SRI SHARADA INSTITUTE OF INDIAN MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MANAGEMENT

PROJECT ONDISASTER MANAGEMENT

PGDM (2011-13)

Submitted To: Submitted By:Mrs. Sartaj Khera Pralay Kumar Das Rohan Ganguly

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

By doing this project, We feel greatly honored to be a management student of SRI

SIIM. We have got a great theoretical & practical experience of the corporate

world.

We have got lots of encouragement and co-operation from our fellow friends,

respected teachers, our parents, good wishers.

We would like to thank Rev. Swamiji, CMD of SRI SIIM& we would like to thank

Prof. Sartaj Khera for their good co-operation.

Finally, we would like to thank all my friends, parents, faculties, all group

members, who shared their views with each others & helped to be easy with the

project.

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Subject Page No. Introduction 04

Causes of disaster  05-11

National Disaster Management Authority 12-15

Earthquake 16-21

Cyclone 22-24

Flood 24-26

Case Study: Sikkim Earthquake 27-28

Conclusion 29

References 30

Bibliography 31

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INTRODUCTION:

India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes andlandslides have been a recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone tofloods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area issusceptible to drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disastersevery year. The loss in terms of private, community and public assets has beenastronomical. At the global level, there has been considerable concern over naturaldisasters. Even as substantial scientific and material progress is made, the loss of lives and property due to disasters has not decreased. In fact, the human toll andeconomic losses have mounted. It was in this background that the United Nations General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade 1990-2000 as theInternational Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with the objective to reduceloss of lives and property and restrict socio-economic damage through concertedinternational action, specially in developing countries.

The super cyclone in Orissa in October, 1999 and the Bhuj earthquake inGujarat in January, 2001 underscored the need to adopt a multi dimensionalendeavour involving diverse scientific, engineering, financial and social processes; the need to adopt multi disciplinary and multi sectoral approach andincorporation of risk reduction in the developmental plans and strategies.

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CAUSES OF DISASTER:• Climate change is likely to be perceived through experience of extreme

weather events• Therefore, response to climate change will perhaps happen through

adaptation to climate hazards• Important to characterize the institutional mechanisms and structures in

place for responding to natural (and climate-related) disasters

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Mortality due to natural hazards 2000 - 2010

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Exposure to natural hazards

40 million hectares flood prone (5% of area)54% area exposed to seismic activityEast coast of India and Gujarat (West coast) exposed to cyclone riskA preliminary assessment of exposure to major hazard categories has been done in 1996-1998 (as a part of IDNDR) by the Building Materials Technology Promotion Council of the Ministry of Urban Development. Check: http://www.bmtpc.org/disaster.htmTrying to put this information in a GIS format

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Anand Patwardhan, IIT-Bombay

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Anand Patwardhan, IIT-Bombay

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Disaster management

Climate hazards within overall context of disaster managementStatutory responsibility of state governmentsCentral government provides logistic and financial supportElaborate response mechanism at national levelState level responses varyNational coordinating body: National Disaster Management Cell (NDMC), Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture (http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/)

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA : NODAL MINISTRIES / DEPARTMENT FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DISASTERS NODAL

MINISTRIES

Natural Disasters Agriculture

Air Accidents Civil Aviation

Civil Strife Home Affairs

Railway Accidents Railways

Chemical Disasters Environment

Biological Disasters Health & family

Welfare

Nuclear Accident Atomic

Energy

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA : NODAL MINISTRIES / DEPARTMENT FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DISASTERS NODAL

MINISTRIES

Natural Disasters Agriculture

Air Accidents Civil Aviation

Civil Strife Home Affairs

Railway Accidents Railways

Chemical Disasters Environment

Biological Disasters Health & family

Welfare

Nuclear Accident Atomic

Energy

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Natural Disaster Response-Government of India

National Crisis Management Committee(NCMC) under Cabinet SecretaryCrisis Management Group(CMG) under Central Relief CommissionerGroup of Ministers, Group of Secretaries and High Level Committees-Need base

National Disaster Management Authority Govt. of India

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HISTORY

Emergence of an organization is always through an evolutionary process. Establishment of NDMA has also gone through same stage. Towards this aim, the Government of India (GOI), in recognition of the importance of Disaster Management as a national priority, has set up a High-Powered Committee (HPC) in August 1999 and also a nation committee after the Gujarat earthquake, for making recommendations on the preparation of Disaster Management plans and suggestion effective mitigation mechanisms. The Tenth Five-Year Plan Document also had, for the first time, a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. Similarly, the Twelfth Finance Commission was also mandated to review the financial arrangements for Disaster Management.

