Disaster Management

Indian Govt handling Disaster Management and in comparison with

Japan

What is disaster management ???

• “A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”. (W.H.O.)

• “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or manmade that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance”. American Red Cross (ARC) ’

What is Disaster ManagementWhat is Disaster Management

PHASES OF DISASTER PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Disaster preparedness Disaster preparedness

Preparedness should be in the form of

money, manpower and materials

Evaluation from past experiences about risk

Location of disaster prone areas

Organization of communication, information

and warning system

Ensuring co-ordination and response

mechanisms

India’s Vulnerability to DisastersIndia’s Vulnerability to Disasters

57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of 57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is vulnerable to severe these, 12% is vulnerable to severe earthquakes.earthquakes.

68% land is vulnerable to drought.68% land is vulnerable to drought. 12% land is vulnerable to floods.12% land is vulnerable to floods. 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.8% land is vulnerable to cyclones. Apart from natural disasters, some cities in Apart from natural disasters, some cities in

India are also vulnerable to chemical and India are also vulnerable to chemical and industrial disasters and man-made industrial disasters and man-made disasters.disasters.

Seismic Activity in India Seismic Activity in India 180 AD - 2004180 AD - 2004

Distribution of epicenters of earthquakes greater than magnitude 5.0 for the period 1976-2000, South East Asia and

Indian Ocean

Areas of ConcernAreas of Concern Absence of a national level, state level, and Absence of a national level, state level, and

district level directory of experts and district level directory of experts and inventory of resources.inventory of resources.

Absence of a National Disaster Management Absence of a National Disaster Management Plan, and State level and district level disaster Plan, and State level and district level disaster management plans.management plans.

Sustainability of effortsSustainability of efforts Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and

Standard Operating Procedures for Standard Operating Procedures for stakeholder groups, especially critical first stakeholder groups, especially critical first responder agencies.responder agencies.

Emergency medicine, critical care medicine, Emergency medicine, critical care medicine, triage, first aidtriage, first aid

Lessons LearntLessons Learnt Be Prepared : Preparedness and Be Prepared : Preparedness and

Mitigation is bound to yield more Mitigation is bound to yield more effective returns than distributing effective returns than distributing relief after a disaster.relief after a disaster.

Create a Culture of Preparedness and Create a Culture of Preparedness and Prevention.Prevention.

Evolve a code of conduct for all stake-Evolve a code of conduct for all stake-holdersholders

Future DirectionsFuture Directions Encourage and consolidate knowledge Encourage and consolidate knowledge

networksnetworks Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for

more effective preparedness, mitigation and more effective preparedness, mitigation and response (NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, response (NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, NYK, Civil Defence, Homeguards)NYK, Civil Defence, Homeguards)

Increased capacity building leads to faster Increased capacity building leads to faster vulnerability reduction.vulnerability reduction.

Learn from best practices in disaster Learn from best practices in disaster preparedness, mitigation and disaster preparedness, mitigation and disaster responseresponse

Future DirectionsFuture Directions Mobilising stakeholder participation of Self Help Mobilising stakeholder participation of Self Help

Groups, Women’s Groups, Youth Groups, Panchayati Groups, Women’s Groups, Youth Groups, Panchayati Raj InstitutionsRaj Institutions

Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises, Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises, Mock drills and Scenario AnalysisMock drills and Scenario Analysis

Indigenous knowledge systems and coping practicesIndigenous knowledge systems and coping practices Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster Risk Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster Risk

ManagementManagement Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child

friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly disaster friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly disaster managementmanagement

Technology driven but people ownedTechnology driven but people owned Knowledge Management: Documentation and Knowledge Management: Documentation and

dissemination of good practicesdissemination of good practices Public Private PartnershipPublic Private Partnership

Disaster Management – India Vs JapanDisaster Management – India Vs Japan

How Disaster Management System How Disaster Management System prevails in Japan in comparison with prevails in Japan in comparison with India.India.

Illustration with detailsIllustration with details

Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Tsunami Disaster Mitigation System in JapanSystem in Japan

1.Bitter Tsunami Experienced

2.Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System

3.Outline of Disaster Management System

4.New Challenges against Tsunamis

1

Historical Damaging Tsunamis along Japanese Coast (in last 150 years)

Name (Magnitude) Year Dead or Missing

Meiji-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.5) 1896 22,000

Showa-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.1)

1933 3,064

Tonankai Earthquake (M7.9) 1944 1,251 1)

Nankai Earthquake (M8.0) 1946 1,443 1)

Chile Earthquake (Mw9.5) 2) 1960 142

Tokachi-Oki Earthquake (M7.9) 1968 52 1)

Nihonkai-Cyubu Earthquake (M7.7) 1983 104 1)

Hokkaido-Nansei-oki Earthquake (M7.8) 1993 230 1)

1) The number includes dead or missing from earthquakes.

