Disclosure - NAMCP NIPT.pdf · Disclosure Dr. Martin R ... Identify the value of NIPT in a high...

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10/30/2013 1 11/14/13 Martin R. Chavez, MD FACOG Director of Maternal Fetal Medicine Winthrop University Hospital Disclosure Dr. Martin R. Chavez is on the speaker bureau for: Verinata Health, Inc. an Illumina Company Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine

Transcript of Disclosure - NAMCP NIPT.pdf · Disclosure Dr. Martin R ... Identify the value of NIPT in a high...

10/30/2013

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11/14/13

Martin R. Chavez, MD FACOG

Director of Maternal Fetal Medicine

Winthrop University Hospital

Disclosure Dr. Martin R. Chavez is on the speaker bureau for:

Verinata Health, Inc. an Illumina Company 

Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine

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Objectives of the webinar are:1. Identify the value of NIPT in a high risk population and 

the impact on managed care payers

2. Help payers to critically analyze and think about the NIPT market

3. Suggest a framework for data review from the providers in the NIPT market

4. Critically distinguish between the tests on the market and in the horizon

Definitions Non‐Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)

Non‐Invasive Prenatal Screening (NIPS)

Cell free DNA

Maternal fraction

Fetal fraction (placental)

Sequencing (MPS, shotgun)

Full genome vs. Targeted sequencing

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Nonpolymorphic loci

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Definitions Biomedical Informatics/algorithms

Turn Around Time (TAT)

Reporting

Risk adjustment 

(<1/10,000 low risk or 1/100 high risk)

Negative, Suspected or Positive

Non‐reportable or undetectable fetal DNA fraction

Pre/post counseling for NIPT 

NIPT Cell‐free DNA in Maternal Blood

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NIPT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_free_fetal_DNA_shedding_into_maternal_bloodstream.pdf

NIPT in a high risk population AMA,  35 yo at the time of delivery for singleton

Abnormal serum screen  (first or second trimester)

Abnormal ultrasound finding(s)

Prior pregnancy affected with T21/T18/T13 or Family hx

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NIPT in a high risk population The most common fetal trisomies are:

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)    53%

Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)  13%

Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)         5%

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐71%

Wellesley, D, et al., Rare chromosome abnormalities, prevalence and prenatal diagnosis rates from population-based congenital anomaly registers in Europe. Eur J of Hum Gen, 11 January 2012.

Impact on managed care payersCDC National Vital Statistics (2009)

~4 Million births

62% receive prenatal screening

~2.5 Million maternal screens/year

CDC National Vital Statistics (2009); http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss.htmCAP Maternal Screening Participant Survey, 2011; http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/proficiency_testing/2011_surveys_catalog.pdfThomson Reuters MarketScan 2009 commercial claims database;  http://depts.washington.edu/chaseall/pdfs/U%20Washington%20MarketScan%20Jan%202012%20CCAE_MDCR.pdf

~15% 1st trimester/~20% integrated/~65% 2nd trimester

200,000 invasive prenatal procedures for aneuploidy/year

~40,000 CVS/~160,000 amniocentesis

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History of Prenatal Testing Amniocentesis  1966

Serum screening 1980’s

NTD

Aneuploidy

Chorionic villus sampling 1980’s

Nuchal translucency 1990’s

NIPT, CMA 2012‐present

Impact on managed care payers

ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 77, Jan 2007; www.ACOG.org

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Invasive diagnostic optionsTest/Trimester Sensitivity  Specificity

CVS/1st trimester 99.25% 98.65%

Amniocentesis/2nd

trimester99.4% 99.5%

Hahnemann JM, Vejerslev LO. Accuracy of cytogenetic findings on chorionic villus sampling (CVS)‐‐diagnostic consequences of CVS mosaicism and 

non‐mosaic discrepancy in centres contributing to EUCROMIC 1986‐1992. Prenat Diagn. 1997 Sep;17(9):801‐20.

Mid‐trimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Safety and accuracy. JAMA. 1976 Sep 27; 236(13): 1471‐6.

Chromosome Aberration Rates 1984

52,965 amniocenteses

97.7% of invasive procedures result in a normal karyotype

2010

68,489 amniocenteses

98.6% of invasive procedures result in a normal karyotype

Ferguson‐Smith MA, Yates JR. Maternal age‐specific rates for chromosomal aberrations and factors influencing them: Report of a collaborative European study on 52,965 amniocenteses. Prenat Diagn. 1984 Spring;4 Spec No:5‐44.

Grati FR, Barlocco A, Grimi B, Milani S, Frascoli G, et al. Chromosome abnormalities investigated by non‐invasive prenatal testing account for approximately 50% of fetal unbalances associated with relevant clinical phenotypes. Am J Med Genet Part A. 2010;152A:1434–1442.