On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.

Roles and Responsibilities

NDMA as the apex body is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:-

Lay down policies on disaster management ; Approve the National Plan; Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government

of India in accordance with the National Plan; Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up

the State Plan; Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or

Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;

Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plan for disaster management;

Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;

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Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;

Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as it may consider necessary;

Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management.

Organisation National Disaster Management Authority has been constituted with the Prime Minister of India as its Chairman, a Vice Chairman with the status of Cabinet Minister, and eight members with the status of Ministers of State. Each of the members has a well defined functional domain covering various states as also disaster specific areas of focus and concern To carry out the mandated functions, NDMA has evolved a lean and professional organization which is IT-enabled and knowledge based. Skills and expertise of the specialists are extensively used to address all the disaster related issues. . A functional and operational infrastructure has been built which is appropriate for disaster management involving uncertainties coupled with desired plans of action. The concept of the organization is based on a disaster divisions-cum-secretariat system. Each member of the Authority heads disaster-specific divisions for specific disaster and functional domains. Each member has also been given the responsibility of specified states and UTs for close interaction and coordination. The NDMA Secretariat, headed by a Secretary is responsible to provide secretarial support and continuity. It is proposed to have two Disaster Management Wings under the Secretariat. They are :-

DM I wing dealing with mitigation, preparedness, plans, reconstruction, community awareness and dealing with financial/administrative aspects.

DM II wing is proposed to be composed of the National Disaster Management Operations Centre with the state-of-the-art multi-redundant communication systems, to carry out the tasks of capacity development, training and knowledge management.

EARTHQUAKE:

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What to Do Before an Earthquake Earthquakes strike suddenly, violently and without warning. Identifying potential hazards ahead of time and advance planning can reduce the dangers of serious injury or loss of life from an earthquake. Repairing deep plaster cracks in ceilings and foundations, anchoring overhead lighting fixtures to the ceiling, and following local seismic building standards, will help reduce the impact of earthquakes. Six Ways to Plan Ahead

1. Check for Hazards in the Home

o Fasten shelves securely to walls.

o Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves.

o Store breakable items such as bottled foods, glass, and china in low, closed cabinets with latches.

o Hang heavy items such as pictures and mirrors away from beds, couches, and anywhere people sit.

o Brace overhead light fixtures.

o Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections. These are potential fire risks.

o Secure a water heater by strapping it to the wall studs and bolting it to the floor.

o Repair any deep cracks in ceilings or foundations. Get expert advice if there are signs of structural defects.

o Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely in closed cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves.

2. Identify Safe Places Indoors and Outdoors

o Under sturdy furniture such as a heavy desk or table.

o Against an inside wall.

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o Away from where glass could shatter around windows, mirrors, pictures, or where heavy bookcases or other heavy furniture could fall over.

o In the open, away from buildings, trees, telephone and electrical lines, overpasses, or elevated expressways.

3. Educate Yourself and Family Members

o Contact your local emergency management office or American Red Cross chapter for more information on earthquakes. Also read the "How-To Series" for information on how to protect your property from earthquakes.

o Teach children how and when to call 9-1-1, police, or fire department and which radio station to tune to for emergency information.

o Teach all family members how and when to turn off gas, electricity, and water.

4. Have Disaster Supplies on Hand

o Flashlight and extra batteries.

o Portable battery-operated radio and extra batteries.

o First aid kit and manual.

o Emergency food and water.

o Nonelectric can opener.

o Essential medicines.

o Cash and credit cards.

o Sturdy shoes.

5. Develop an Emergency Communication Plan

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o In case family members are separated from one another during an earthquake (a real possibility during the day when adults are at work and children are at school), develop a plan for reuniting after the disaster.

o Ask an out-of-state relative or friend to serve as the "family contact." After a disaster, it's often easier to call long distance. Make sure everyone in the family knows the name, address, and phone number of the contact person.

