Disability Nonlinear PPT

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Autism Visual Impairment Hearing Impairment

By Dai Yamamoto

Autism

Description Tips for Students

Tips for Teachers Internet Resources

Tips for Parents Technology Resources

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AutismAutism is a disability that begins with the brain. The brain has an incorrect connection with the rest of the body and may cause the person difficulty communicating or expressing feelings and ideas to others. Aspergers is a type of autism. There is no known cause for autism. The way the brain develops and a baby’s environment before it is born may play a factor in a child being born with autism. Doctors cannot diagnose autism at birth. Instead, doctors watch the child’s behaviors to decide if they have autism.

Common Characteristics of Autism: • Lack of social interaction• Misunderstandings of ideas• Touching objects repeatedly• Little expression of feelings or ideas• Does not like to be touched

Not all people with autism have these characteristics. Each person with autism acts differently.

1. Always keep your language simple and concrete in as few words as possible.

2. Teach specific social rules/skills, such as turn-taking and social distance.

3. Give fewer choices. The more choices, the more confused an autistic child will become.

4. If you ask a question or give an instruction and are greeted with a blank stare, reword your sentence. Asking a student what you just said helps clarify that you’ve been understood.

5. Avoid using sarcasm or idioms.

6. Give very clear choices and try not to leave choices open ended.

Autism Tips for Teachers

Autism Tips for Teachers (Cont)7. Repeat instructions and checking understanding. Using short sentences to ensure

clarity of instructions. Addressing the pupil individually at all times.

8. Providing a very clear structure and a set daily routine including time for play). Providing warning of any impending change of routine, or switch of activity. Recognizing that some change in manner or behavior may reflect anxiety (which may be triggered by a [minor] change to routine).

9. Teaching what “finished” means and helping the student to identify when something has finished and something different has started. Take a photo of what you want the finished product to look like and show the student.

10. Using various means of presentation – visual, physical guidance, peer modeling, etc.

11. Not taking apparently rude or aggressive behavior personally; and recognizing that the target for the pupil’s anger may be unrelated to the source of that anger.

Autism Tips for Teachers (Cont)12. Avoid overstimulation. Minimizing/removal of distracters, or providing

access to an individual work area or booth, when a task involving concentration is set. Protecting the pupil from teasing at free times, and providing peers with some awareness of his/her particular needs.

13. Seeking to link work to the pupil’s particular interests.

14. Exploring word-processing, and computer-based learning for literacy.

15. Allowing the pupil to avoid certain activities (such as sports and games) which s/he may not understand or like; and supporting the pupil in open-ended and group tasks.

16. Allowing some access to obsessive behavior as a reward for positive efforts.

Autism Tips for Parents1. Be consistent. Creating consistency in your child’s environment is the best way to

reinforce learning. Find out what your child’s therapists are doing and continue their techniques at home. Explore the possibility of having therapy take place in more than one place in order to encourage your child to transfer what he or she has learned from one environment to another. It’s also important to be consistent in the way you interact with your child and deal with challenging behaviors.

2. Stick to a schedule. Children with autism tend to do best when they have a highly-structured schedule or routine. Set up a schedule for your child, with regular times for meals, therapy, school, and bedtime. Try to keep disruptions to this routine to a minimum.

3. Reward good behavior.

4. Create a home safety zone. Carve out a private space in your home where your child can relax, feel secure, and be safe.

Autism Tips for Parents (Cont)Find nonverbal ways to connect

5. Look for nonverbal cues. If you are observant and aware, you can learn to pick up on the nonverbal cues that children with autism use to communicate. Pay attention to the kinds of sounds they make, their facial expressions, and the gestures they use when they’re tired, hungry, or want something. When children with autism act out, it’s often because you’re not picking up on their nonverbal cues.

6. Make time for fun. A child coping with autism is still a kid. For both children with autism and their parents, there needs to be more to life than therapy.

7. Pay attention to your child’s sensory sensitivities. Many children with autism are hypersensitive to light, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Other children with autism are “under-sensitive” to sensory stimuli. Figure out what sights, sounds, smells, movements, and tactile sensations trigger your kid’s “bad” or disruptive behaviors and what elicits a positive response.

Autism Tips for Parents (Cont)Create a personalized autism treatment plan

8. Each person on the autism spectrum is unique, with different strengths and weaknesses. Your child’s treatment should be tailored according to his or her individual needs and no matter what autism treatment plan is chosen, your involvement is vital to success. It is extremely important to do your research, talk to autism treatment experts, and ask questions. The goal of autism treatment should be to treat all of your child's symptoms and needs. This often requires a combined treatment approach that takes advantage of many different types of therapy. Common autism treatments include behavior therapy, speech-language therapy, play-based therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and nutritional therapy.

