• Preparation for Disaster

Values in First Aid Training

• Safety AwarenessPrepared by:BLESSLY GRACE R. ROSEROBSED 3-U, BUCE

What is disaster management ??? “A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that

cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”. (W.H.O.)

“A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or manmade that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance”. American Red Cross (ARC) ’

What is Disaster What is Disaster ManagementManagement

What it involves ?? Dealing with and avoiding both natural

and man made disasters.  Preparedness before disaster. Rebuilding and supporting society after

natural disasters.

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND Enormous population pressures and

urbanization A flood, a drought or an earthquake

millions of peoples are affected each time a disaster occurs

Large-scale displacement and the loss of life, loss of property and agricultural crops

The reasons for this are varied including: an increasing population pressures in urban

areas an increase in the extent of encroachment

into lands, e.g., river beds or drainage courses, low lying areas etc.

poor or ignored zoning laws and policies lack of proper risk management (insurance)

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

TYPES OF TYPES OF DISASTER DISASTER

FACTORS AFFECTING FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTERDISASTER

CHARACTERISTIC OF CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER DISASTER

Predictability Controllability Speed of onset Length of

forewarning Duration of impact Scope and intensity

of impact

PHASES OF PHASES OF DISASTER DISASTER

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT Disaster management is the responsibility of all

spheres of government Disaster management should use resources that

exist for a day-to-day purpose. Organizations should function as an extension of

their core business Individuals are responsible for their own safety. Disaster management planning should focus on

large-scale events.

Contd….Contd…. DM planning should recognize the difference

between incidents and disasters. DM planning must take account of the type of

physical environment and the structure of the population.

DM arrangements must recognise the involvement and potential role of non- government agencies.

PHASES OF DISASTER PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Disaster preparedness Disaster preparedness Preparedness should be in the form of

money, manpower and materials Evaluation from past experiences about risk Location of disaster prone areas Organization of communication, information

and warning system Ensuring co-ordination and response

mechanisms

Development of public education programme

Co-ordination with media National & international relations Keeping stock of foods, drug and other

essential commodities.

Contd….Contd….

E.g.: Indian Meteorological department (IMD) plays a key role in forewarning the disaster of cyclone-storms by detection tracing. It has 5 centres in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatanam, Chennai & Mumbai. In addition there are 31 special observation posts setup a long the east coast of India.

The International Agencies which provides humanitarian assistance to the disaster strike areas are United Nation agencies.

Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA) World Health Organization (WHO) UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP) Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD)

E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE) International committee of Red cross International committee of Red cross

DisasterDisaster impact impact

Disaster response Disaster response

Epidemiologic surveillance and disease control

Vaccination Nutrition

Rehabilitation phase Rehabilitation phase

Water supply Food safety Basic sanitation and personal hygiene Vector control

Disaster mitigation Disaster mitigation This involves lessening the likely effects of emergencies. These include depending upon the disaster, protection of

vulnerable population and structure. Eg. improving structural qualities of schools, houses and such

other buildings so that medical causalities can be minimized. Similarly ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health

services including water supply and sewerage system to reduce the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction.

This mitigation compliments the disaster preparedness and disaster response activities.

 

DISASTER-EFFECTS DISASTER-EFFECTS Deaths Disability Increase in communicable disease Psychological problems Food shortage Socioeconomic losses Shortage of drugs and medical supplies. Environmental disruption

DISASTER RECOVERY DISASTER RECOVERY Successful Recovery Preparation Be vigilant in Health teaching Psychological support Referrals to hospital as needed Remain alert for environmental health Nurse must be attentive to the danger

Areas of Concern Activating an Early Warning System network and its

close monitoring Mechanisms for integrating the scientific,

technological and administrative agencies for effective disaster management

Terrestrial communication links which collapse in the event of a rapid onset disaster

Vulnerability of critical infrastructures (power supply, communication, water supply, transport, etc.) to disaster events

Contd… Funding : Primacy of relief as disaster response. Preparedness and Mitigation very often ignored. Lack of integrated efforts to collect and compile data,

information and local knowledge on disaster history and traditional response patterns.

Need for standardized efforts in compiling and interpreting geo-spatial data, satellite imagery and early warning signals.

Weak areas continue to be forecasting, modeling, risk prediction, simulation and scenario analysis, etc.