6. Help Your Community Get Ready

o Publish a special section in your local newspaper with emergency information on earthquakes. Localize the information by printing the phone numbers of local emergency services offices, the American Red Cross, and hospitals.

o Conduct a week-long series on locating hazards in the home.

o Work with local emergency services and American Red Cross officials to prepare special reports for people with mobility impairments on what to do during an earthquake.

o Provide tips on conducting earthquake drills in the home.

o Interview representatives of the gas, electric, and water companies about shutting off utilities.

o Work together in your community to apply your knowledge to building codes, retrofitting programs, hazard hunts, and neighborhood and family emergency plans.

What to Do During an Earthquake Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur. Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and if you are indoors, stay there until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe. If indoors

DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there isn’t a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.

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Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, such as lighting fixtures or furniture.

Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes. Hold on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a heavy light fixture that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe place.

Use a doorway for shelter only if it is in close proximity to you and if you know it is a strongly supported, loadbearing doorway.

Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research has shown that most injuries occur when people inside buildings attempt to move to a different location inside the building or try to leave.

Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or fire alarms may turn on.

DO NOT use the elevators.

If outdoors

Stay there.

Move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires.

Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings, at exits and alongside exterior walls. Many of the 120 fatalities from the 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred when people ran outside of buildings only to be killed by falling debris from collapsing walls. Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of death or injury. Most earthquake-related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects. If trapped under debris

Do not light a match.

Do not move about or kick up dust.

Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.

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Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle if one is available. Shout only as a last resort. Shouting can cause you to inhale dangerous amounts of dust.

What to Do After an Earthquake

Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less violent than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even months after the quake.

Listen to a battery-operated radio or television. Listen for the latest emergency information.

Use the telephone only for emergency calls.

Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.

Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away unless your assistance has been specifically requested by police, fire, or relief organizations. Return home only when authorities say it is safe.

Be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in coastal areas. These are also known as seismic sea waves (mistakenly called "tidal waves"). When local authorities issue a tsunami warning, assume that a series of dangerous waves is on the way. Stay away from the beach.

Help injured or trapped persons. Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance such as infants, the elderly, and people with disabilities. Give first aid where appropriate. Do not move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger of further injury. Call for help.

Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline or other flammable liquids immediately. Leave the area if you smell gas or fumes from other chemicals.

Inspect the entire length of chimneys for damage. Unnoticed damage could lead to a fire.

Inspect utilities.

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o Check for gas leaks. If you smell gas or hear blowing or hissing noise, open a window and quickly leave the building. Turn off the gas at the outside main valve if you can and call the gas company from a neighbor's home. If you turn off the gas for any reason, it must be turned back on by a professional.

o Look for electrical system damage. If you see sparks or broken or frayed wires, or if you smell hot insulation, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or circuit breaker. If you have to step in water to get to the fuse box or circuit breaker, call an electrician first for advice.

o Check for sewage and water lines damage. If you suspect sewage lines are damaged, avoid using the toilets and call a plumber.

Earthquake Terms Familiarize yourself with these terms to help identify an earthquake hazard: Aftershock An earthquake of similar or lesser intensity that follows the main earthquake. Earthquake A sudden slipping or movement of a portion of the earth’s crust, accompanied and followed by a series of vibrations. Epicenter The place on the earth’s surface directly above the point on the fault where the earthquake rupture began. Once fault slippage begins, it expands along the fault during the earthquake and can extend hundreds of miles before stopping. Fault The fracture across which displacement has occurred during an earthquake. The slippage may range from less than an inch to more than 10 yards in a severe earthquake. Magnitude The amount of energy released during an earthquake, which is computed from the amplitude of the seismic waves. A magnitude of 7.0 on the Richter Scale indicates an extremely strong earthquake. Each whole number on the scale represents an increase of about 30 times more energy released than the previous whole number represents. Therefore, an earthquake measuring 6.0 is about 30 times more powerful than one measuring 5.0. Seismic Waves Vibrations that travel outward from the earthquake fault at speeds of several miles per second. Although fault slippage directly under a structure can cause considerable damage, the vibrations of seismic waves cause most of the destruction during earthquakes.

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CYCLONE :

Listen to the radio (All India Radio stations give weather warnings).

Keep monitoring the warnings. This will help you to prepare for a cyclone emergency.

Pass on the information to others.

Ignore rumours and do not spread them; this will help to avoid panic situations.

Believe in the official information

When a cyclone alert is on for your area continue normal working but stay alert to the radio warnings.

Remember that a cyclone alert means that the danger is within 24 hours. Stay alert.

