Directional Response. Sensitivity to various angles of incidence with respect to front of the...
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Directional Response
Directional Response
Sensitivity to various angles of incidence with respect to front of the microphone.
Polar patterns - 360° around micTwo main categories:
Omnidirectional Directional
Pressure
Pressure mics respond to differences in sound-pressure waves.
These pressure fluctuations can be picked up from any direction. (Assuming the physical shape of the mic
doesn’t interfere.)
Pressure Mic = Omnidirectional Polar Pattern
Pressure-Gradient
Pressure Gradient mics are responsive to the relative pressure differences between front, back, and sides of a diaphragm.
All directional mics are pressure-gradient.Purely p-g mics are bidirectional (figure 8).
Older ribbon mics
Multiple Directional Patterns
Multiple polar patterns can be obtained from combinations of pressure and pressure-gradient, or from multiple pressure-gradient capsules.
Patterns
Omnidirectional (omni)Bidirectional (figure 8)Cardiod (front)
Super-, Sub- and Hyper-cardiod allow for some rear pickup.
Cardiod
Dynamic mics often achieve directionality through use of rear port. (phase delays)
Condenser mics can use two capsules. In-phase: omni Out of phase: bidirectional Variable stepped combinations to achieve
varied cardiod responses
Cardiod, sub, super-duper and hyper
Cardiod derives its name from the heart-shaped polar pattern.
Super-cardiod allows for a small amount of rear signal to be captured.
Sub-cardiod has a rounded rear pattern.Hyper-cardiod allows for greater sensitivity
to rear signals, with a wider rear pattern. (approaches bidirectional)
Frequency Response Curve
Measured on-axis, output plotted in dB Measurement of output over audible frequency
range when given a constant signal. Off-axis plots sometimes included Flat response (no output variation across
frequency range) More common to have some emphasis or de-
emphasis. De/emphasis can occur due to preamp stage,
diaphragm characteristics, tube resonance, windscreen design, etc.
Proximity Effect
All directional microphones exhibit proximity effect.
Low-frequency boost when close to source.
When source is close, gradient properties diminish, with low frequencies favored.