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AN ANALYSIS ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHACTS OF GLYNIS GERTSCH’S
SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE
THESIS
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the completion of Strata 1 Programof the English Language Department
by:ANIS KUSUMANINGRUM
CII.2003.00474
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LETTERSDIAN NUSWATORO UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG2007
ii
PAGE OF APPROVAL
This thesis has been approved by Board of Examiners, Strata 1 Study
Program of English Language, Faculty of Languages and Letters, Dian
Nuswantoro University on
Board of Examiners
Chairperson Secretary
First Adviser as 1st Examiner Second Adviser as 2nd Examiner
Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. Dyah Nugrahani, S. Pd, M. Hum
Approved by:
Dean ofFaculty of Languages and Letters
Mahmud, S.E., M.M.
iii
MOTTO
“PAY THE PRICE FOR SUCCESS ANDENJOY THE BENEFIT FOR BETTERQUALITY OF LIFE”
DONALD TRUMP
iv
DEDICATION
For:
God who protects me every time
My beloved father and mother
My beloved brother and sister
My beloved niece
My beloved grandfather and grand mother
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
At this happiest moment, I would say thanks to Allah S.W.T who blessed
and protected me all the time and I would like to say thanks to people who helped
me until I finished this study. They are:
1. Mr. Mahmud, S.E., M.M., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Letters
of Dian Nuswantoro University, who gives permission to me to conduct
this study.
2. Mr. Achmad Basari, S.S., The Head of English Department of strata 1
Program, Faculty of Languages and Letters, Dian Nuswantoro University,
who gives permission to me to conduct this research.
3. Mr. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd., my first advisor who gives valuable
advice and guidance to me, and also reminds me to finish this study on
time.
4. Mrs. Dyah Nugrahani, S.Pd, M. Hum. my second advisor who gives
valuable advice and guidance to me, and also reminds me to finish this
study on time.
5. All lecturers at English Department of Faculty of Languages and Letters of
Dian Nuswantoro University, for the great lesson and motivation.
6. The librarians of the central library of Dian Nuawantoro University for
their permission for me to use some valuable references in writing this
thesis.
7. My father and my mother, you are my great parents in the world.
vi
8. My brother and my sister Bayu and Ika, thanks for your support.
9. My sweet niece Nadia Yuka Nasywa, I love you so much.
10. For the big family H. Kastoebi, thanks for all the pray.
11. My really best friends Rini, Novi, Esty, Desy, Vya, Dita, Karina, there is
nothing special without a friendship in the world.
12. For my friends Dini Tasriva, Tina, Gita, Anie, and Fitri we must be a great
woman.
13. My friend in Semarang International School, Pysca the most beautiful girl,
thanks for accompanying me and giving guidance during the writing of
this thesis.
14. My colleague in PT. K-LINK especially for Ir. Paiman M.P, M. Reza
Fajar, Elisa Ulfah, S.S, Irma Winingsih, S.S, Mr. Supri, Mr. Tarto, Mr.
Agus, Nendi, we all have the same dreams to be successful.
Finally I do realize that due to my limited ability I welcome any
suggestions and criticisms.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE …………………………………………….. i
PAGE OF APPROVAL ……………………………………… ii
MOTTO ………………………………………………………. iii
DEDICATION ………………………………………………. . iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ……………………………………... v
LIST OF TABLE …………………………………………….. vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………... viii
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………….. ix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………… 1
1.1 Background of the Study …………… 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem …………… 2
1.3 Scope of the Study ………………….. 3
1.4 Objective of the Study ……………… 3
1.5 Significance of the Study …………… 4
1.6 Thesis Organization …………………. 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5
2.1 Pragmatics……………………………. 5
2.2 Speech Act ……................................... 8
viii
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD …………………. 20
3.1 Research Design ……………………... 20
3.2 Unit of Analysis ……………………... 20
3.3 Source of Data ………………………. 21
3.4 Technique of Data Collection ………. 21
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ………… 22
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS …………………….. 23
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION … 41`
5.1 Conclusion ………………………….. 41
5.2 Suggestion …………………………... 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………….. 42
APPENDICES ………………………………………………… 43
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ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Direct and Indirect speech acts ……………………... 23
Table 4.2 Direct Speech function …………………………….. 26
Table 4.4 Sentence type ………………………. ……………… 35
xi
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Glynis Gertsch’s Short Story Staring Me In The Face …….44
Appendix 2. The classification of direct and indirect speech acts……….48
vii
xi
.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
This proposal has been approved by the first advisor and second
advisor, Strata 1 Study Program of English Language, Faculty of
Languages and Letters, Dian Nuswantoro University on, 23 April 2007.