A good autism treatment plan will:

• Build on your child's interests.• Offer a predictable schedule.• Teach tasks as a series of simple steps.• Actively engage your child's attention in highly structured activities.• Provide regular reinforcement of behavior. • Involve the parents.

Autism Tips for Parents (Cont)Find help and support

9. Autism support groups – Joining an autism support group is a great way to share information, get advice, and lean on each other for emotional support.

10. Respite care – Every parent needs a break now and again. And for parents coping with the added stress of autism, this is especially true. In respite care, another caregiver takes over temporarily, giving you a break for a few hours, days, or even weeks.

11. Individual, marital, or family counseling – If stress, anxiety, or depression is getting to you, you may want to see a therapist of your own.

Autism Tips for Students

1. Speak up for yourself, 2. Ask for what you need, 3. Negotiate for yourself (working with others to

reach an agreement that will meet your needs),

4. Know your rights and responsibilities, 5. Use the resources that are available to you, 6. Be able to explain your disability either by the

use of written words, pictures or gestures.

Autism Technology Resources

http://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-apps

Autism Internet Resources

http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/parenting-child-with-autism-special-challenges http://www.helpguide.org/articles/autism/helping-children-with-autism.htm http://www.autismspeaks.org/family-services/tool-kits/transition-tool-kit/self-advocacy http://www.ellennotbohm.com/article-archive/ten-things-your-student-with-autism-wishes-you-knew/

Visual Impairment

Description Tips for Students

Tips for Teachers Internet Resources

Tips for Parents Technology Resources

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Visual ImpairmentPartially Sighted: Can read but needs more time doing so Can see some things but it might be blurrySits closer to the board or activity. Blind: Can read using large bold print or Braille Prefers to listen rather than writing down information Uses aids such as a cane or guide dog. A person who is legally blind has 20/200 vision or less. 20/200 vision means the legally blind person can only see an object that is 20 feet away while a person who is not legally blind can see the same object when it is 200 feet away. Many people wear glasses or contact lenses to help them see far away or help them to see close up. People who wear glasses but still cannot see well are visually impaired or blind. VisualImpairment happens when there is a problem with your eye. These problems change the amount of vision you have in your eyes.

Visual Impairment Tips for Teachers

1. Identify yourself before you make physical contact with a person who is blind. Tell him your name and be sure to introduce him to others who are in the group, so that he’s not excluded.

2. If a new student is blind or has a visual impairment, offer him a tour of your school.

3. People who are blind need their arms for balance, so offer your arm-do not take his- if he needs to be guided.

4. If the person has a guide dog, walk on the side opposite the dog. As you are walking, describe the setting, noting any obstacles, such as stairs or large cracks in the sidewalk.

Visual Impairment Tips for Teachers (Cont)

5. If you are going to give a warning, be specific.

6. If you need to leave a person who is blind, inform him first and let him know where the exit is, then leave him near a wall, table, or some other landmark. The middle of a room will seem like the middle of nowhere to him.

7. Do not touch the person’s cane or guide dog. The dog is working and needs to concentrate. The cane is part of the individual’s personal space. If the person puts the cane down, do not move it. Let him know if it is in the way.

8. If you serve food to a person who is blind, let him know where it is on the plate according to a clock orientation (twelve o’clock is furthest from them, six o’clock is nearest).

Visual Impairment Tips for Parents

1. Visit the school in advance.

2. Review the class schedule and meet the teachers.

3. Let your child do the school shopping.

4. Find out what extra-curricular activities are available.

5. Provide information to school staff.

Visual Impairment Tips for Students

1. Ask people to identify themselves by names in case you cannot see well to identify them.

2. Request teachers and other people to notify ahead of time when there will be changes in the school or classroom schedule, such as special events or guest speakers.

3. Use recording device as much as possible4. Request other people to face you while speaking to you.5. Request a reserved seat in the front row and keep isles clear.6. Keep communication open

Visual Impairment Technology Resources

• http://www.wonderbaby.org/articles/apps-for-children-who-are-visually-impaired

• http://www.wonderbaby.org/articles/ipad-apps

Visual Impairment Internet Resources

http://www.familyconnect.org/info/browse-by-age/grade-schoolers/transition-to-independence-grade-schoolers/5-tips-to-help-your-child-move-up-to-middle-or-high-school/1235http://www.pacer.org/parent/php/php-c170.pdfhttp://www.teachingvisuallyimpaired.com/classroom-design-tips.htmlhttp://www.cedu.niu.edu/~shumow/itt/visualimpairment.pdf

Hearing Impairment

Description Tips for Students

Tips for Teachers Internet Resources

Tips for Parents Technology Resources

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Hearing Impairment• A Hearing Impairment happens when there is a problem in a person’s ear.

