Direct use of Biogas for Cooking/Heating/Lighting 1 Dexter Lo, Maria Isabel R. Dumlao, Lou Menard...

Direct use of Biogas for Cooking/Heating/Lighting


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Dexter Lo, Maria Isabel R. Dumlao, Lou Menard Casero, Xavier University


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Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.

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Contents

1. Concept

2. How can it optimize SSWM

3. Applicability

4. Advantages and disadvantages

5. References



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Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and other trace gasses, which can easily be transformed to light or heat.

The gas is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic material, usually animal dung, human excreta and crop residue in a biogas reactor will usually be piped from the top of the tank to a biogas cooking stove and/or biogas lights.

1. Concept

Composition:

•Methane (65-70%)

•Carbon dioxide (25-30%)

•Varying quantities of water and hydrogen sulphide

•Other compounds such as ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon monoxide (adapted from ASHDEN (2004), TILLEY et al. (2008))

Anaerobic Biogas Reactor. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)

Background



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1. Concept

•The main prerequisite of biogas use is the availability of specially designed biogas burners or modified consumer appliances.

• Can be used in stoves for cooking and in gas lamps for lighting, refrigerators and incubators, coffee roasters, driers, baking ovens and water heaters, chicken or piglet heaters, power engines for milling or generating electricity

•In some cases, especially at larger scale, further treatment or conditioning of biogas is necessary before it is ready to use (Treatment aims to remove water, hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide from the raw gas)

•Safety measures are needed, especially to reduce the risk of explosion in case of leakages.

Working principle



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Examples

Running a gas lamp from biogas, Vietnam. Source: PBPO

2. Description of the Measure/Tool/Approach

Biogas stove in kitchen, India, Source: D. Fulford



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Examples


Women cooking with biogas, Gorkha, Nepal Source: Practical Action, Rajesh KC



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Examples


Ordinary pressure lamp that had been modified for biogas use, Kenya. Source: Daraja Kenya



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2. How can it optimize SSWM

The use of biogas for cooking, heating, lighting can help in optimizing your local water management and sanitation system and make it more sustainable by:

•Making productive use of the energy contained in human waste

•Make households less dependent on other energy sources

•Making cooking, lighting and heating saver, cleaner and easier in households



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3. Applicability

•Easily adaptable and can be applied at the household level

•biodigesters are appropriate for dense housing areas or public institutions that generate a lot of sludge, but where space is limited

•Biogas production is less appropriate for colder climates as gas production is not economically feasible below 15°C (TILLEY et al. 2008).

•The use of Biogas makes cooking, lighting and heating much more saver, cleaner and easier in households. Especially if this region suffers from a lack of fuel wood.



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4. Advantages and Disadvantages

Disadvantages:

•Requires expert design and skilled construction

•Biogas lamps have lower efficiency compared to using kerosene

Advantages:

• Generation of a renewable energy source

• No/less electrical energy required

• Saving of natural resources (e.g.wood)

• Simple and didactic process design

• Reduces workload in collecting firewood and in cooking

• Deforestation and soil erosion can be reduced

• Cooking is quicker and easier than cooking with firewood



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5. References

ASHDEN (2004): Biogas cooking stoves for villages on the fringes of the tiger reserve in Ranthambhore Park. London, GB: The Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy

TILLEY, E., LÜTHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRÜGG, C., SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG) & Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)

Direct use of Biogas for Cooking/Heating/Lighting 13

“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”

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