First Advisor Second Advisor
Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd Dyah Nugrahani, S. Pd, M. Hum
viii
ix
ABSTRACT
The thesis entitled An Analysis on Direct and Indirect Speech Act in theGLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY “Staring me in the face” by GlynishGertsch. The study helps people develop their understanding pertaining to aspeaker’s intents. Thus, it questions the realization of direct and indirect speechacts and what they mean.
The objectives are describing the realization of the act and finding themeaning of the utterances and interpreting their meanings on the basic of speechact theory offered by Searle.
After analyzing the data, the writer found that the speaker’s utterancesconsist of 88 (97.78 %) direct speech act and 2 (2.22 %) indirect speech act.Direct speech function consists of questioning act 26 (29.54 %), informing 52(59.1 %), requesting 7 (7.95 %), thanking 2 (2.27 %), and apologizing 1(1.14 %). While indirect speech function consists of 2.
It was also found that the speakers’ utterances could be categorized intodeclarative sentence 52 (59.78 %), interrogative 26 (29.88 %), and imperative 9(10.34 %).
The interpretation of the meaning could be categorized into questioning,informing, requesting, thanking, and apologizing. While questioning andrequesting could be into directives, informing could be representatives, thankingand apologizing could be in expressive.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
As a means of communication, language takes an important role in our
lives. Everyday, humans are always in contact or communicate with others.
People need a good relationship with other people in their society surround
them. It means that language can be used for doing social Interaction. It is
impossible that a man lives without another.
There are three components in every communication process. 1)
Participant (at least two persons or group), 2) Topic (what is talked about), and
3) Means of communication (form of symbol, sign, etc). As one of the three
components, i.e. a means of communication, language which employs the
system of sounds, signs, or symbols could be used to convey messages, to
share ideas and feelings, or to influence people to do something, (e.g letter,
advertisement, short story, etc). Short story is one of the ways for a writer to
express ideas. It usually contains dialogues between or among its characters,
and surely these dialogues are full of speech act.
Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic field. It is the study of
meaning and function of an utterance. Knowledge of speech may be used by
interlocutors in their utterances. According to Austin in Levinson (1983:236)
there are three kinds of acts: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and
Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is speech act of saying something.
2
Perlocutionary act is the act of affecting something and Illocutionary act is the
act of doing something, for instance, making statement or promise, issuing a
command or request, asking a question, etc.
According to Searle in Levinson (1995:240) there have been found
five basic kinds of Illocutionary act, these are: representative, directives,
commisive, expressive and declaration.
Illocutionary act includes direct and indirect speech, and could be in
declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and
imperative (commanding).
The above explanation indicates how important speech act is in a
language. It is based on that argument that the researcher made a further study
regarding the type of act especially direct speech and indirect speech act in the
GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The problems of this research can be stated as follows:
1. What direct and indirect illocutionary acts are found in the GLYNIS
GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE?
2. What are the meanings of utterances used in illocutionary acts found in the
GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE?
3
1.3 Scope of the Study
In this research, the researcher made a certain limitation to what was
analyzed. The study focuses on illocutionary act especially direct speech and
indirect speech act in conversation among the main characters in GLYNIS
GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. Direct speech
act is speech act that has the same intention as the utterance. While indirect
speech act is speech act that indirectly contains the other intention. The direct
and indirect speeches are usually in of declarative (giving information),
interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding). They include
informing, requesting, questioning, promising, threatening, thanking, and
apologizing.
1.4 Objective of the Study
Below are the objectives that the writer wants to achieve:
1. To identify the direct and indirect illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS
GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.
2. To describe the meanings of utterances in illocutionary acts found in the
GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.
4
1.5 Significance of the Study
The result of the study is expected to give the following benefits:
1. A contribution to the researcher, by conducting the study, it is hoped the
researcher gets more knowledge, especially about direct and indirect
speech act.