This problem can occur in either one ear or both. People can develop a hearing impairment before or during birth. It can also happen later in life when a person becomes older. Sign language, lip reading, finger spelling and interpreters are just a few of the ways people with a hearing impairment communicate.

• A Hearing Impairment is when a person can only hear sounds when helped by devices such as hearing aids which make sounds louder. Deafness is a complete hearing loss and even the use of an aid will not allow the person to hear sound.

• There are many different causes for hearing impairment. Infections cause damages to the ear resulting in a loss of hearing. Deafness can be inherited through family members. Injury to the ears either by a serious head injury or by a loud noise or explosion can cause damage to the ear as well.

Hearing Impairment Tips for Teachers

1. When speaking to a person with a hearing impairment it is important to make sure you are looking at each other. It helps to write down information if you and the person are having trouble communicating. It is acceptable to repeat yourself if the person did not understand you the first time.

2. Follow the person’s cues to find out if she prefers sign language, gesturing, writing or speaking.

3. When using a sign language interpreter, look directly at the person who is deaf and maintaining eye contact to be polite. Talk directly to the person (‘what would you like?’), rather than to the interpreter (‘Ask her what she’d like.’).

4. Speak clearly. Many people who have a hearing impairment rely on watching people’s lips as they speak to help them understand.

5. Avoid chewing gum or covering your mouth with your hand while speaking.

Hearing Impairment Tips for Parents (Cont)

1. Make Eye Contact2. Have Fun with Communication3. Turn Noises Off

Sometimes a parent or grandparent with hearing loss needs a hearing rest. Whether it is a nap or a few minutes of quiet time, parents should encourage children to accommodate us in our need for minimal noise.

4. Educate Your ChildOften as our children grow, there is much parents can teach them about hearing loss. Besides facing parents when they talk, kids should be educated about good speech habits, such as enunciating words, speaking slowly, and standing no more than a few feet away when talking to an adult with hearing loss.

Hearing Impairment Tips for Parents

5. Consider Technology and Hearing Dogs• Vibrating and strobe-flashing monitors can be programmed to alert a parent or

grandparent of noise coming from a child’s room. A video monitor is another option, but only for daytime use as there is no guarantee of it waking up a HOH person in the middle of the night.

• A frequency modulated (FM) system can assist with hearing a child in a noisy car or restaurant. The HOH adult attaches a FM system loop to hearing aids, and the child wears a microphone receiver. The child’s voice is transmitted directly to the adult’s aids via the FM system.

• For the animal lover, a trained hearing assistance dog may work just as well or better than assistive technology. Denise Portis of Maryland acquired a hearing dog as her kids got older. Canine helper “Chloe” alerts Portis to various sounds and provides balance support due to the Meniere’s Disease Portis has dealt with for five years. “When Chloe is with me, I don’t feel as ‘deaf’ or as ‘helpless,’” Portis shared recently on her site, HearingElmo.com. “She makes me feel more ‘normal’ in providing things I cannot do for myself.”

Hearing Impairment Tips for Students

1. Tell other people it is alright to say that they have trouble understanding the speech of the student who is deaf or hard of hearing and request him/her to repeat what was said.

2. Request other people to make sure that they get that your attention before starting to speak.

3. Ask other people to rephrase, rather than repeat, sentences that the person may not understand.

4. Inform other people to face you when speaking and a quiet, well-lit room is most conducive to effective communication.

5. Notify other people that when the exchange of information is complex, the most effective way to communicate with a native signer is through a qualified sign language interpreter. For a simple interaction, writing back and forth is usually okay.

Hearing Impairment Technology Resources

http://appadvice.com/applists/show/apps-for-the-deaf

http://www.handsandvoices.org/resources/apps.htm

Hearing Impairment Internet resources

http://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing-aids/Children/38856-Parents-hearing-loss-tips http://www.brighthubeducation.com/special-ed-hearing-impairments/67528-tips-and-strategies-for-teaching-hearing-impaired-students/ http://www.oticon.com/children/parents-and-relatives/diagnosis/from-the-childs-perspective/growing-up.aspx