Disability Article

8/11/2019 Disability Article

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CHUNNU PRASAD

Disability is a social category and being recognized late by the various government and non-

government organization and civil societies. Disables are today engaged to developed skills and

used as a resource for the society and the country as a whole. 2011 Census report by etending

eight types of disability has been collected to identify the social groups in all categories in generaland !cheduled Castes "!C#s$ and !cheduled %ribes "!%#s$ in particular.

%his paper is an attempt to recognize the disables in the category of !C#s and !%#s at large. &t also

attempts to identify the condition of those !C#s and !%#s who are being discriminated and

ecluded not only on the basis of caste but also due to different types of disability which lead to

multiple eclusion from the mainstream society.

Key Words' Disability( !ocial !ecurity( !ocial )roups( !cheduled Castes and !cheduled %ribes(

*ducation( +olicy( ,eservation

Disability in any society is defined by the humans itself. Before independence disability hasbeen visualized as the curse in the society as the bad things or sin done in his/her last birth and

this is more pathetic when it comes to the other social groups like the Scheduled Castes (SCs)and Scheduled Tribes (STs). But the change in the sensitivity at large has been identified for the

last two decades due to educational opportunities. Today disabled is not seen as a sin rather theirskills are used as a resource for the society and the country as a whole.

The question on disability was investigated in all the censuses since 1872 to 1993. The question

on disability was totally out of the census discourse from 1941 to 1971 and it was more patheticwhen it comes to the disable SCs and STs are concerned. In 1981 census report the information

on three types of disability was collected but it was dropped in 1991 census report. During 2001census, the question was again included and information on five types of disability was collected

which followed by increased in 2011 census report information by extending eight types of


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disability to identify the social groups in all categories. These eight types of disabilities are asfollows;

1. In Seeing: One eyed persons were treated as disabled at census 2001. At the census 2011

such persons have not been treated as disabled in seeing. At the census 2011 enumerators

were asked to apply a simple test to ascertain blurred vision. At census 2001 no such

instructions were given.2. In Hearing: Persons using hearing aid have been treated as disabled at census 2011.They were not treated as disabled at the census 2001. Persons having problem in hearing

through one ear although the other ear is functioning normally was considered havinghearing disability in census 2001. But in census 2011, such persons were not considered

as disabled.3. In Speech: Definition was made clearer in census 2011 to record persons with speech

disability. For instance, persons who speak in single words and are not able to speak insentences was specifically mentioned to be treated as disabled.

4. In Movement: Specific mention of the following was made in the definition for Census2011:

a)

Paralytic persons.b)

Those who crawl.

c)

Those who are able to walk with the help of aid.d)

Have acute and permanent problems of joints/muscles.

e) Have stiffness or tightness in movement or have loose, involuntary movements ortremours of the body or have fragile bones.

f)

Have difficulty balancing and coordinating body movement.g) Have loss of sensation in body due to paralysis, Leprosy etc.

h) Have deformity of body like hunch back or are dwarf.5.

Mental Retardation: New category introduced at census 2011. Mental Retardation was

covered under the category of mental disability at census 2001.6. Mental Illness: New category introduced at census 2011. Mental Illness was covered

under the category of mental disability at census 2001.7.

Multiple Disabilities: New category introduced at census 2011. The question has been

designed to record as many as three types of disabilities from which the individual wasreported to be suffering.

8. Any Other: New category introduced at census 2011 to ensure complete coverage. This

option enabled respondents to report those disabilities which are not listed in the

question. In such cases, where informant was not sure about the type of disability thisoption of reporting disability as Any Other was available to her/him.


