Discovering the artsDiscovering the arts

World of ArtWorld of Art

World MusicWorld Music

• Music is one of the great pleasures of life. It has the Music is one of the great pleasures of life. It has the power to entertain, to amuse, to move, and to power to entertain, to amuse, to move, and to inspire. Music plays an indispensable role in our inspire. Music plays an indispensable role in our celebrations, rituals, and commemorative celebrations, rituals, and commemorative ceremonies. It can also provoke thoughts about the ceremonies. It can also provoke thoughts about the mysteries of life, such as the vastness of the mysteries of life, such as the vastness of the universe and the meaning of our existence. Music universe and the meaning of our existence. Music provides us with a creative way of self expression. It provides us with a creative way of self expression. It reaches deep into our souls to console us, to reaches deep into our souls to console us, to reassure us, and to help us express who and what reassure us, and to help us express who and what we are as human beings. we are as human beings.

World MusicWorld Music

• Music is sometimes called a Music is sometimes called a universal languageuniversal language. However, it . However, it is more accurate to say that music is a is more accurate to say that music is a global expressionglobal expression. . While music While music does does communicate globally, sharp variations communicate globally, sharp variations exist among the music created by different peoples. What is exist among the music created by different peoples. What is truly universal is our capacity to respond to and derive truly universal is our capacity to respond to and derive pleasure from music.pleasure from music.

• Advances in technology have brought us, among other things, Advances in technology have brought us, among other things, the gift of music from around the world. Radio, television, the gift of music from around the world. Radio, television, movies, and – more recently – the Internet have allowed us to movies, and – more recently – the Internet have allowed us to enjoy a vast array of music and the cultures that produce enjoy a vast array of music and the cultures that produce them. It was not always so. Before Thomas Edison invented them. It was not always so. Before Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877, the only way to hear music from the phonograph in 1877, the only way to hear music from other lands was to experience it live. You had to travel to the other lands was to experience it live. You had to travel to the source. source.

World Music:World Music:DefinitionsDefinitions

• AnthropologistsAnthropologists – scholars who study the physical and – scholars who study the physical and cultural characteristics and social customs of a group of cultural characteristics and social customs of a group of people. people.

• Ethnomusicologists Ethnomusicologists – scholars who study the music of – scholars who study the music of different cultural groups. different cultural groups.

• Culture Culture – the customs, beliefs, language, arts and – the customs, beliefs, language, arts and institutions of a group of people that are learned and institutions of a group of people that are learned and transmitted within the group. transmitted within the group.

• Music culture Music culture – the performance practices, means, – the performance practices, means, traditions, uses, and beliefs about music of a group of people, traditions, uses, and beliefs about music of a group of people, either from a specific time or place. either from a specific time or place.

• Timbre Timbre – the distinct tonal quality of an instrument or voice, – the distinct tonal quality of an instrument or voice, which is clearly identifiable by the ear; also known as “tone which is clearly identifiable by the ear; also known as “tone color.” color.”

World Music:World Music:Classification of InstrumentsClassification of Instruments

• Aerophones Aerophones – instruments that produce sound by – instruments that produce sound by a vibrating column of air. Usually these consist of a a vibrating column of air. Usually these consist of a pipe made out of wood, metal, or plastic. pipe made out of wood, metal, or plastic.

• Idiophones Idiophones – simple, solid instruments that – simple, solid instruments that produce sound by being struck, scraped, or produce sound by being struck, scraped, or shaken. shaken.

• Membranophones Membranophones – instruments that produce – instruments that produce sound by striking or rubbing a skin or membrane sound by striking or rubbing a skin or membrane stretched across a resonating air chamber. stretched across a resonating air chamber.

• ChordophonesChordophones – instruments that create sound by – instruments that create sound by striking, rubbing, or plucking a taut string (or chord). striking, rubbing, or plucking a taut string (or chord).

• Electrophones Electrophones –instruments that generate sound –instruments that generate sound from electricity. from electricity.

World Music:World Music:Classification of Instruments Classification of Instruments

Aerophone: bagpipes

Idiophone: Vietnamese dan t’rung Membranophone:

Gamelan kendang

World Music:World Music:Classification of InstrumentsClassification of Instruments

Chordophone: sitarElectrophone: keyboard

World Music:World Music:Activity #1 Activity #1

Demonstrate Knowledge of Music VocabularyDemonstrate Knowledge of Music Vocabulary• How would you categorize familiar musical How would you categorize familiar musical

instruments using the five basic world music instruments using the five basic world music classifications? classifications? Working in small groups, make a list Working in small groups, make a list of the musical instruments with which you are familiar. of the musical instruments with which you are familiar. Spend no more than five minutes compiling your list. Spend no more than five minutes compiling your list. Then complete the following:Then complete the following:– Classify the instruments into the five basic categories: Classify the instruments into the five basic categories:

aerophones, idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, aerophones, idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, or electrophonesor electrophones

– What characteristics of the instruments helped you classify What characteristics of the instruments helped you classify them?them?

– Are there any instruments that might fall into more than one Are there any instruments that might fall into more than one category? How did you decide?category? How did you decide?

World Music:World Music:Traditional Music CulturesTraditional Music Cultures

• Traditional musical styles and genres are Traditional musical styles and genres are often associated with specific cultures or often associated with specific cultures or geographic areas. Indeed, some cultures geographic areas. Indeed, some cultures have musical expressions so distinctive have musical expressions so distinctive that they are immediately recognizable. that they are immediately recognizable.

