future.
As students mature, their input becomes essential to the decision-making process.
However, students would benefit from preparation prior to attending meetings with school
personnel and parents. The following suggestions may be helpful in preparing students to
actively participate:
Advise students of meetings early enough for them to work with family members and
teachers to formulate questions and statements of concerns or preferences concerning
issues that may be discussed.
![Page 8: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Advise students of the purpose of the meeting, the general format of the meeting, and
those invited to attend and the reason for their attendance.
Advise students of the role they will be expected to play and the input that will be
sought (for example, why they cannot get their homework done; the type of classroom
they prefer; preferred leisure-time activities or club preferences; personal vocational
goals; living preferences).
If appropriate, provide students with information or questions that they may be asked
and provide them with the opportunity to prepare answers.
Provide communication skills training specific to the demands of the meeting,
including role-playing when appropriate.
Have discussions prior to the meeting to determine the student’s emotional status and
stress level and to assist the student in preparing emotionally for the event.
During the meeting, the student may need support and encouragement to ensure and
enhance active participation. Opportunities to participate can occur when team members
solicit input from the student. To assure that the student understands the discussion,
information or explanations should be included throughout the meeting. Student participation
should be encouraged during the meeting by acknowledging their comments and recognizing
that they should have a strong voice in the activities that affect them. Participation is not only
a right, but also an opportunity to practice those skills that will be necessary for their
independence as an adult.
![Page 9: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
HOW TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEM
Educational research has examined rural and urban differences in their achievement.
Many educators, researchers, legislators and the general public believe that students from
rural schools mostly receive an education that is inferior compared to the students that live in
urban areas. Students background also impact on their performance where we can see that
many of the students that lives in rural areas has low academic achievement when we
compared it with the students that lives in urban areas. There are many factors that cause to
the gap performance between students in rural and urban areas. Students in urban schools get
many excess compared to students in rural schools. The National Education Association said
that the low performing youth are in public rural schools (Brown & Swanson, 2001).
The excellent performance of urban students is because of their better quality in their
education, availability of the information that they get from various sources like mass media
and electronic media, their educated families and peers groups which help them for better
performance. They have many advantages and facilities in their education compared to rural
students. Students in rural areas less exposed to the outside world and also lack of knowledge
about the currents issues that happen.
Education is proving to be effective instrument that can raise students’ self-belief,
forethought, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Students that lives in undeveloped village must try
to attain the best education for them and do not make their living environment as one of the
factors that be a barrier in their success. We also can see that students in rural areas are much
less likely to earn a college degree than students of urban areas. The disparity is highest in
rural areas where only 8 percent of rural residents over age 25 have a college degree,
compared with 16 percent of the residents in urban areas (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1999).
So from these, we can clarify that, there is a gap of performance between students that live in
rural and urban areas due to some factors.
![Page 10: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
STUDENT
The students itself should realize the importance of education in their future lives. If
they want a better life in the future they must study hard to get a good performance. Usually
students at rural area does not care about their education and most of them dropout from
schooling. This is because they do not have motivation in their study and their parents also
did not care about their performance. So in order to overcome the gap performance between
students in rural and urban areas, rural students should set their mind that education is
important to change their lives. When they have a mindset that education is important, they
will study hard in order to get a good achievement.
TEACHER
The teacher is an important force in school learning. Teachers also one of the sources
that can help in overcomes the problem of low performance among rural students. Teachers
can help in encouraging the students to study hard and help them to complete most of their
work at school during study time, where students can ask teachers if they do not understand
about the lesson. If they are doing work at home, nobody can help them since their parents
might not be able to assist because most of parents in rural areas have less education.
Teachers should encourage their students to participate in many activities because it will give
them the opportunity to build their self-confident and positive self-esteem. Besides that,
teacher also can create a caring and supportive environment where students will feel more
comfortable during their learning. Good relationship between students and teacher also good
in order to improve students’ performance where when teachers are close with the students,
students will feel easy and not shy to ask anything that they do not understand.
PARENT AND ENVIRONMENT
While the teachers play their role at school, parents should play their roles at home.
Although parents in rural areas have no education, they can help their children performance
in terms of giving them moral supports and motivation to learn. Even they cannot help in
terms of provide resources to learn, they can give a support to their child to study hard to
change the fate of their family. Parents should realize how important of education to their
![Page 11: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
child and their future. Parents can always ask their child about their learning progress and
accompanied them during doing their work. They also must always care about their child
performance and monitor their progress.
SCHOOL
District Education Office and the parties must prepare a report containing diagnosis
student achievement. Classroom organization plays an important role in attracting students
follow the teaching and learning of mathematics. Headmaster / Principal of the school as an
organization administrator must explain clearly the matters relating to the Mathematics Panel
like in structure and organization, its aims and objectives and roles.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
Government has to play a role in improving educational outcomes for rural students.
Government should provide enough facilities to the schools that located in rural areas same as
the urban schools. Besides that, government also must provide a financial support to the
students that lives in rural areas where we know that most of them come from low income
families and not affordable to gain a better education and services. Facilities that were
provided must be fair and equal treatment should be given to rural schools same like urban
schools. In addition, best educators also should be placed in rural schools because they can
help students to improve their performance. Good teachers will produce good students. Most
important is government should ensure that teachers are adequately qualified to teach the
subject that allocated for them and they can do their work properly. Education department
also should visit all schools to establish and verify their needs to ensure that resources are
allocated in line with their needs and status.
![Page 12: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CONCLUSION
The study presented the differences of performances between students in rural and
urban areas. Rural and urban schools are characterized by its unique strength and weaknesses.
“Rural and urban schools are much the same when it comes to resources and learning
environments” (EQR, 2003, p.45). Yet there are many variables that affect students’
achievement and those variables are directly related to whether a school is considered a rural
or an urban school. Some factors that contribute to the gap performances between students in
these two areas were determined and also recommendations in order to overcome this
problem were suggested. Although some recommendations have been highlighted, solutions
might not be easy for them. The suggestions for improving the performance among rural
students is that they must understand their environment properly, and maintain their inner
resources like self-efficacy and self-esteem. From this study we can conclude that, there have
differences between student performance in rural and urban schools. Students that lives in
urban area will get high performance excel opportunities provided by their location. Urban
students have greater access to many resources and therefore have opportunities that are not
easily accessible to rural students. Besides that urban parents were more professional and
they realize the advantage of education. Parents of rural students were less likely to expect
their children to advance their education. From the comparison of this study we can know
what the differences between rural and urban schools are.
![Page 13: DISCUSSION ISSUES ON DISPARITIES IN ACHIEVEMENT](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082515/55c34effbb61eb75778b46de/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
REFERENCE
Asmah Bee Mohd. Noor (1975) “Hubungan Penggerak Pencapaian dengan Aspek aspek Tertentu dalam Sosialisasi: Kajian Perbandingan di Kawasan Bandar dan Luar Bandar”, Graduation Exercise, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Sharifah Mohd. Noor (1991) “Faktor-faktor Latar Belakang yang Berkaitan dengan Pencapaian Akademik”, Jurnal Pendidikan, 11.
http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Research_Q_consider/
http://kamipendidik2012.blogspot.com/2012/03/mengurangkan-jurang-perbezaan.html
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080402232156AAtBWJe