Discuss what this map shows. In your book write three concise bullet points to describe what this map shows. Explain what the Brandt Line is.

Most people link development to wealth. We divide the world up depending on how much money we think a country has. We link how much money a country has to the type of jobs people do, the level of education people receive, the type of homes people live in. We are used to thinking of the world in terms of the map below.

Geographers are moving on from the simple idea of MEDCs and LEDCs. Countries now tend to be classed as either: Low Income Countries (LICs) Newly Emerging Economies (NEESs) High Income Countries (HICs)

LICs tend to have……

NEEs tend to have …….

HICs tend to have ……..

Average incomes per person of less than $1,045.

How do we know if a country is rich or poor?

We measure its level of development or wealth.

How do Geographers do this?

By using Development Indicators. They tell us important information about a country.

TASK – brainstorm 10 pieces of data that you think could be used as Development Indicators:

Some of the most well known Development Indicators are: Adult Literacy

Rate

Infant Mortality Life Expectancy Daily calories

consumed

% of the population with access to clean water

Gross Domestic Product

What is the HDI? (Human Development Index)

How do countries compare?

1. Using Page 182 in New

Wider World explain how

the HDI is calculated and

what the result means.

Every Development Indicator we have looked at so far today is a single measure of Development. In 1990 the United Nations created the HDI. This is a combined measure of life expectancy, % of people who attend school and wealth per person. The outcome, for each country, is a number between 0 and 1 (Your HDI number). The closer to 1 the better your level of overall development is.

HDI for

2014

Highest and lowest HDI ranking (2014)

Can you suggest the highest and lowest ranking countries?

HDI rank and

score

Country HDI rank and

score

Country

1 (0.944) Norway 183 (0.374) Sierra Leone

2 (0.933) Australia 184 (0.372) Chad

3 (0.917) Switzerland 185 (0.341) Central African

Republic

4 (0.915) Netherlands 186 (0.338) DR Congo

5 (0.914) United States 187 (0.337) Niger

United Kingdom ranks 14 alongside Sweden with a score of 0.907

The model looks like this.

The DTM

• The DTM explains the stages of population change that countries progress through.

• The model was developed by Notestein in 1945.

• It’s based on the experience of changes that took place in Britain in the 1800 and 1900s (and some other studies of western Europe and North America).

The DTM

• Birth rates, death rates and total population were seen to have gone through a series of stages, in a logical order.

• Notestein believed that all countries would pass through each stage of the model as they advanced socially and economically and were taken over by the process of modernisation.

• Notestein believed that population change was closely linked to economic change – birth rates and death rates fall as standards of living and levels of wealth increase.

High fluctuating: High birth rate and high death rate, therefore there is little population increase as one cancels out the other. High BR and DR generally means that both are about 35 per 1000. Often referred to as the pre-industrial phase.

Early expanding: The BR remains high but the DR starts to fall rapidly, to about 20 per 1000. This results in significant population increase. Start of the industrial phase. To move from Stage one to Stage Two the DR must go into permanent and continuous decline.

Late expanding: The BR now begins to decline (to about 16 per 1000). The DR is still in decline but is not falling as sharply as it did before (about 12 per 1000). Resulting in steady population increase.

Low fluctuating: Both birth rates and death rates remain low. BR 12 – 16 per 1000 DR 10 – 12 per 1000 Steady, low population growth Post industrial

This has been a new addition since the mid 1990s. Death rates fall below birth rates, for a significant period of time, resulting in population decline. Central and eastern Europe. Some countries within southern Africa – largely as a result of HIV/Aids.

An unequal world

• 15% of the world’s population live on less than $1 a day.

• 77% live on less than $10 a day.

• 24% of the world’s population have no access to electricity.

• 16% of the world’s population do not have access to safe clean water.

• 39% do not have access to adequate toilets.

• 8% never get enough to eat, ever!

• Around one in five people aged 15 and over cannot read or write.

• Around 25,000 young people die every day, mainly from causes linked to poverty.

Physical causes The actual physical geography of some counties can make development difficult. Some examples:

• The most landlocked countries on Earth are in Africa. A landlocked country is a country which is only bordered by land. With no access to the seas, a country is cut off from seaborne trade, which is important for economic growth.