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Table: A

HOUSEHOLDS

Indicator Absolute Percentage

2001 2011 2001 2011

All Households

Total 19,35,79,954 24,94,54,252 100.0 100.0Rural 13,77,73,323 16,85,65,486 100.0 100.0

Urban 5,58,06,631 8,08,88,766 100.0 100.0

Scheduled Caste

Total 3,25,26,101 4,16,94,816 16.8 16.7

Rural 2,59,83,792 3,18,03,728 18.9 18.9

Urban 65,42,309 98,91,088 11.7 12.2

Source:Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the

Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Table: BSCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION

Indicator Absolute Percentage Growth rate(2001-11)2001 2011 2001 2011

Total Population

Total 1,02,86,10,328 1,21,05,69,573 100.0 100.0 17.7

Rural 74,23,02,537 83,34,63,448 100.0 100.0 12.3

Urban 28,63,07,791 37,71,06,125 100.0 100.0 31.7

Scheduled Castes

Total 16,66,35,700 20,13,78,086 16.2 16.6 20.8

Rural 13,30,10,878 15,38,50,562 17.9 18.5 15.7

Urban 3,36,24,822 4,75,27,524 11.7 12.6 41.3

Source:Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Castes, 2011, Office of the Registrar

General & Census Commissioner, India

The Scheduled Caste households indicated that in 2011 total households is 16.7 percent ascompared to the 2001 household census as about 16.8 percent. The total rural household is 18.9

percent and urban is 12.2 percent in 2011 as compared to rural 18.9 percent and 11.7 percentsubsequently in 2001. Table B on the SC population gives different picture when we compare

both the 2001 and 2011 census report. The total SC population in 2011 is 16.6 percent ascompare to 2001 in 16.2 with a growth rate of 20.8 percent. The rural SC population is 18.5

percent in 2011 and urban is 12.6 percent as compare to the rural 17.9 percent and urban 11.7respectively in 2001.


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Table: C

PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011

State/ Union Territory Percentage State/Union Territory Percentage

Top 5 Bottom 5

Scheduled Castes

Punjab 31.9 Mizoram 0.1Himachal Pradesh 25.2 Meghalaya 0.6

West Bengal 23.5 Goa 1.7

Uttar Pradesh 20.7 D & N Haveli 1.8

Haryana 20.2 Daman & Diu 2.5



Table: D

PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011 (MAJOR STATES)

State/Union Territory Percentage State/Union Territory Percentage

Top 5 Bottom 5Scheduled Castes

Punjab 31.9 Gujarat 6.7

West Bengal 23.5 Assam 7.2

Uttar Pradesh 20.7 Jammu & Kashmir 7.4

Haryana 20.2 Kerala 9.1

Tamil Nadu 20.0 Maharashtra 11.8

Major States:States having Population 10 million and above.



The highest percentage to the total SC population is in the state of Punjab: 31.9 percent,Himachal Pradesh: 25.2 percent, West Bengal: 23.5 percent, Uttar Pradesh: 20.7 percent and

Haryana: 20.2 percent whereas the less percentage states of Mizoram: 0.1 percent, Meghalaya:0.6 percent, Goa: 1.7 percent, Dadar and Nagar Haveli: 1.8 percent and Daman and Diu: 2.5

percent respectively. On the other hand the major five states having more than 10 million SCpopulation according to 2011 census is Punjab: 31.9 percent, West Bengal: 23.5 percent, Uttar

Pradesh: 20.7 percent, Haryana: 20.2 percent, Tamil Nadu: 20.0 percent whereas the lesspopulated states are Gujarat: 6.7 percent, Assam: 7.2 percent, Jammu and Kashmir: 7.4 percent,Kerala: 9.1 percent and Maharashtra: 11.8 percent respectively.


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Table: E

CHILD POPULATION (0-6 YEARS)

Indicator Absolute Proportion to population

2001 2011 2001 2011

Total Child Population

Total 16,38,19,614 16,44,78,150 15.9 13.6

Rural 12,63,92,327 12,12,85,762 17.0 14.6

Urban 3,74,27,287 4,31,92,388 13.1 11.5

Scheduled Castes

Total 2,89,14,095 2,92,00,529 17.4 14.5

Rural 2,39,32,402 2,33,43,549 18.0 15.2

Urban 49,81,693 58,56,980 14.8 12.3



The total child population from 0-6 years in the census 2011 indicated 13.6 percent whereas in

2001 it was 15.9 percent. In 2011 the rural population is 14.6 percent and the urban is 11.5percent whereas in 2001 it was 17.0 percent for rural and 13.1 percent for urban. So far the SCpopulation from 0-6 years is concerned; it recorded 14.5 percent in 2011 census report as

compare to 17.4 percent in 2001 census report. In 2011 census the rural population is 15.2percent and the urban population is 12.3 percent whereas in 2001 the rural population was 18.0

percent and 14.1 percent in 2001 census report.

