• Discontent in Germany was deep-rooted and growing

• Demoralizing defeat in World War I

• Treaty of Versailles (June 1919) created anger and humiliation

Treaty of Versailles

Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States: In 1919, the Big 4 met in Paris to negotiate the treaty.

As a result of the treaty:

• Germany lost territories and colonial possessions

• the military was limited

• Germany had to pay huge amounts for war compensations

• “war guilt clause” said,

“Germany must accept complete and total responsibility for the war”

Weimar Republic The Weimar Republic after World War I faced incredible inflation and high unemployment

In German classrooms teachers encouraged students to value obedience and respect authority

Albert Einstein claimed

his teachers were more

interested in producing “mental machines” than educating human beings

• Despite efforts to silence criticism many individuals spoke out

• World wide depression

• Setting of psychological and economic woes

• Germans wanted a leader who could restore their pride and give them hope

The Beer Hall Putsch• Hitler first attempted to seize power at the

height of inflation on November 8, 1923

• Adolf Hilter and a band of supporters burst into a Munich beer hall

Hitler fired a shot at the ceiling and declared that the President (Ebert) and national

government had been deposed

Police put down the uprising

• Two days later Hitler was arrested and brought to trial

• He was given the minimum sentence,

5 years in prison and served 9 months

Hitler got almost anything he asked for while in Landberg prison

While in prison Hitler met Rudolf

Hess, another prisoner. Hess

helped Hitler write Mein Kampf,

“My Struggle” published in 1925.

This became the guidebook for

the Nazis.

Adolf Hitler, Emill Maurice, H, Kriebl, Rudolf Hess in Landsberg Prison

•After he got out of prison, Hitler traveled throughout Europe spreading his views

•He targeted Jews in his campaign of purification

•Secondary targets: communists, homosexuals, handicapped, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and political opponents of Nazi doctrine

• 1929 A world wide depression began

The chancellor of the Weimar Republic was Herman Mueller (a Social Democrat). He and his party were in trouble.

• In the elections of 1930 the National Socialist Party (Nazis) emerged as the second most powerful party.

• 1932 Paul von Hindenburg,

84 years old, was re-elected president.

• He chose Franz von Papen as the new chancellor. Paul von

Hindenburg 1847-1934

• When Papen couldn’t end the depression, another friend of Hindenburg’s took over

• General Kurt von Schleich. He couldn’t bring about recovery either Franz von Papen

• 1933 Hindenburg’s advisors thought they could control Hitler and thought he would be less “wild” once he was in office

• Hitler had the popularity they lacked and they had the power Hitler needed

January 30, 1933

• Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

• He was appointed by President Paul von Hindenburg

President Paul von Hindenburg watches a torchlight parade as it passes under the window of Hitler’s new office.

Hitler, after being sworn in as chancellor

Adolf Hitler, Wilhelm Frick, Hermann Goring waving to a torchlight parade in honor of Hitler’s appointment as chancellor

February 1, 1933 - Hitler proclaimed his new government officially in power

He did this over the radio instead of in front of the Reichstag, the elected Parliament

The meaning was clear: Hitler no longer needed a Parliament

Once he became Chancellor Hitler began to dismantle democratic practices in Germany

One of Hitler’s first acts as chancellor was to build the concentration camp at Dachau in March 1933

Jews, communists, and homosexuals were some of the first incarcerated there.

Decrees, Laws, and Events after Hitler became Chancellor

• 1933 Hitler suspended the parts of the constitution that dealt with personal freedom

• Gave government the right to censor mail, listen to private telephone conversations, read telegrams, search homes, confiscate property

• March 23, 1933 Enabling Act

Government limited the number of Jews who could attend a public high school or teach in one

• April 1, 1933 Boycott of Jewish owned stores and businesses

• April 7, 1933 Civil Service Law

Forced Jews and other non-Aryans out of civil service jobs.

This was the first of over 200 pieces of legislation passed in Germany from 1933 to 1939 designed to segregate, isolate, and demoralize German Jews.

• May 10, 1933 Government organized book burnings in 30 German cities

The Nazis burned books written by Jews and other “undesirables”

More than 20,000 books were burned outside a university in Berlin

Nazi book burning of “un-German”

books

• July 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring

Permitted the government to sterilize anyone who suffered from “genetically determined” illnesses

The law was an attempt to create a racially pure society of Aryans

Hitler declared himself Fuhrer after President von Hindenburg died on

August 2, 1934

• 1935 Attacks against Jews escalated

September 15:

Nuremberg Race Laws EnactedStripped German Jews of citizenship and all political rights

Mischling Laws specified who was considered Jewish: anyone with even one Jewish grandparent

• 1936 The Olympics took place in Germany. Hitler hid his plans and overt acts. After the Olympics attacks escalated.

Hitler at the opening of the Olympic Games in Berlin, August, 1936

•1937 Buchenwald concentration camp built

»

»

New

prisoners

are

registered

November 9-10, 1938 Kristallnacht

Works Cited

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