World Music:World Music:MexicoMexico

• Mexico is a large country with many regions. Mexico is a large country with many regions. As in the United States, these regions differ As in the United States, these regions differ in dialect, foods, clothing, and music. The in dialect, foods, clothing, and music. The official language is Spanish. official language is Spanish.

• For many centuries music has played a For many centuries music has played a central role in the lives of the Mexican central role in the lives of the Mexican people. Before the arrival of Spanish people. Before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in 1519, both religious and social music were conquistadors in 1519, both religious and social music were important to the native cultures living in the region. The Spaniards important to the native cultures living in the region. The Spaniards introduced a rich musical heritage, including a wide variety of music introduced a rich musical heritage, including a wide variety of music and instruments. Enslaved Africans and Caribbean immigrants also and instruments. Enslaved Africans and Caribbean immigrants also influenced Mexican music. The cross-fertilization and blending of influenced Mexican music. The cross-fertilization and blending of native, Spanish, and African cultures produced a rich native, Spanish, and African cultures produced a rich mestizomestizo, or , or mixed, culture. It also produced forms of music that have been mixed, culture. It also produced forms of music that have been enjoyed by people around the world.enjoyed by people around the world.

World Music:World Music:MexicoMexico

• Mexicans use music to celebrate events such as baptisms, Mexicans use music to celebrate events such as baptisms, birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, funerals, civic ceremonies, birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, funerals, civic ceremonies, and religious holidays. The people sing along with the and religious holidays. The people sing along with the musicians and burst out with enthusiastic yells, laughter, musicians and burst out with enthusiastic yells, laughter, clapping, and dancing. clapping, and dancing.

• Traditional songs are called Traditional songs are called sones jarochossones jarochos. One of the most . One of the most famous famous sones jarochos sones jarochos is “La Bamba.”is “La Bamba.”

• A style of ensemble music from the A style of ensemble music from the Mexican state of Jalisco is played Mexican state of Jalisco is played by the by the mariachimariachi. This is . This is a musical a musical group with several violins, trumpets, group with several violins, trumpets, large bass guitar, and special five- large bass guitar, and special five- and six-string guitars. and six-string guitars.

World Music:World Music:Activity #2Activity #2

Perform Rhythmic PatternsPerform Rhythmic Patterns• Hear and perform the repeated rhythmic patterns in Hear and perform the repeated rhythmic patterns in

“La Bamba.”“La Bamba.”

Clap bass rhythm: Clap bass rhythm: 1 1 2 & 2 & 3 4 3 4

Rhythm of feet:Rhythm of feet: Foot pattern: Foot pattern: l r-l r l-rl r-l r l-r(l = left, r = right)(l = left, r = right)

p. 33, Activity 4p. 33, Activity 4CD 1 #33: “La Bamba”CD 1 #33: “La Bamba”

World Music:World Music:West AfricaWest Africa

• The music of West Africa has made lasting contributions The music of West Africa has made lasting contributions to our own culture. In particular, the rich heritage of to our own culture. In particular, the rich heritage of African rhythms has influenced much American music, African rhythms has influenced much American music, including jazz. Often, these unique percussive rhythms including jazz. Often, these unique percussive rhythms find their basis in African drumming. find their basis in African drumming.

• In much West African drumming, musicians In much West African drumming, musicians play play claveclave. This is . This is a basic rhythmic pattern a basic rhythmic pattern that provides the foundation for the complex that provides the foundation for the complex rhythms played by multiple drumsrhythms played by multiple drums. The . The pattern is usually played on an iron bell or pattern is usually played on an iron bell or on a pair of round wooden sticks called “claves.” on a pair of round wooden sticks called “claves.” It can be played on any instrument so long as it is It can be played on any instrument so long as it is enough to be heard above the drumming. enough to be heard above the drumming.

World Music:World Music:West AfricaWest Africa

• Clave patterns can be heard in music everywhere. Clave patterns can be heard in music everywhere. They often serve as a recurring rhythm in Latin They often serve as a recurring rhythm in Latin jazz, rhythm and blues, and other African American jazz, rhythm and blues, and other African American musical styles. Consider the international appeal of musical styles. Consider the international appeal of salsa and other Latin-based music. The magnetic salsa and other Latin-based music. The magnetic attraction of the rhythms can be seen on dance attraction of the rhythms can be seen on dance floors throughout the world.floors throughout the world.

World Music:World Music:Activity #3Activity #3

Learn to recognize and play the clave pattern.Learn to recognize and play the clave pattern.• The clave pattern is actually two patterns in one. That The clave pattern is actually two patterns in one. That

is, the first eight beats have one pattern, the next eight a is, the first eight beats have one pattern, the next eight a different pattern. The beat patterns in clave music are different pattern. The beat patterns in clave music are as follows:as follows:

First half First half Second half Second half 11 2 3 2 3 44 5 6 5 6 77 88 1 2 1 2 33 4 4 55 6 7 86 7 8

p. 16, Activity 6p. 16, Activity 6CD 1 #18: “Gome drumming”CD 1 #18: “Gome drumming”

CD 1 #19: “Cha-cha”CD 1 #19: “Cha-cha”