Contd… Absence of a national level, state level, and district level directory

of experts and inventory of resources. Absence of a National Disaster Management Plan, and State level

and district level disaster management plans. Sustainability of efforts Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and Standard Operating

Procedures for stakeholder groups, especially critical first responder agencies.

Emergency medicine, critical care medicine, triage, first aid

Dynamics of Disasters There is a high probability or a low probability for

an event happening somewhere sometime soon… The unpredictability of disaster events and the high

risk and vulnerability profiles make it imperative to strengthen disaster preparedness, mitigation and enforcement of guidelines, building codes and restrictions on construction of buildings in flood-prone areas and storm surge prone coastal areas.

Lessons Learnt Be Prepared : Preparedness and Mitigation is

bound to yield more effective returns than distributing relief after a disaster.

Create a Culture of Preparedness and Prevention.

Evolve a code of conduct for all stake-holders

Future Directions Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for more

effective preparedness, mitigation and response (NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, NYK, Civil Defence, Homeguards)

Increased capacity building leads to faster vulnerability reduction.

Learn from best practices in disaster preparedness, mitigation and disaster response

Future Directions Mobilising stakeholder participation of Self Help

Groups, Women’s Groups, Youth Groups, Panchayati Raj Institutions

Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises, Mock drills and Scenario Analysis

Indigenous knowledge systems and coping practices Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster Risk

Management

Invest in Preparedness Investments in Preparedness and Prevention

(Mitigation) will yield sustainable results, rather than spending money on relief after a disaster.

Most disasters are predictable, especially in their seasonality and the disaster-prone areas which are vulnerable.

Communities must be involved in disaster preparedness.

Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly disaster management

Technology driven but people owned Knowledge Management: Documentation and

dissemination of good practices Public Private Partnership

Future Directions

DISASTER NURSING DISASTER NURSING

It can be defined as the adaptation of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing, physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.

Any QuestionsAny Questions ?? ??

Safety AwarenessHealth and Safety

Health and safety is intended to bring about condition free from risk of injury or threat to our health and well-being.

This objective is not a natural state of affairs.

Workplace accidents, illness and incidents

are preventable provided that

Health and Safety

is Managed

What could happen?Near-miss Minor

injury

Major injury

Death

Kinds of Accidents

Why Report Accidents?Accidents should be reported because: The law requires some specific types of

accidents to be reported to the Enforcing Authorities.

The University Safety Policy requires all accidents and near misses to be reported to the USO.

It enables investigations so as to prevent further accidents.

Safety ManagementThis begins with Policyand uses tools such as Local Rulesand Risk Assessment to establish control of the hazards and risks of work.

It is a specific legal duty to manage safety so that all risks are suitably and sufficiently controlled.

Identifying the main hazards

Examples which affect safety and/or health:

Biological hazards Chemicals Fire Radiation Waste Electricity Noise and Vibration Lifting and carrying Repetitive movements

BiohazardsClassification of organismsControl of Pathogens

(inc. inoculations)Control of spread of

organismsControl of GM work

Chemicals COSHH – Control of Substances Hazardous to

Health. This applies to all chemicals and substances

(including cultures) used in labs and elsewhere. There are specific additional measures for very

high risk chemicals and substances – in particularCyanides Pathogens Asthmagens

This is dealt with in more detail in the Risk Assessment Training provided by the USO.

FireAll Fire Alarms must be treated as

genuine

Evacuate immediatelyClose doors and windows as you leaveGo to the assembly point

Actions to take to prevent FireKeep smoke doors closedDo not obstruct escape corridors

Store fire risk materials correctly

Control wastes.

RadiationVery heavily controlled by the HSE and the Environment Agency. Specific laws relating to the use, storage and disposal of radioactive materials.

Use is restricted to controlled areas. Only authorised persons permitted to use radiation. All use must be recorded, and all wastes controlled. Very specific Local Rules are in force. Good technique main protection against

contamination.

WasteMany accidents are caused by incorrect disposal of wastes.

Wastes must be segregated by law.

University has strict rules.Errors put others at risk.

Legal DutiesCOMMON LAWduty of one individual to another - “Duty of Care”

STATUTE LAWCriminal Lawduty between individual and the state

The costs of failure Health and safety law is Criminal Law Failure to manage health and safety can result in:

• prosecution, fines and imprisonment

• compensation claims • loss of output or service• replacement costs• loss of reputation