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INKERS& DISCOURSE MARKERS

Purpose Examples

Focusin an! lin"in

: As for,with reference to,regarding,as regards, concerning, in

relation to,

Emp#asisin a con$ras$

: However, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding,, still, yet,despite this conversely...

%alancin con$ras$in poin$s

: On the one hand (formal), on the one hand, whereas, while...

Emp#asisin: Above all, in particular, to highlight, especially, more importantly,

Similari$&' Similarly, In the same way, just as, liewise

Con$ra!ic$in'

On the contrary, !uite the opposite, otherwise

S$ruc$urin( se)uencin

first"ly#, first of all, second"ly#,third"ly#,etc.$astly,

finally, to begin with, to start with,in the

first%second% third place, last but not least

A!!in'

moreover (very formal),furthermore (formal), in addition, as well

as that, on top of that (informal), another thing is (informal), whatis more,also,besides,

*eneralisin'

On the whole, in general, in all%most%many%some cases, broadly

speaing,by and large, to a great e&tent, to some e&tent,

*i+in examples'

'or instance, for e&ample, e.g.,in particular, such as , lie , as inthe case of

oical conse)uence: therefore (formal), as a result (formal), conse!uently (formal),so,then,hence, thus...

Ma"in $#ins clear, i+in !e$ails' I mean, actually, that is to say, in other words,...

* i + i n o n e - s o p i n i o n ' A s I s e e i t , A s f a r a s I a m c o n c e r n e d ,f r o m m y p o i n t o f v i e w , i n m y v i e w , t o m y

v i e w , t o t e l l t h e t r u t h , t o b e h o n e s t

So.$enin an! correc$in

: I thin, I feel, I recon (informal),I guess (informal), in my view%opinion (formal), apparently, so to spea, more or less, sort of

(informal), ind of (informal), well, really, that is to say, at least,I(m afraid,I suppose, or rather,actually, I mean,...

E x p r e s s i n C e r $ a i n $ &

: w i t h o u t a n y d o u b t , u n d o u b t e d l y ,o b v i o u s l y , d o u b t l e s s , n e e d l e s s t o s a y ,

c e r t a i n l y

Summin up' in conclusion, to sum up,briefly, in short, all in all,

on the whole, lastly, )iven these facts,

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LINKING & LOGICAL CONNECTORSAddition & Alternatives

X and/ or Y

X. In addition,Y/ In addition to X,Y (Adems)

X. Similarly, [clause] (Del mismo modo, asimismo)X also Y (am!i"n)X, Y too/ as well (am!i"n)X as well as Y/ As well as X,[clause] (Adems de X,...)X. Besides, Y or Besides (X), Y (Adems,)X. Moreover/ Furthermore,Y (Y adems)

X. On top of that,[clause] [informal] (#ncima de eso)X. In fact/ What is more, Y (De $ec$o/ y lo %ue es ms)

Both X and Y (Am!os X e Y)Not only X ut also Y (&o s'lo X, sino tam!i"n Y)

!ither X or Y [o (!ien) X o (!ien) Y]Neither X nor Y [ni X ni Y]

So " Au. *ronoun *So do I+ (Y yo tam!i"n)Neither Au. *ronoun (Y yo tam+oco)

Reason (cause) & Result (consequence)

X ecause Y (+or%ue)

Because of X, Y (a causa de)

#ue to X,Y / Owin$ to X,Y (de!ido a) [formal]

X, since [clause] (ya %ue) [formal]As X, Y [clause] (+uesto %ue)X, for Y [clause] (*ues)

X, so [clause] (As %ue)

X. As a result,[clause] [formal] (-omo resultado)

X. %onse&uently/ In conse&uence,Y (-omo consecuencia)X. 'hat(s why [clause] (#sa es la ra'n +or la %ueX. For this reason [clause] (*or esta ra'n)

X. 'hen [clause] (lueo)

X. 'herefore [clause] [formal] (*or lo tanto)

Contrast, balancing contrasting points and counter-arguments

X ut Y (*ero)X althou$h/ thou$h Y [though,informal] (Aun%ue)

X, yet [clause] (A0n as)X. Mind you/ Still [clause] [s+o1en, informal] (#so s, aun as)

In spite of X, Y [X2 noun,+ronoun, 3in] (A +esar de)

#espite X,Y [ X2 noun,+ronoun, -in] (A +esar de))#espite/ In spite* of the fact that [clause] (A +esar de %ue)

X. +owever,Y [reistro ms formal] (4in em!aro)

X. Nevertheless/ Nonetheless,Y [formal] (&o o!stante)

X. !ven so,Y (A0n as)

X. In contrast,[clause] (*or el contrario)

X. On the other hand,[clause] (*or otra+arte)

X. All the same, [clause] (De todas formas/ con todo)X. Anyway, [clause] (#n cual%uier caso)

While/ Whilst/ Whereas X, [clause] (5ientras/ #n tanto %ue)

While- Some X, others [clause] (5ientras unos X, otros Y)!ven thou$h/ if X, (6ncluso si/ A0n si X, Y)

Purpose

X to Y (Y2 ver!7 infinitive of +ur+ose) (+ara)

X for Y (Y2noun,+ronoun,erund) (+ara)

X in order not- to [ver!] [formal](+ara, con la finalidad de)X so as not- to [ver!] [formal] (de forma %ue)

X in order that [clause] (+ara, con la finalidad de)X so that [clause] (de forma %ue)

X in case [clause] (+or si acaso, en caso de %ue)

Xso " ad8./adv. that clause (an.%ue)Xsuch (art) (ad8) &oun, that [clause] (an%ue) Similarity & Comparison

Xmorethan Y/ X ad./adv!0 than YReference & Focus announce t!e sub"ect in ad#ance$

As for/ as re$ards X, Y (#n cuanto a/ acerca de...)

As far as X is concerned,Y (#n lo %ue concierne a...)

0e$ardin$ X, Y (#n lo %ue res+ecta a)With re$ard to X, Y (-on res+ecto/ relaci'n a)With reference to X, Y (-on referencia a)'al1in$/ Spea1in$ of/aout X, Y (9a!lando de)

X less thanYX (not- as ad8./adv. as Y (ancomo)(X) the same as Y (o mismo %ue)(X) different from Y (Diferente de)

X. Similarly/in the same way, Y (De iual modo, )2ust as X, [clause] (As como,de la misma manera %ue)

3i1enoun, [clause] (Del mismo modo %ue,)

4nli1e noun, [clause] (A diferencia de,)

Sequencers & Organisers

First of all, (Antes %ue nada)

First and foremost (*rimero, y ms im+ortante)First(ly-,Second(ly),'hirdly, (#n +rimer luar,...)'hen, (ueo/ des+u"s)

Ne5t,

(A continuaci'n)Afterwards, (Des+u"s)After t$at/ it/ noun, ;3in (Des+u"s de ...)

3ater on-, (5s tarde)

Finally,!ventually (na ve %ue)

X. [4ome time] later,[clause] (iem+o des+u"s,)X (not) till/ until Y or 4ntil X, Y (9asta %ue)When/ While/ Whilst X, [clause] (-uando/ 5ientras)

X. Meanwhile/ At the same time,[clause](Al mismo tiem+o)

X since Y (Desde %ue...)