When your area is under cyclone warning get away from low-lying beaches or other low-lying areas close to the coast

Leave early before your way to high ground or shelter gets flooded

Do not delay and run the risk of being marooned

If your house is securely built on high ground take shelter in the safer part of the house. However, if asked to evacuate do not hesitate to leave the place.

Board up glass windows or put storm shutters in place.

Provide strong suitable support for outside doors.

If you do not have wooden boards handy, paste paper strips on glasses to prevent splinters. However, this may not avoid breaking windows.

Get extra food, which can be eaten without cooking. Store extra drinking water in suitably covered vessels.

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If you are to evacuate the house move your valuable articles to upper floors to minimize flood damage.

Have hurricane lantern, torches or other emergency lights in working conditions and keep them handy.

Small and loose things, which can fly in strong winds, should be stored safely in a room.

Be sure that a window and door can be opened only on the side opposite to the one facing the wind.

Make provision for children and adults requiring special diets.

If the centre of the cyclone is passing directly over your house there will be a lull in the wind and rain lasting for half and hour or so. During this time do not go out; because immediately after that very strong winds will blow from the opposite direction.

Switch off electrical mains in your house.

Remain calm.

When Evacuation is instructed

Pack essentials for yourself and your family to last you a few days, including medicines, special foods for babies and children or elders.

Head for the proper shelter or evacuation points indicated for your area.

Do not worry about your property

At the shelter follow instructions of the person in charge.

Remain in the shelter until you have been informed to leave

Post-cyclone measures You should remain in the shelter until informed that you can return to your home.

You must get inoculated against diseases immediately.

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Strictly avoid any loose and dangling wires from the lamp posts.

If you are to drive, drive carefully.

Clear debris from your premises immediately.

Report the correct loss to appropriate authorities.

FLOOD:

Before a Flood To prepare for a flood, you should:

Avoid building in a floodprone area unless you elevate and reinforce your home.

Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if susceptible to flooding.

Install "check valves" in sewer traps to prevent floodwater from backing up into the drains of your home.

Contact community officials to find out if they are planning to construct barriers (levees, beams, floodwalls) to stop floodwater from entering the homes in your area.

Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage.

During a Flood If a flood is likely in your area, you should:

Listen to the radio or television for information.

Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to move.

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Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas known to flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain.

If you must prepare to evacuate, you should do the following:

Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture. Move essential items to an upper floor.

Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect electrical appliances. Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.

If you have to leave your home, remember these evacuation tips: Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can make you fall. If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.

Do not drive into flooded areas. If floodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and move to higher ground if you can do so safely. You and the vehicle can be quickly swept away.

Driving Flood Facts The following are important points to remember when driving in flood conditions:

Six inches of water will reach the bottom of most passenger cars causing loss of control and possible stalling.

A foot of water will float many vehicles.

Two feet of rushing water can carry away most vehicles including sport utility vehicles (SUV’s) and pick-ups.

After a Flood The following are guidelines for the period following a flood:

Listen for news reports to learn whether the community’s water supply is safe to drink.

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Avoid floodwaters; water may be contaminated by oil, gasoline, or raw sewage. Water may also be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines.

Avoid moving water.

Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded. Roads may have weakened and could collapse under the weight of a car.

Stay away from downed power lines, and report them to the power company.

Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe.

Stay out of any building if it is surrounded by floodwaters.

Use extreme caution when entering buildings; there may be hidden damage, particularly in foundations.

Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, and leaching systems as soon as possible. Damaged sewage systems are serious health hazards.

Clean and disinfect everything that got wet. Mud left from floodwater can contain sewage and chemicals.

Flood: Know Your Terms Familiarize yourself with these terms to help identify a flood hazard: Flood Watch: Flooding is possible. Tune in to NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio, or television for information. Flash Flood Watch: Flash flooding is possible. Be prepared to move to higher ground; listen to NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio, or television for information. Flood Warning: Flooding is occurring or will occur soon; if advised to evacuate, do so immediately. Flash Flood Warning: A flash flood is occurring; seek higher ground on foot immediately.

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SIKKIM EARTHQUAKE   The Number of deaths in the recent earthquake, as reported by the State Government of Sikkim is 77.  The Break up of death toll is as follows – East District-13, North District -59, West District -04 and South District -01.  64 persons are hospitalized.  The search and rescue operations teams of NDRF, Army and officials of the State Government are still on. 