TABLE: F

HOUSEHOLDS

Indicator Absolute Percentage

2001 2011 2001 2011

All Households

Total 19,35,79,954 24,94,54,252 100.0 100.0Rural 13,77,73,323 16,85,65,486 100.0 100.0

Urban 5,58,06,631 8,08,88,766 100.0 100.0

Scheduled Tribes

Total 1,64,64,357 2,14,67,179 8.5 8.6

Rural 1,50,13,498 1,92,57,983 10.9 11.4

Urban 14,50,859 22,09,196 2.6 2.7

Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the RegistrarGeneral & Census Commissioner, India

The total STs household percentage according to 2011 census report is 8.6 percent whereas therural percentage is 11.4 percent and urban is 2.7 percent. As compare to 2001 census report the

ST household percentage was 8.5 percent whereas the rural percentage was 10.9 percent andurban was 2.6 percent.


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TABLE: G

POPULATION

Indicator Absolute Percentage Growth rate

(2001-11)2001 2011 2001 2011

Total Population

Total 1,02,86,10,328 1,21,05,69,573 100.0 100.0 17.7

Rural 74,23,02,537 83,34,63,448 100.0 100.0 12.3

Urban 28,63,07,791 37,71,06,125 100.0 100.0 31.7

Scheduled Tribes

Total 8,43,26,240 10,42,81,034 8.2 8.6 23.7

Rural 7,73,38,597 9,38,19,162 10.4 11.3 21.3

Urban 69,87,643 1,04,61,872 2.4 2.8 49.7

Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the Registrar


The total ST population percentage according to 2011 census report is 8.6 percent whereas the

rural is 11.3 percent and urban is 2.8 percent. As compare to the 2001 census report it was 8.2percent whereas the rural percentage was 10.4 percent and urban was 2.4 percent respectively. Inbetween the 2001 to 2011 the decadal growth rate recorded 23.7 percent whereas the rural

growth rate is 21.3 percent and urban is 49.7 percent.

TABLE: H

PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011

State/ UnionTerritory Percentage State/Union Territory Percentage

Top 5 Bottom 5

Scheduled Tribes

Lakshadweep 94.8 Uttar Pradesh 0.6

Mizoram 94.4 Tamil Nadu 1.1

Nagaland 86.5 Bihar 1.3Meghalaya 86.1 Kerala 1.5

Arunachal Pradesh 68.8 Uttarakhand 2.9


The top five states/union territories having highest percentage of total ST population according

to 2011 census report is Lakshadweep: 94.8 percent, Mizoram: 94.4 percent. Nagaland: 86.5percent, Meghalaya: 81.6 percent and Arunachal Pradesh: 68.8 percent whereas the bottom five

states/union territories having lowest percentage to total population according to 2011 census is

Uttar Pradesh: 0.6 percent, Tamil Nadu: 1.1 percent, Bihar: 1.3 percent, Kerala: 1.5 percent andUttarakhand: 2.9 percent respectively.


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TABLE: I

PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION 2011(Major States)

State/ UnionTerritory Percentage State/ UnionTerritory Percentage

Top 5 Bottom 5

Scheduled TribesChhattisgarh 30.6 Uttar Pradesh 0.6

Jharkhand 26.2 Tamil Nadu 1.1

Odisha 22.8 Bihar 1.3

Madhya Pradesh 21.1 Kerala 1.5

Gujarat 14.8 Uttarakhand 2.9

Major States: States having Population 10 million and above.