2) Tsunami generated at far off Japanese coast.

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Tsunami Warning System ElementsTsunami Warning System Elements

Communication & Transmission of Tsunami Warning to Localities & Civil Defense Authorities

Signboard

Tsunami

TSUNAMIＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ

Central Government

ＴＶ /Radio Station

TSUNAMIＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ

Radio

TV （ Telops, Warning maps ）

TSUNAMI

ＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ

Local government

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Safe Evacuation Route

Appropriate Risk Appropriate Risk Awaweness of Local Awaweness of Local

CommunitiesCommunities

Promoting Basic Knowledge aboutPromoting Basic Knowledge about““TSUNAMI” DisasterTSUNAMI” Disaster

Understanding of Hazardous Areas

++Early Early

WarningWarning=

Safe Safe EvacuationEvacuation

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Tsunami Hazard Area Tsunami Evacuation Area Tsunami Evacuation Building

Pictogram on TsunamiPictogram on Tsunami

There is a high possibility to be flooded in this areawhen earthquake occurs.

Safe place/hill for evacuationagainst Tsunami.

Building for evacuation against Tsunami.

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・ Letting residents in coastal areas and visitors know the hazard map through various opportunities

・ Tsunami drills

・ Showing information on disaster risks and evacuation routes, etc.

Tsunami Hazard Map （ Susaki City ）

National Government prepared a guideline for help local authorities to make and use hazard maps.

Tsunami Hazard Maps

- Identifying and showing vulnerable areas- Enhancing people’s awareness

Purpose

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4. New challenges against Tsunamis 4. New challenges against Tsunamis

47

Japan and its major seacoasts

Seismic areas for reinforcing and promoting disaster reduction measures related to the Tokai, Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes

District (undesignated) for promoting seismic disaster reduction measures related to earthquakes along the Japan Trench and the Chishima Trench

Nankai Nankai

TroughTrough

Japa

n Ja

pan

Tren

chTr

ench

Chishima

Chishima

TrenchTrench

Suruga Suruga TroughTrough

200 km 400 km 600 km 800 km 1,000 km

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Tokyo Inland EQ

Tokai EQ

Tonankai & Nankai EQ Japan Trench &

Chishima Trench EQs

Possible large-scale earthquakes and Possible large-scale earthquakes and tsunamis in Japantsunamis in Japan

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Estimation of damage caused by possible EQs

TokaiEQ

TonankaiNankai

EQ

Victims(persons)

Houses destroyed

Economic loss

(billion yen)

Kobe EQ1995

9,200(7,900

by strong tremors)

18,000(8,600

by tsunamis)6,436

260,000 360,000 105,000

37,000 57,000 10,000

(Maximum cases)

(by technical investigation committees of Central Disaster Management Council)

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(formulated by Central Disaster Management Council on 30 March 2005)

Setting an overarching goalfor disaster risk reduction in the next decade

To halve the estimated death toll and economic loss

Death toll : 9,200 persons → 4,500Economic Loss : 37 trillion yen → 19 trillion yen

☆Strategic goal (ex.)

- Increase the ratio of retrofitted houses : 75% (2003) → 90% (2015)

Death toll : 17,800 (8,600 by tsunamis) → 9,100Economic Loss : 57 trillion yen → 31 trillion yen☆Strategic goal (ex.)

- Every municipality at risk is expected to develop hazard maps in 2015

Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy

Tokai EQ

Tonankai & Nankai EQ

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Communities – last resort – last resort

77%

23%

Police, Firefighting, Self-defense Force

FamiliesNeighbors

How the affected people were rescued in case of Great Hanshin-Awaji EQ? approx. 35,000 persons

Need to build communities resilient to disasters, including through enhancing public awareness and developing hazard mapping

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Having the lessons learnt both from its own

disasters and from Other prepared Countries

following directions are suggested for India

Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child friendly,

eco-friendly and disabled friendly disaster management

Technology driven but people owned

Knowledge Management: Documentation and

dissemination of good practices

Public Private Partnership

Future Directions - India

Iswarya N (X – J Iswarya N (X – J Sec)Sec)