The details of damage reported by the State Government (tentatively) in respect of houses, schools and hospitals are as follows : Sl.No

District No. of HouseDamaged

No. of Schools damaged

No. of hospitals damaged

1 North 6000 NR 07 FD

2 South 820  FD446  PD1582 MD

21 FD41 PD68 MD

NR (Relief camp opened-14)

3 East 6000 FD9000 PD

201 FD 23 FD

4 West 1679 FD5327 SD8342 PD

64 FD NR

  Total 14994 FD17788 PD1582   MD5327   SD

285 FD41   PD61   MD

30 FD

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NR-Not reported, FD-Fully damaged, PD-Partially damaged, SD-Severely damaged, MD- Mildly damaged.

1. 10 teams of NDRF consisting of 419 personnel along with necessary search and recue equipment are deployed in Sikkim. Teams stationed at Lachung and Chungthang area of Sikkim are carrying out rescue and relief operations. Team at Gangtok and Chungthang recovered one dead body each yesterday.

2. A medical team comprising  19 doctors (Surgeon – 4, Orthopedician – 6, Anaesthesian – 5, Neuro-surgeon – 2, and medicine – 2) deployed by the Ministry of Health, Government of India  continues to provide medical help. ( 03 doctors continue work in Chungthang, 06 doctors at Distt. Hospital, Mangan and 10 doctors at STNM hospital, Gangtok).   

3. The doctors of the NDRF team organised a medical camp at Mangam.4. The State Government has opened total 85  relief camps.  2700 and 550

people have been provided shelter in two Army camps and ITBP (Pegong) respectively.

Due to heavy continuous rains, landslides occurred in Dzongu.  No casualty has been reported. Relief work is being carried out by NDRF/State Police and NGOs

 Due to heavy rains, airlift and other relief activities is not being  carried out in

Chugthang, Lachen and  Lachung  Landlines and Microwave links are operational. The present status  of mobile

tower/BTS which are functional viz-a-viz the total no. is given as follows :            Vodafone         - All fault restored            Reliance                    - 52 (54)            Idea                          - All fault restored            Aircel                         - 54(55)            Airtel                         - 67 (69)            BSNL                          - 106(122)  

 A total of Rs. 14.21 crore has been disbursed as relief by the State Government till date.

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CONCLUSION:  Disaster Management requires multi-disciplinary and pro-active approach. Besides various measures for putting in place institutional and policy framework, disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness enunciated in this paper and initiatives being taken by the Central and State Governments, the community, civil society organizations and media also have a key role to play in achieving our goal of moving together, towards a safer India. The message being put across is that, inorder to move towards safer and sustainable national development, developmentprojects should be sensitive towards disaster mitigation.

We have taken the first few but significant steps towards vulnerabilityreduction, putting in place prevention and mitigation measures and preparednessfor a rapid and professional response. With a massive awareness generationcampaign and building up of capabilities as well as institutionalization of theentire mechanism through a techno legal and techno financial framework, we aregradually moving in the direction of sustainable development. The various prevention, mitigation measures outlined above are aimed atbuilding up the capabilities of the communities, voluntary organisations and Government functionaries at all levels. Particular stress is being laid on ensuring that these measures are institutionalized considering the vast population and thegeographical area of the country. This is a major task being undertaken by theGovernment to put in place mitigation measures for vulnerability reduction. Thisis just a beginning. The ultimate goal is to make prevention and mitigation a partof normal day-to-day life.. We have a firm conviction that with these measures inplace, we could say with confidence that disasters like Orissa cyclone and Bhujearthquake will not be allowed to recur in this country; at least not at the cost,which the country has paid in these two disasters in terms of human lives,livestock, loss of property and means of livelihood. 

Our vision 2020 is to build a safer and secure India through sustainedcollective effort, synergy of national capacities and people’s participation. Whatlooks a dream today will be transformed into reality in the next two decades. This is our goal and we shall strive to achieve this goal with a missionary zeal. The pathahead, which looks difficult today, will become a lot easier as we move alongtogether.

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REFERENCES :

www.ndma.org

www.ndmindia.nic.in/

www.unisdr.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.sristi.org

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BIBLIOGRAPHY: Disaster Management by G.K. Ghosh

Disaster Management by R.B .Singh

Disaster management by B Narayana

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