2. To give additional knowledge for the students to study about illocutionary
acts.
1.6 Thesis Organization
The discussion of the thesis is divided into five chapters. Each chapter
consists of many sub-chapters and discusses a different topic, there are:
Chapter I: Introduction consist of background of the study, statement
of the problem, scope of the study, objective of the study, significance of the
study, and thesis organization.
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature consists of pragmatics and
speech act.
Chapter III: Research Method describes research design, unit of
analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data
analysis.
Chapter IV: Data analysis. It analyzes speech act especially
illocutionary act which includes direct and indirect speech act.
Chapter V: In the last chapter, the writer gives the conclusions and
suggestions for the future the research.
5
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In conducting a research, a method is useful to get a valid result. Research
method focuses on five units of discussion, they are: research design, unit of
analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data
analysis.
3.1 Research Design
The descriptive study is a study whose purpose is to describe
systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of
interest, factually and accurately (Issac and Michael, 1987:18).
In this research, the researcher used a descriptive method. Because
this research is to identify the kinds of speech especially direct and indirect
speech of the speaker’s utterances in GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT
STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.
3.2 Unit of Analysis
The researcher focused on the illocutionary act in GLYNIS
GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. The unit of
analysis is direct and indirect speech act and is found in the speaker’s
utterances.
6
3.3 Source of Data
The data of this research are written data. The researcher collected
the data from GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN
THE FACE downloaded from
http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml.
(April 6th 2007).
3.4 Technique of Data Collection
The method used in preparing the data related to the subject of this
research is documentation method because the researcher used the short
story to collect the data. Arikunto (2002:206) says that Documentation
method is looking for the data about things or variables which are in the
form of notes, transcription, book, newspaper, magazine, leafs, etc. The data
collection technique applied the following steps:
a. Finding the short story
b. Reading short story
c. Collecting the data indicating direct and indirect speech act
d. Selecting the speaker’s utterances that consist of direct and indirect
speech act.
7
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis
After the data were collected, they were analyzed by using the
following steps:
a. Categorizing the speaker’s utterance in the form of Declarative,
Interrogative, and Imperative sentence into direct and indirect speech
act.
b. Interpreting the meanings of utterances uttered by the speakers according
to the function of Direct and Indirect speech act.
8
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic Field. It is the study of the
meaning and function of an utterance. In the investigation, the writer analyzes
direct and indirect speech act in Glynis Gertsch’s short story Staring Me In The
Face. As the result the writer concludes several statements, they are:
1. The speakers in the Glynis Gertsch’s short story tend to employ direct
speech act (97.78 %) rather than indirect speech act (2.22 %).
2. The speakers produced utterances to question 26 (29.54 %), to inform 52
(59.1 %), to request 7 (7.95 %), to thank 2 (2.27 %), and to apologize 1
(1.14 %).
3. In line with conclusion no. 2 the speakers in fact produced utterances
labelled under declarative category (59.78 %), interrogative (29.88 %), and
imperative (10.34 %).
5.2 Suggestion
After analysing Glynis Gertsch’s short story Staring Me In The Face, the
writer would like to give the following suggestions for other researchers.
1. A study on illocutionary act only seems to be not enough. So it would
complete and challenging if any researcher would also analyze the other
two acts, locutionary and perlocutionary acts.
9
2. A study on illocutionary act is a part of pragmatics study. That is why it
would be more lively if similar study could employ naturally occurring
data.
10
REFERENCE
Arikunto, Suharsini. 2002. Prosedure penelitian Sosiolinguistik: Suatu
pendekatan praktis. Jakarta. PT. Bina Aksara.
Austin, J. L. 1962. How To Do Things With Words. Oxford New York. Oxford
University Press.
Issac, Steven and William B. Michael. 1987. Handbook in Research and
Evaluation. San Diego: Ediths Publishers
Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London and New York:
Longman
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
NN. 2002. Staring Me In The Face.
http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml.
(April 6th 2007)
Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud
Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts. New York: John Hopkins University Press.
Vanderveken, Daniel. 1990. Meaning and Speech Acts. Cambridge University
Press
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press