The total ST percentage to total population to the states having population of 10 million andabove according to 2011 census report is Chhattisgarh: 30.6 percent, Jharkhand: 26.2 percent,

Madhya Pradesh 21.1 percent, Gujarat: 14.8 percent whereas the five bottom major states havinglow population is Uttar Pradesh: 0.6 percent, Tamil Nadu: 1.1 percent, Bihar: 1.3 percent, Kerala:

1.5 percent and Uttarakhand: 2.9 percent respectively.

TABLE: JCHILD POPULATION (0-6 years)

Indicator Absolute Proportion to population

2001 2011 2001 2011

Total Child Population

Total 16,38,19,614 16,44,78,150 15.9 13.6

Rural 12,63,92,327 12,12,85,762 17.0 14.6

Urban 3,74,27,287 4,31,92,388 13.1 11.5

Scheduled Tribes

Total 1,55,60,227 1,67,04,825 18.5 16.0

Rural 1,44,95,695 1,53,64,457 18.7 16.4

Urban 10,64,532 13,40,368 15.2 12.8

Source: Primary Census Abstract for Total population, Scheduled Tribes, 2011, Office of the Registrar


The total child population from 0-6 years in the 2011 census indicated 13.6 percent whereas in2001 it was 15.9 percent. In census 2011 the rural population is 14.6 percent and the urban is

11.5 percent whereas in 2001 it was 17.0 percent for rural and 13.1 percent for urban. So far theST population from 0-6 years is concerned according to 2011 census report it is 16.0 percent

whereas the rural proportion to population is 16.4 percent and urban is 12.8 percent. As compareto the 2001 census report the total proportion to the population was 18.5 percent whereas the

rural proportion was 18.7 percent and urban was 15.2 percent.


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Table: K

Disabled Population by Sex and Residence India, 2011

Residence Persons Males Females

Total 26,810,557 14,986,202 11,824,355

Rural 18,631,921 10,408,168 8,223,753

Urban 8,178,636 4,578,034 3,600,602

Source: C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2001 and 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census

Commissioner, India

Table: L

Decadal Change in Disabled Population by Sex and Residence, India, 2001-11

Absolute Increase Percentage Decadal Growth

Residence Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

Total 4,903,788 2,380,567 2,523,221 22.4 18.9 27.1

Rural 2,243,539 997,983 1,245,556 13.7 10.6 17.8

Urban 2,660,249 1,382,584 1,277,665 48.2 43.3 55.0


Commissioner, India

Table: M

Disabled Population by Sex and Residence India (2011) in Percentage


Total 2.21 2.41 2.01

Rural 2.24 2.43 2.03

Urban 2.17 2.34 1.98


Commissioner, India

Table: NPercentage of Disabled to total population India, 2001


Total 2.13 2.37 1.87

Rural 2.21 2.47 1.93

Urban 1.93 2.12 1.71

Source:C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2001 and 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census

Commissioner, India

As per the 2011 census report the total disable population by sex residence wise recorded

26,810557 out of which 14,986,202 are males and 11,824,355 are females. So far the rural

population are concerned the total population are 18,631,94 out of which 10,40,8168 are malesand 82, 23, 753 are females. For urban the total population are 1,78,638 out of which 45,78,034are males and 36,00,602 are females. As per the comparison with the 2011 census report with

2001 census report is concerned the total growth rate of the disable population during the tenyears period is recorded 22.4 percent out of which the male population are 18.9 percent and

female population are 27.1 percent respectively. So far the total rural decadal percentage isconcerned it is 13.7 percent out of which 10.6 percent are male and 17.8 percent are females. For


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urban the total decadal population growth are 48.2 percent out of which 43.3 percent are malesand 55.0 percent are females.

If we observed the total percentage of disable population by sex as per the 2011 census report thetotal persons are 2.21 percent out of which 2.42 percent are males and 2.01 are females. So far

the total rural percentage is concerned it is 2.24 percent out of which 2.43 percent are males and

2.03 percent are females. For urban the total persons are 2.17 out of which 2.34 percent aremales and 1.98 percent are females. The percentage of disabled to total population according to2011 census report is 2.13 percent out of which 2.37 percent are males and 1.87 percent is

females. The total rural persons are 2.21 percent out of which 2.47 percent are males and 1.93percent is females. For urban the total persons are 1.93 percent out of which 2.12 percent are

males and 1.71 percent are females.

