Discovering Flight
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Transcript of Discovering Flight
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Discovering FlightDiscovering Flight
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Discovering FlightThe Early Days of Flight
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Lesson OverviewLesson Overview
How humans tried to fly in ancient timesKey aviation devices created during
ancient timesWhy machines do not fly the way birds
do
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Warm Up QuestionsWarm Up Questions
CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(1-2)(1-2)
Courtesy of Comstock Images
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Quick WriteQuick Write
Why do you think the idea of flightWhy do you think the idea of flightis so appealing to people? is so appealing to people?
Does it appeal to you? Why?Does it appeal to you? Why?
(Note to Instructor: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)(Note to Instructor: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
How Humans Tried to How Humans Tried to Fly in Ancient TimesFly in Ancient Times
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Flight in Ancient TimesFlight in Ancient Times
Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years
FlightFlight is the act of passing through the air on wings
People told tales about flight around the fire at night and handed down these stories to their children
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Daedalus and IcarusDaedalus and Icarus
One of the best known is the Greek story of Daedalus and his son, Icarus
Courtesy of the Granger Collection, New York
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
First True Stories of First True Stories of Human Attempts to FlyHuman Attempts to Fly
Some early inventors made devices of lightweight material in imitation of birds’ or bats’ wings
They strapped the devices onto their arms or legs, and then they would jump from the top of a tower
Unfortunately, none of the devices succeeded
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Armen FirmanArmen Firman
A Moor named Armen Firman made the first known human attempt to fly
He put on a huge cloak and jumped from a tower in Cordoba, Spain
He hoped the cloak would open wide like a bat’s wings to slow him on the way down
But it didn’t, and Firman fell to his death
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Armen FirmanArmen Firman
His unfortunate experiment might be described as an early attempt at a jump by parachute
A parachuteparachute is a device intended to slow free fall from an aircraft or another high point
Courtesy of Clipart.com
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Key Aviation Devices Key Aviation Devices From Ancient TimesFrom Ancient Times
Courtesy of NASA
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Chinese KitesChinese Kites
The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC
A kitekite is a light framework covered with paper or cloth, provided with a balancing tail, designed to be flown in the air
Within a few hundred years, people were using kites in warfare
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Chinese GunpowderChinese Gunpowder
In the eight hundreds, the Chinese made another important invention: gunpowder
GunpowderGunpowder is an explosive powder made of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur, used to shoot projectiles from guns
200 years later, the Chinese used gunpowder to make the first simple rockets
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Chinese RocketsChinese Rockets
A rocketrocket is a large, cylindrical object that moves very fast by forcing burning gases out one end of the tube
The Chinese used these devices mostly for celebrations, such as holiday fireworks
But they also used their rockets in battle to scare off the enemy
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Man in the MoonMan in the Moon
There’s even a Chinese legend about a rocket trip into space
A legendlegend is an unverified story handed down from earlier times
Courtesy of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Learning Check #1Learning Check #1
CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(3-4)(3-4)
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci
The first person in the history of aviation who was also a real scientist was Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
Courtesy of the Library of Congress
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter
Da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter
A helicopterhelicopter is an aircraft that gets its lift from spinning blades
Da Vinci’s drawing of an “aerial screw” looks a lot like a modern helicopter
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter
What’s more, today’s parachutes are based on principles first described by da Vinci
He wrote that his invention would allow someone to “throw himself down from any height
without sustaining any injury”
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
GlidersGliders
Da Vinci also researched the idea of a glider
A gliderglider is a light aircraft without an engine, designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult
Gliders were the first aircraft that had directional control
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
OrnithoptersOrnithopters
Da Vinci was fascinated with birds and experimented with flapping-wing machines
He worked out designs for ornithopters An ornithopterornithopter is an aircraft designed
to get its support and forward motion from flapping wings
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
OrnithoptersOrnithopters
Courtesy of the Granger Collection, New York
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Learning Check #2Learning Check #2
CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(5-6)(5-6)
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Why Machines Do Not Why Machines Do Not Fly the Way Birds DoFly the Way Birds Do
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Principles of Bird FlightPrinciples of Bird Flight
A bird’s flight is similar to an airplane’s in some ways and different in others
There are two phases of bird flight: A ground phase And a lift phase
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Birds’ WingsBirds’ Wings
Wing feathers are arranged much like shingles on a roof
They change position when the bird is flappingOn the downbeat of the wing, the feathers
are pressed together so little air can pass through them
On the up stroke the feathers open
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Daniel BernoulliDaniel Bernoulli
The Dutch-born scientist Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) discovered that a fluid has a constant pressure, but when a fluid starts to move faster, the pressure drops
Taken from wikipedia.com
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Bernoullian LiftBernoullian Lift
Wings are designed to make air flow faster over their tops—this makes the pressure drop and the wings move upward, defying the force of gravity
This phenomenon is known as Bernoullian lift or induced lift
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton
The Englishman Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) formulated three famous laws of motion
Taken from wikipedia.com
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Newtonian LiftNewtonian Lift
The third law states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”
For example, when a pilot angles the wing of the plane up against the oncoming wind, the action of the wind causes a reaction by the wing
This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Why Some Ancient Inventors Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird FlightTried to Mimic Bird Flight
At the beginning of aviation history, flapping wings seemed to be what flight was all about
People observed birds, bats, and insects flying this way
Some early inventors thought feathers might possess some lifting power of their own
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Why Some Ancient Inventors Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird FlightTried to Mimic Bird Flight
And even a thinker as brilliant as da Vinci got stuck on birds as the model for human flight
Only when people stopped trying to fly as birds do did the way open for the Wright brothers’ success on the North Carolina dunes
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Learning Check #3Learning Check #3
CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(7-8)(7-8)
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
ReviewReview
Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years
Some early inventors made devices of lightweight material such as cloth or wood, in imitation of birds’ or bats’ wings
The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC
They also invented gunpowder and rockets
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
ReviewReview
Leonardo da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter
Da Vinci also researched the idea of a glider and some designs for ornithopters
There are two phases of bird flight—a ground phase and a lift phase
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
ReviewReview
Wings are designed to make air flow faster over their tops
This makes the pressure drop and the wings move upward, defying the force of gravity—this is known as Bernoullian lift or induced lift
Newton’s third law of motion states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”
This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
ReviewReview
By now you’re beginning to understand that birds and airplanes don’t work exactly alike:
Airplanes are fixed-wing aircraft and rely on their propellers to get them off the ground
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Review QuestionsReview Questions
CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(9-10)(9-10)
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
SummarySummary
How humans tried to fly in ancient times
Key aviation devices created during ancient times
Why machines do not fly the way birds do
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Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Next….Next….
Done—discovering flight
Next—the early days of flight
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