• Extreme weather, such as cyclones, droughts and foods, often hits tropical regions – parts of Africa are particularly badly affected. An extreme weather season can slow development and it can be costly to repair damaged infrastructure.

Insert map of landlocked Africa.

Colonialism – Historical Causes

From around 1400, European explorers set out to control new territories, often seeking

mineral wealth such as gold. From 1650 to 1900 over 10 million people were transported

from Africa to North America to work as slaves on plantations. Almost all of the wealth

produced in this period went to European powers.

By the end of the nineteenth century must of Africa and part of South America and Asia

had been divided up between the European superpowers. Countries such as the UK,

Germany, Spain and France had powerful empires and colonies. Since 1950 former

European colonies have gained independence and power. In many cases this has been a

difficult process, resulting in civil wars and political struggles for power. Money has been

spent on armaments and some governments have been corrupt. This political instability

has held back development.

Many richer countries have a long history of industrial and

economic development. Whilst some countries, particular in Asia

and South America (for example, China, Malaysia and Mexico)

have recently emerged as industrialised nations, many other

countries have yet to experience any significant economic growth.

Abilit

y to

trade

with

others

Economic causes

There is often more supply than demand for raw

materials, which keep prices low. Processing, which adds

value, takes place in the richer developed countries. In

this way, the rich countries get richer and the poorer

countries are not able to develop.

LICs and NEEs have traditionally exported primary

products such as minerals and agricultural products. In

the last 20 years many of these countries have developed

manufacturing. Manufacturing products now make up

about 80 per cent of the exports of NEEs. Some countries

have trade surpluses, while others have trade deficits.

This often leads to a ‘debt trap’ that makes further

development difficult.

WHAT CAUSES POVERTY AND A LACK OF DEVELOPMENT?

• POOR EDUCATION

• UNRELIABLE WATER SUPPLY

• HOSTILE CLIMATE

• COLONIALISM

• NOT ABLE TO IMPORT

MANUFACTURED GOODS

• LACK OF NATURAL

RESOURCES

• TARIFFS ON GOODS

• TNCS NOT LOCATING IN YOUR

COUNTRY

• GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION

• INFERTILE SOIL

• Landlocked

• Civil war

• Low life expectancy

• Poor water quality

• Poor healthcare

• Diseases (E.g. Aids, Malaria)

• Relief - height and shape of the land

• Natural hazards

• Trading mostly raw materials

• Desertification

THE DEVELOPMENT GAP

FOR SOME GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN LICS AND NEES QUALITY OF LIFE IS NOT

IMPROVING. SOMETIMES, THE ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENTS A COUNTRY

EXPERIENCES ARE ONLY OF BENEFIT TO A SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE

COUNTRY.

THIS IS KNOWN AS “INTERNAL DISPARITY”. IN OTHER WORDS – THE

SITUATION ISN’T FAIR FOR ALL PEOPLE!

THE GINI COEFFICIENT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN THIS.

THE DEVELOPMENT GAP

GINI COEFFICIENT

• THIS IS A RATIO THAT RANKS COUNTRIES BETWEEN 0 AND 1

• 0 = EVERYONE HAS THE SAME INCOME

• 1 = ALL THE INCOME IS CONTROLLED BY ONE PERSON

• THE CLOSER TO 1 THE MORE UNFAIR AND UNEQUAL THE ECONOMIC

WEALTH IN THE COUNTRY IS LIKELY TO BE.

THE GINI COEFFICIENT.

Aid

What is it?

TYPES OF AID: This IS a recap of Y9 work. Match the numbers and letters on your whiteboard. You

will be given a work sheet with definitions on after.

A) Short term =

B) Long term =

D) Bilateral =

E) Tied =

C) Multilateral =

F) Voluntary =

3) Emergency help usually in response to a natural disaster, such

as a flood or earthquake

4) Sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience, e.g. wells to

reduce the effects of drought, or improvements to agriculture

2) richer governments give money to an international

organisation such as the World Bank, which then redistributes

the money as aid to poorer countries.