Table: O

Proportion of Disabled Population by Social Groups India, 2011 (in percentage)

Social Group Persons Males Females

Total 2.21 2.41 2.01

Scheduled Castes 2.45 2.68 2.20

Scheduled Tribes 2.05 2.18 1.92Other than SC/ST 2.18 2.37 1.98

Source: C-Series, Tables C-20, C-20SC and C-20ST, Census of India 2011, Office of the RegistrarGeneral & Census Commissioner, India

The total proportion of disabled population by social groups according to 2011 census report is

2.21 percent out of which 2.45 percent are SCs, 2.05 percent are STs and 2.18 percent are othersocial groups other than the SCs and STs. The total male population is 2.41 percent out of

which 2.68 percent are SCs, 2.18 are STs and 2.37 percent are other social groups. The totalfemale population is 2.01 percent out of which 2.20 percent are SCs, 1.92 percent are STs and

1.98 percent is other social groups.

Table: P

Disabled Population by Type of Disability India (2011)

Type of Disability Persons Males Females

Total 26,810,557 14,986,202 11,824,355

In Seeing 5,032,463 2,638,516 2,393,947

In Hearing 5,071,007 2,677,544 2,393,463

In Speech 1,998,535 1,122,896 875,639

In Movement 5,436,604 3,370,374 2,066,230

Mental Retardation 1,505,624 870,708 634,916

Mental Illness 722,826 415,732 307,094Any Other 4,927,011 2,727,828 2,199,183

Multiple Disability 2,116,487 1,162,604 953,883

Source:C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & CensusCommissioner, India


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Table: Q

Disabled Population by Type of Disability (%) India (2011)

Type of Disability Persons Males Females

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

In Seeing 18.8 17.6 20.2

In Hearing 18.9 17.9 20.2

In Speech 7.5 7.5 7.4

In Movement 20.3 22.5 17.5

Mental Retardation 5.6 5.8 5.4

Mental Illness 2.7 2.8 2.6

Any Other 18.4 18.2 18.6

Multiple Disability 7.9 7.8 8.1

Source:C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census

Commissioner, India

Table: R

Percentage Share of Disabled Population by Type of Disability among Social Groups

India, 2011 (in percentage)

Type of Disability Total SCs STs Others

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

In Seeing 18.8 19.1 20.0 18.6

In Hearing 18.9 17.4 19.3 19.2

In Speech 7.5 5.2 5.3 8.3

In Movement 20.3 20.5 22.5 20.0

Mental Retardation 5.6 5.1 4.9 5.8

Mental Illness 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.8

Any Other 18.4 22.9 16.5 17.4

Multiple Disability 7.9 7.3 8.9 7.9

Source:C-Series, Tables C-20, C-20SC and C-20ST, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar


In 2011 census report identified eight kinds of disability vis--vis in seeing, in hearing, in speech,

in movement, mental retardation, mental illness, any other and multiple disability. Thepercentage to total disabled population by types of disability according to 2011 census report in

seeing the total persons are 18.18 percent out of which 17.6 percent are males and 20.2 percent refemales. In the category of hearing the total persons are 18.8 percent out of which 17.9 percent

are males and 20.2 percent are females. In the category of speech the total persons recorded are7.5 percent out of which 7.5 percent are males and 7.4 percent are females. In the category of

movement the total persons recorded are 20.3 percent out of which 22.5 percent are males and

17.5 percent are females. In the category of mental retardation the total person recorded are 5.6percent out of which 5.8 percent are males and 5.4 are females. In the category of mental illnessthe total person are 2.7 percent out of which 2.8 percent are males and 2.6 percent are females. In

the any other category the total persons are 18.4 percent out of which 18.2 percent are males and18.6 percent are females. In the category of multiple disabilities the total disable person recorded

are 7.9 percent out of which the males are 7.8 percent and females are 8.1 percent respectively.