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Impact on managed care payers

Earlier screening/testing 

Start as early as 9‐10 weeks gestation

Greater acceptance of patients and providers

Need for pre/post testing counseling

Reduction of invasive procedures

CVS or Amniocentesis

Committee opinions

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ACOG/SMFM Committee Opinion Number 545, December 2012

Maternal age 35 years or older at delivery 

Fetal ultrasonographic findings indicating an increased risk of aneuploidy 

History of a prior pregnancy with a trisomy 

Positive test result for aneuploidy, including first trimester, sequential, or integrated screen, or a quadruple screen

Parental balanced Robertsonian translocation with increased risk of fetal trisomy 13 or trisomy 21

http://www.acog.org/Resources%20And%20Publications/Committee%20Opinions/Committee%20on%20Genetics/Noninvasive%20Prenatal%20Testing%20for%20Fetal%20Aneuploidy.aspx

Committee opinions

http://www.nsgc.org/Portals/0/Advocacy/NSGC%20NIPT%20White%20Paper.pdfhttps://www.acmg.net/docs/nips‐GiM_galley_text_130301.pdfhttp://www.ispdhome.org/public/news/2013/PositionStatementAneuploidy4apr2013.pdf

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Committee opinions

A negative or low risk result does not guarantee a “normal” fetus

In cases where a positive NIPT is resulted patient should be offered confirmatory diagnostic testing

Current market players AriosaDiagnostics, Inc.

Harmony

http://www.ariosadx.com

Natera, Inc. Panorama

http://www.panoramatest.com/about_us

Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine MaterniT21 PLUS

http://www.sequenomcmm.com/home/

Verinata Health, Inc. an Illumina Company Verfi

http://www.verinata.com/ 

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Critically analyze the NIPT marketScreening D

iagnostic

CVS,AMNIO

SerumScreen

Critically analyze the NIPT market Test designed to detect full chromosomal

aneuploidies, and has been validated for chromosomes 21, 18, 13, X and Y

Possibility test results might not reflect the chromosomes of the fetus, but may reflect chromosomal changes to the placenta or of the mother

Does not eliminate the possibility of other chromosomal abnormalities, birth defects, or other genetic disorders.

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Critically analyze the NIPT market Two major types of methodology

Whole Genome vs. targeted

Dual cutoff(NCV) vs. single cutoff (Z‐score)

Reported as: No Aneuploidy detected/Aneuploidy suspected/Aneuploidy detected

Negative/positive

Risk adjustment (<1/10,000 low risk or 1/100 high risk)

Un‐detectable/un‐reportable

Redraw rate

Critically analyze the NIPT market MPS

…CTAGCACCACGATTTAACTGGAGTAAAGACTTCCT….

TAGCACCACG GTAAAGACTT

Human Genome

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Critically analyze the NIPT market Harmony

digital analysis of selected regions (DANSR)

fetal‐fraction optimized risk of trisomy evaluation (FORTE)

Panoroma

Next‐generation Aneuploidy Test Using SNPs, NATUS algorithm 

Critically analyze the NIPT marketDual cutoff Single cutoff

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Critically analyze the NIPT market Sample of report; aneuploidy detected from Verinata

Critically analyze the NIPT market Sample of report; aneuploidy suspected from Verinata

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Critically analyze the NIPT market Sample of report; negative from Sequenom

Critically analyze the NIPT market Sample of report; positive from Sequenom

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Critically analyze the NIPT market Sample of report; high risk from Natera

Critically analyze the NIPT marketCompany Whole 

Genome Targeted Results reported as

Ariosa √ High‐risk( ≥1%)*Low‐risk (<1%)*

Natera √ High‐risk( ≥1%)*Low‐risk (<1%)*

Sequenom √ PositiveNegative

Verinata √ Aneuploidy detectedNo aneuploidy detectedAneuploidy suspected

* Risk score included

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Framework for data review Cost (only part of the picture)

The usual:

Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV 

May differ for each trisomy 

Non‐reportable rate or redraw rate

TAT, from office/lab to result

Number of samples run to date

Number of manuscripts supporting specific technology including n 

Framework for data reviewCompany Insufficient fetal 

DNAAssay failure Total No Result

Ariosa1 1.8% 2.8 4.6%

Natera2 ? ? 12.6%

Sequenom3 0.9% 1.1% 2%

Verinata4 3.0% ? 5.6%

1) Norton et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol 20122) Zimmermann et al, Prenat Diagn, 20123) Palomaki et al, Genet Med 2012 & Sequenom CMM4) Bianchi et al, Obstet Gynecol 2012