5) aid from one country to another (often tied)

6) aid may be given with certain conditions e.g. that the

recipient has to spend the aid money on the donor country’s

products

1) Money donated by the general public in richer countries and

distributed by NGOs such as Oxfam

OTHER METHODS OF CLOSING THE GAP

As well as donating aid to LIC countries, a number of other

strategies have also been implemented.

What is it? How does it reduce the gap? Additional info e.g.

disadvantages

Aid Given by one country to

another as money or

resources

Can be spent on development

projects e.g. schools to

improve literacy and building

dams to improve access to

clean water

Sometimes this aid can be

wasted by corrupt

governments.

Projects can fail when money

runs out or if there isn’t

enough local knowledge and

support.

…….

Around the classroom are a range of strategies used to reduce the

development gap. Use this information to complete your methods table.

ECONOMIC INVESTMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

Foreign-direct investment (FDI) is when people or

companies in one country buy property or infrastructure in

another

FDI leads to better access to finance, technology and

expertise and improve infrastructure, improved industry

and an increase in services.

IN COUNTRIES WITH A VERY LOW LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURE MAKES UP A LARGE PORTION OF THE

ECONOMY. DEVELOPING INDUSTRY INCREASES GNI AND HELPS IMPROVE LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT AS

PRODUCTIVITY, LEVELS OF SKILL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARE IMPROVED.

Hydropower is the fastest-growing

energy source in the world,

encouraged by the world bank, which

sees it as the basis for economic

growth. Rapidly developing LICs and

NEEs such as China, India and Brazil

all have large projects in the pipeline.

These developments however have

risks, In China for example the extra

water pressure on the ground may

increase the risk of earthquakes.

Dams also threaten unique

environments such as rainforests

leading to a loss of biodiversity.

Impact of the Three Gorges Dam in China

FAIR TRADE

The fair trade movement is all about farmers getting a fair price

for goods produced in LICs, e.g. Coffee and bananas, allowing

them to provide for their families

Companies who want to sell products labelled as “fair trade” have

to pay producers a fair price

Buyers also pay extra on top of that to help develop the area

where the goods come from e.g. to build schools and health

centres.

However there are problems – only a tiny proportion of the extra

money reaches th eoriginal producers. Most of it still goes to the

retailer (shop).

Last year the money from

Fairtrade Premium helped

pay my son’s school fees.

Other farmers have tried to

copy what we are doing

and the quality of the

coffee is getting better.

MICROFINANCE

Microfinance is when small loans are given to people in

LICs who may not be able to get the loans from

traditional banks. The loans enable them to start their

own businesses and become financially independent.

Many borrowers are women

Although microfinance works for some people, it’s not

clear that microfinance can reduce poverty on a large

scale.

Phones for women in Bangladesh:

One business idea has been to introduce mobile pay phones.

The bank lends $200 to village women to buy a mobile phone.

Other villagers then pay her for the use of it. They might use it

to check the price of items at markets in surrounding villages

or talk to family who have moved to the city.

INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGIES.

Solar cookers are used all over the world

today, they focus the suns rays on the

cooking pot. Cheap to make and easy to

transport!

Intermediate technology includes tools, machines and

systems that improve quality of life but are also

simple to use, affordable to buy or build and are

cheap to maintain.

For example, solar powered LED lightbulbs are used in

parts of Nepal where the only other lighting options

are polluting and dangerous kerosene lamps or wood

fires.

This allows people to work in their homes or

businesses, and children to study after dark. As a

result, skills, income and industrial output can increase

which helps to reduce the development gap.

Small scale dams

and pumps

improve access to

water and

irrigation of farm

land

DEBT RELIEF:

Debt relief is when

some or all of a

country’s debt is

cancelled, or interest

rates are lowered.

This means they have

more money to

develop rather than

pay back the debt.

For example, Zambia

(in S Africa) had

$4billion of debt

cancelled in 2005. in

2006, the country had

enough money to start

a free healthcare

scheme for millions of

people living in rural

areas.

In 2005, the worlds richest countries

(G8) agreed to cancel the debts of

many HIPCs. To qualify the countries

had to:

• Demonstrate they could manage

their own finances

• Show there was no corruption in

their government

• Agreed to spend the saved money

on education, healthcare and

reducing poverty.