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Table: S

Disabled Population by Age and Sex India (2011)

Age Group Persons Males Females

All Ages 2.21 2.41 2.01

0-4 1.14 1.18 1.11

5-9 1.54 1.63 1.44

10-19 1.82 1.96 1.67

20-29 1.97 2.22 1.70

30-39 2.09 2.41 1.77

40-49 2.31 2.66 1.94

50-59 2.83 3.16 2.47

60-69 4.15 4.41 3.89

70-79 6.22 6.26 6.19

80-89 8.41 8.33 8.48

90+ 8.40 7.88 8.85

Age Not Stated 3.07 3.21 2.91

Source: C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census

Commissioner, India

Table: T

Proportion of Disabled Population in the Respective Age Groups

(SCs, STs and Others) India (2011)

Age Group Total SCs STs OTH

All Ages 2.21 2.45 2.05 2.18

0-4 1.14 1.25 0.95 1.15

5-9 1.54 1.67 1.37 1.53

10-19 1.82 1.98 1.64 1.81

20-29 1.97 2.21 1.73 1.94

30-39 2.09 2.38 1.83 2.06

40-49 2.31 2.64 2.14 2.2650-59 2.83 3.30 2.95 2.72

60-69 4.15 4.89 5.13 3.90

70-79 6.22 7.45 8.45 5.81

80-89 8.41 9.79 11.55 7.97

90+ 8.40 9.06 10.30 8.14

Age Not Stated 3.07 3.25 2.78 3.06

Source:C-Series, Tables C-20, C-20SC and C-20ST, Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar


The total percentage share of disables population by types of disability among social groups inIndia according to 2011 census report are categorized into eight categories. In the type of

disability in seeing category the total population is 18.8 percent out of which SCs are 19.1percent, STs are 20.0 percent and other social groups are 18.6 percent. In the category of

hearing the total population is 18.9 percent out of which SCs are 17.4 percent, STs are 19.3percent and other social groups are 19.2 percent. In the category of speech the total population is

7.5 percent out of which SCs are 5.2 percent, STs are 5.3 percent and other social groups are20.3 percent. In the category of movement the total population recorded is 20.3 percent out of

which SCs are 20.5 percent, STs are 22.5 percent and other social groups are 20.8 percent. Inthe category of mental retardation the total population is 5.6 percent out of which SCs are 5.1


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percent, STs are 4.9 percent and other social groups are 5.8 percent. In the category of mentalillness the total population recorded is 2.7 percent out of which SCs are 2.4 percent, STs are 2.6

percent and other social groups are 2.8 percent. In the other category the total populationrecorded is 18.4 percent out of which SCs are 22.9 percent, STs are 16.5 percent and other

social groups are 17.4 percent and in the category of multiple disability the total population

recorded as per the 2011 census report is 7.9 percent out of which SCs are 7.3 percent, STs are8.9 percent and other social groups are 7.9 percent respectively.

To sum up in order to achieve equity of access to education and in other sector it needs to exploitwith the system with special reference to SCs and STs having disabilities. These aspects could

be capitalize by making educational opportunities accessible to the target beneficiaries,managing the effective implementation of policy and maintaining checks and balances time to

time, disable friendly set-up of institutions with academic and vocational trainings, use of mixed-media courseware with extensive use of assistive technology, quantity and quality of skills and

linked to the industries so that their skills are linked to the livelihood and lastly strongmechanism to be developed so that inclusive environment and non-discriminatory attitude could

be provided to the disabled SCs and ST for inclusive and casteless society.

The disable SCs and STs social groups in particular could be given more attention as compareto other social groups because of their multiple exclusion from the main stream society. No

doubt the disability is a homogeneous social group category but this needs to go further when itcomes to the SCs and STs because they are the most vulnerable communities in the society and

needs special attention for their social, economic and political empowerment.

(Views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflects the views of the

Institution)

CHUNNU PRASAD, PhD is an Academic Officer, NIOS, MHRD, Government of India

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