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Framework for data review

Spoonful of Medicine: a blog from Nature Medicine ‐ Nature Blogshttp://blogs.nature.com/spoonful/2013/02/competition‐intensifies‐over‐market‐for‐dna‐based‐prenatal‐tests.htm

Framework for data review Test characteristics change over time

Confounding factors arise over time and increasing sample sizes

Test characteristics reported by company should be validated by peer reviewed published research

Establishment of patient outcome registries

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Distinguishing between the test

Benn P, et  al, Non‐invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy: current status and future prospects.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;42(1):15‐33. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.12513/pdf

Distinguishing between the test

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.12513/pdf

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Distinguishing between the test

Benn P, et  al, Non‐invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy: current status and future prospects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;42(1):15‐33. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.12513/pdf

Distinguishing between the test

Benn P, et  al, Non‐invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy: current status and future prospects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;42(1):15‐33. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.12513/pdf

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Distinguishing between the test Shotgun sequencing (Verinata, Sequenom)

All fragments are run (several million total)

Targeted sequencing Fragments containing specific sequences are selected before run via PCR using specific primers

Selection of nonpolymorphic loci (Ariosa) ~400 loci per chromosome of interest 

Each 56 base pairs in length

Selection of polymorphic SNPs (Natera) SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism characterized, common type of genetic variation among people > 10,000 total over all chromosomes of interest

On the horizon Cellscape

Clarity

http://www.cellscapecorp.com/

Other start ups in the pipeline

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On the horizon

The American Journal of Human Genetics (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.006The American Journal of Human Genetics (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.006

44The American Journal of Human Genetics (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.006

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On the horizon More information

micro deletions and duplications

Single gene disorders

Application in whole genome/exome sequencing

Faster TAT

On the horizon Cheaper 

(as the technology advances usually cost is reduced)

Low risk populations

Challenges: replacement of current options

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Thank you Questions?

References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_free_fetal_DNA_shedding_into_maternal_bloodstream.pdf Wellesley, D, et al., Rare chromosome abnormalities, prevalence and prenatal diagnosis rates from 

population‐based congenital anomaly registers in Europe. Eur J of Hum Gen, 11 January 2012 CDC National Vital Statistics (2009); http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss.htm CAP Maternal Screening Participant Survey, 2011; 

http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/proficiency_testing/2011_surveys_catalog.pdf Thomson Reuters MarketScan 2009 commercial claims database;  

http://depts.washington.edu/chaseall/pdfs/U%20Washington%20MarketScan%20Jan%202012%20CCAE_MDCR.pdf

ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 77, Jan 2007; www.ACOG.org Hahnemann JM, Vejerslev LO. Accuracy of cytogenetic findings on chorionic villus sampling (CVS)—

diagnostic consequences of CVS mosaicism and non‐mosaic discrepancy in centrescontributing to EUCROMIC 1986‐1992. Prenat Diagn. 1997 Sep;17(9):801‐20.

Mid‐trimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Safety and accuracy. JAMA. 1976 Sep 27; 236(13): 1471‐6.

Ferguson‐Smith MA, Yates JR. Maternal age‐specific rates for chromosomal aberrations and factors influencing them: Report of a collaborative European study on 52,965 amniocenteses. Prenat Diagn.1984 Spring;4 Spec No:5‐44

Grati FR, Barlocco A, Grimi B, Milani S, Frascoli G, et al. Chromosome abnormalities investigated by non‐invasive prenatal testing account for approximately 50% of fetal unbalances associated with relevant clinical phenotypes.  Am J Med Genet Part A. 2010;152A:1434–1442

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References• http://www.acog.org/Resources%20And%20Publications/Committee%20Opinions/Committee%20

on%20Genetics/Noninvasive%20Prenatal%20Testing%20for%20Fetal%20Aneuploidy.aspx

• http://www.nsgc.org/Portals/0/Advocacy/NSGC%20NIPT%20White%20Paper.pdf

• https://www.acmg.net/docs/nips‐GiM_galley_text_130301.pdf

• http://www.ispdhome.org/public/news/2013/PositionStatementAneuploidy4apr2013.pdf

• Norton et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012

• Zimmermann et al, Prenat Diagn, 2012

• Palomaki et al, Genet Med 2012 & Sequenom CMM

• Bianchi et al, Obstet Gynecol 2012

• Spoonful of Medicine: a blog from Nature Medicine ‐ Nature Blogs http://blogs.nature.com/spoonful/2013/02/competition‐intensifies‐over‐market‐for‐dna‐based‐prenatal‐tests.html

• Benn P, et  al, Non‐invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy: current status and future prospects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;42(1):15‐33. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.12513/pdf

• The American Journal of Human Genetics (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.006