Direct Potable Reuse: Sustainable Water for the...
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Direct Potable Reuse: Sustainable Water for the Future
SFPUC Annual Workshop November 12, 2015
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Promotes responsible
stewardship of California's
water resources by maximizing
the safe, practical and
beneficial use of recycled water
and by supporting the efforts of
the of WateReuse Association.
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2016 DPR Report to the Legislature
• Water Code 13563. (a) (1) The department shall investigate and report to the Legislature on the feasibility of developing uniform water recycling criteria for direct potable reuse.
• DDW has permitting authority now for DPR projects.
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What’s in a Name
SB 918 (Pavley 2010) Defined Key Potable Reuse Terms • But DPR definition for regulatory purposes
may depend on outcome SWA regulations.
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§13561. For purposes of this chapter, the following terms have the following meanings: a. "Department" means the State Department of Public Health. b. "Direct potable reuse" means the planned introduction of recycled water
either directly into a public water system, as defined in Section 116275 of the Health and Safety Code, or into a raw water supply immediately upstream of a water treatment plant.
c. "Indirect potable reuse for groundwater recharge" means the planned use of recycled water for replenishment of a groundwater basin or an aquifer that has been designated as a source of water supply for a public water system, as defined in Section 116275 of the Health and Safety Code.
d. "Surface water augmentation" means the planned placement of recycled water into a surface water reservoir used as a source of domestic drinking water supply.
e. "Uniform water recycling criteria" has the same meaning as in Section 13521.
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Section 13561 of the Water Code
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Myth: There is only one DPR
Full Advanced Treatment
Potable Water Treatment
Plant
DPR Lite
Small Reservoir
Water Consumers
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Myth: There is only one DPR
Full Advanced Treatment
Potable Water Treatment
Plant
Full Advanced Treatment
Potable Water Treatment
Plant
Reservoir Augmentation
DPR Lite
Water Consumers
Large Reservoir
Small Reservoir
Water Consumers
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Myth: There is only one DPR
Full Advanced Treatment
Potable Water Treatment
Plant
DPR Lite
Small Reservoir
Water Consumers
Full Advanced Treatment
Potable Water Treatment
Plant
DPR with Drinking Water Treatment
Water Consumers
Full Advanced Treatment
DPR Flange-to-Flange
Water Consumers
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Full Advanced Treatment
Potable Water Treatment
Plant
Reservoir Augmentation
Water Consumers
Large Reservoir
• Retention time: – At least 6 months
• Dilution & mixing options: – 99-to-1 dilution, or – 9-to-1 dilution with +1-log treatment
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Alternatives Section for SWA Regs?
• Used in CA’s groundwater replenishment regulations: spreading and injection.
• Allows adaptation of the regulations
over time. • Allows broader applicability of SWA
regs.
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DDW’s Alternatives Sections
• §60320.130 (spreading) §60320.230 (injection), & §60320.330 (SWA Proposed*) – Common elements:
• Project Sponsor must – Demonstrate alternative provides equal protection; – Include review by Independent scientific advisory panel
• DDW must approve the alternative • DDW may require public hearings
*Note: Applies to Article 5.3, not Article 9
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Narrow SWA Regulations Mean More Projects Fall in DPR Category
• DDW has permitting authority over DPR now even before the release of the DPR report to the Legislature.
• But does it make sense to have medium sized reservoirs called “DPR”?
• What will this mean for CA potable reuse future?
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Potable Reuse Around the World
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Water Supply Potential of Potable Reuse*
• Advanced purification could
yield 1.1 MAF/y of potable supplies.
• All municipal needs for 8 million Californians: 1/5 of the state’s population.
