Directional Terms Skeletal Structures Overview Types of Joints & Fractures.

Skeletal SystemDirectional Terms

Skeletal Structures OverviewTypes of Joints & Fractures

Directional Terms

Rostral (superior)Towards the

head endThe forehead

rostral to the nose

Term Definition Example

Caudal (inferior) Towards the tail end/lower part

The pelvis is caudal to the breastbone

Ventral (anterior)Towards the

front/belly of the bodyThe sternum is

ventral to the spine

Dorsal (posterior)Towards the

backside/behind of the body

The spine is dorsal to the sternum

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Directional Terms

Medial Towards the inner side/midline

The ribcage is medial to the arm

Term Definition Example

Lateral Towards the outer side

The arms are lateral to the chest

Proximal Close to the axial part of the body

The elbow is proximal to the wrist

DistalTowards the

backside/behind of the body

The spine is dorsal to the sternum




Bones – An OverviewFunctions of the Bones:

• Support: Bones form the internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs.

leg bones act as pillars to support body trunk rib cage supports the thoracic wall (chest)

• Protection: Bones protect vital & soft body organs (eg. skull protects the brain;

vertebrae protects the spinal cord, etc.)

• Movement: Bones act as levers to move the body and its parts via controlling the tendons which connects to the muscles




Bones – An OverviewFunctions of the Bones:

• Storage: Bones serve as a storehouse for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus (important for neural cells, muscle cells and blood clotting process).

• Blood cell formation (or hematopoiesis): Certain bones’ marrow cavities have the ability to make and renew red blood cells.

There are 206 bones In the human body!




Classification of Bones• Bones are classified according to shape into four (4) groups:

a) Long bone c) Flat bone

b) Short boned) Irregular bone




General Skeletal StructuresSkull

Thoracic cageVertebral

columnUpper Limb

Lower Limb




General Skeletal Structures

The skeleton is divided into two (2) parts:

• Axial skeleton: forms the longitudinal axis of the body makes up of 75 bones consists of a) the skull b) vertebral column c) thoracic cage • Appendicular skeleton: is the auxiliary appendages of the body makes up of 131 bones consists of a) limbs b) pectoral & pelvic girdles




General Skeletal StructuresCranium

Clavicle Scapula

RibHumerus

RadiusUlna

Vertebra

PelvisSacrum

CarpalsMetacarpals

Phalanges

Femur

Patella

TibiaFibular

Calcaneus

TarsalsMetatarsals

Phalanges




Types of Skeletal Articulation• Other than the hyoid bone in the neck, every bone is connected or jointed to at least one other bone• There are three (3) types of joints

(c)

(d)

(e)

Cartilaginous Joints

(a)

(f)(g)

(h)

(b)Synovial

Joints

Fibrous Joints




Types of Skeletal Articulation

Structural Class Characteristics Types Mobility?






Fibrous Bone ends/parts united by collagenic fibers

Suture (short fibres) no








Cartilaginous Bone ends/parts united by cartiliage

Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly








Cartilaginous Bone ends/parts united by cartiliage

Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly

Synovial

Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane

PlaneHingePivotSaddleBall and socketCondyloid

yes




Fracture type Illustration Description Comment

Common Types of Bone Fracture





Comminuted Break into many small fragments

Common in old people where bones are brittle








Compression

Depressed

Bone is crushed

Broken bone is pressed inward

Typical of skull fracture








Compression

Depressed

Bone is crushed



SpiralBroken bones result from excessive twisting forces

Common sports fracture/ physical abuse








Compression

Depressed

Bone is crushed



SpiralBroken bones result from excessive twisting forces

Common sports fracture/ physical abuse

GreenstickBone breaks incompletely like green twigs

Common in children where bones are flexible





Directional Terms Skeletal Structures Overview Types of Joints & Fractures.

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