*(WRRF 14-08, Raucher, Tchobanoglous)
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Potable Use Projects
PERMITTED GROUNDWATER (8) Existing ≈ 200,000 AFY ∼ 1.6 M People
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Potable Use Projects
PERMITTED GROUNDWATER (8) Existing ≈ 200,000 AFY ∼ 1.6 M People
PLANNED GROUNDWATER (17) Planned ≈ 221,000 AFY ∼ 1.6 M People
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Potable Use Projects
PERMITTED GROUNDWATER (8) Existing ≈ 200,000 AFY ∼ 1.6 M People
PLANNED GROUNDWATER (17) Planned ≈ 221,000 AFY ∼ 1.6 M People
PLANNED SURFACE WATER AUGMENTATION (6) Planned ≈ 100,000 AFY ∼ 800,000 People
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PERMITTED GROUNDWATER (8) Existing ≈ 200,000 AFY ∼ 1.6 M People
PLANNED GROUNDWATER (17) Planned ≈ 225,000 AFY ∼ 1.6 M People
PLANNED SURFACE WATER AUGMENTATION (4) Planned ≈ 100,000 AFY ∼ 800,000 People
California Potable and Non-Potable Water Reuse Projects
NON-POTABLE WATER RECYCLING PROJECTS (141) Planned ≈ 300,000 AFY ∼ 2.4 M People
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State of Reuse in the US
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Namibia DPR Experience
• Windhoek, Capitol of Namibia • Longest-running direct potable reuse facility in
the world; in operation since 1968. • Providing 35% of the overall drinking water
supply for the City. • Source of pride for community.
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Singapore NEWater
• NEWater can meet 30% of Singapore's total water demand currently, and is set to meet up to 55% of its demand by 2060.
• NEWater used for industrial and reservoir augmentation.
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DPR Framework
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Potable Research Initiative WRRF and WRCA
Goal: Advance DPR as a water supply option in California. Status: Research Plan, 34 projects valued at over $20 million. For more information Go to: Watereuse.org
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How do we achieve treatment and process reliability through redundancy, robustness,
and resilience?
Regulatory Concerns
Community Concerns
Utility Concerns
How do we address the economic and technical feasibility
of DPR? How do we train operators to run these advanced
systems?
How to we increase public awareness of the water cycle and
illustrate the safety of DPR to lead to
acceptance?
Barriers to DPR
6 projects 19 projects
23 projects
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Framework for DPR (Released September 2015)
• Funded by: • WateReuse Association • American Water Works Association • Water Environment Federation • National Water Research Institute
administered an Independent Advisory Panel
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Topics Addressed
• Regulatory Considerations – Potential Public Health Risks – Elements of the Regulatory Permitting Process – Operator training and certification
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• Technology – Treatment technology for production of AWT – Treatment performance through source control,
operation and maintenance, monitoring etc – Appropriate multi treatment barriers – Blending with other waters
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• Public Outreach – Purpose of Engaging stakeholders and community – Communication challenges with DPR – Planning tools and materials for a DPR outreach
effort.
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34%
28%
13%
18%
7% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Strongly support
Somewhat support
Somewhat oppose
Strongly oppose
Don't know/NA
Total Support62%
Total Oppose 31%
Would you support or oppose indirect reuse of recycled water in your community?
A majority of voters support indirect reuse of recycled water for drinking.
Q11.
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16%
24%
17%
36%
7% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Strongly support
Somewhat support
Somewhat oppose
Strongly oppose
Don't know/NA
Total Support40%
Total Oppose 54%
Would you support or oppose the direct reuse of recycled water in your community?
Initially, most voters oppose direct potable reuse.
Q13.
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40% 26%
19% 10%
7% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Why would you OPPOSE direct reuse of recycled water for drinking in your community?
Disbelief in the efficacy of the purification system is the biggest obstacle.
Q14b. Open end; Responses grouped; Asked of direct potable reuse opponents only
Don’t trust filtering process/system
It would be unhealthy/unsafe to drink
Just don’t want to/feel comfortable drinking it
Don’t want to drink “sewer water”
Don’t know enough about it
Concerned of more chemicals in water (used to clean it) “Human factor”; potential for human error/negligence in
water treatment No process is 100% effective/Some pathogens/toxins can
never be removed (includes medications) Lack of available test/study/research results
Will taste bad
Too expensive
Don’t trust city officials to ensure water quality
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Though they are initially opposed, voters quickly become more comfortable with direct potable reuse
after information about safety.
Q13 Total/Q18/Q20.
40%
56% 59% 54%
39% 36%
7% 5% 5% 0%
15%
30%
45%
60%
75%
Initial SupportAfter SafetyInformation After Messages
Total Support
Total Oppose
Don’t Know/NA
Do you support or oppose direct reuse of recycled water in your community for all household purposes, including drinking?
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Conclusions
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• DPR will be a safe, new water supply for CA. • Multiple solutions must be pursued
– Non-potable reuse – Indirect potable reuse – Direct potable reuse
• Need to ensure public health protection • Public acceptance is critical
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Contact Information: Jennifer West WateReuse California [email protected] (916) 669-8401