• DIRECTDIRECT• Am, is, areAm, is, are• Shall/willShall/will• CanCan• MayMay• MustMust• Have/has toHave/has to• Ought toOught to

• INDIRECT • Was/were• Should/would• Could• Might

• Had to

CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE

• DIRECTDIRECT• NOWNOW• TOMORROWTOMORROW• NEXT WEEKNEXT WEEK• TONIGHTTONIGHT• TODAYTODAY• YESTERDAYYESTERDAY• LAST NIGHTLAST NIGHT• LAST WEEKLAST WEEK• HEREHERE• THISTHIS• THESETHESE

• INDIRECT • THEN• THE FOLLOWING DAY• THE FOLLOWING WEEK• THAT NIGHT• THAT DAY• THE DAY BEFORE• THE NIGHT BEFORE• THE WEEK BEFORE• THERE• THAT• THOSE

CHANGES OF TENSES

• DIRECTDIRECT• SIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PRESENT• SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PAST• PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT• PRESENT PRESENT

CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS• PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT

CONT.CONT.• SIMPLE FUTURESIMPLE FUTURE

• INDIRECT • SIMPLE PAST• PAST PERFECT• PAST PERFECT• PAST CONTINUOUS• PAST PERFECT CONT.

• PAST FUTURE

1. STATEMENT

HE SAIDHE SAID TO ME

HE TOLD METHAT REPORTED WORDS

STATEMENT EXAMPLE

• DIRECTDIRECT• They said to me: “we are They said to me: “we are

going to visit Borobudur going to visit Borobudur tomorrow.” tomorrow.”

• Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to school today. school today.

• Anne told Agus: “My father Anne told Agus: “My father got angry with me last got angry with me last night.night.

• INDIRECT • They said to me that

they were going to visit Borobudur the following day.

• Jeffry said that he hadn’t gone to school that day.

• Anne told Agus that her father had got angry with her the night before.

STATEMENT Exception:If the introductory sentence is in the Present Tense, there won’t

be any changes in the Reported (Indirect) speech .

• DIRECTDIRECT• Cindy says: “ I will come to Cindy says: “ I will come to

your house tonight.”your house tonight.”

• Indra says: “I have seen Indra says: “I have seen that film for twice.” that film for twice.”

• ““Dessy says: “I meet my Dessy says: “I meet my boyfriend every saturday.”boyfriend every saturday.”

• Chandra says: “I don’t like Chandra says: “I don’t like sport.”sport.”

• INDIRECT • Cindy says that she

will come to my house tonight

• Indra says that he has seen that film for twice.

• Dessy says that she meets her boyfriend every Saturday.

• Chandra says that he doesn’t like sport.

HE ASKED MEHE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

• DIRECTDIRECT• The teacher asked me: The teacher asked me:

Open your book page Open your book page 65!” 65!”

• Siska asked Manu: “give Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”! me a piece of paper”!

• ““Ronny told him: “call Ronny told him: “call me tonight!me tonight!

• INDIRECT • The teacher asked me

to open my book page 65.

• Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper.

• Ronny told him to call him that night.

HE ASKED MEHE TOLD ME NOT TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

• DIRECTDIRECT• Santy asked Edy: Don’t Santy asked Edy: Don’t

leave me alone leave me alone anymore!” anymore!”

• Valenxia asked Indra: Valenxia asked Indra: “Don’t hurt me “Don’t hurt me anymore”! anymore”!

• ““Subhan told them: Subhan told them: “Don’t disturb me!“Don’t disturb me!

• INDIRECT • Santy asked Edy not

to leave her alone anymore.

• Valenxia asked Indra not to hurt her anymore.

• Subhan told them not to disturb him.

HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT

A. Yes/No Question Example

• DIRECTDIRECT• Ricky asked Henry: Does Ricky asked Henry: Does

your father work near your father work near here?” here?”

• Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: “have you collected your “have you collected your homework?”homework?”

• Dessy asked William: Dessy asked William: “can you accompany me “can you accompany me to Lippo tonight?to Lippo tonight?

• INDIRECT • Ricky asked Henry

if/whether his father worked near there.

• Mr. Bean asked Cyntia if/whether she had collected her homework.

• Dessy asked William if/whether he could accompany her to Lippo that night.

HE ASKED MEWHEN/WHAT

etc. S + V + COMPLEMENT

b. Wh- Question Example

• DIRECTDIRECT• The girl asked me: The girl asked me:

“Where Do you come “Where Do you come from?” from?”

• My father asked my My father asked my brother: “Why did you brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last arrive at home late last night?”night?”

• Handy asked the girl: Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite “what is your favorite movie star?movie star?

• INDIRECT • The girl asked me

where I came from.

• My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home late the night before

• Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was

What is creativity?

• Creativity is the bringing into being of something which did not exist before, either as a product, a process or a thought.

• You would be demonstrating creativity if you:

• Invent something which has never existed before

• Invent something which exists elsewhere but you are not aware of

• Invent a new process for doing something • Reapply an existing process or product

into a new or different market • Develop a new way of looking at

something (bringing a new idea into existence)

• Change the way someone else looks at something

What is creative thinking

• Creative thinking is the process which we use when we come up with a new idea. It is the merging of ideas which have not been merged before. Brainstorming is one form of creative thinking: it works by merging someone else's ideas with your own to create a new one. You are using the ideas of others as a stimulus for your own.

This creative thinking process can be accidental or deliberate.

• Without using special techniques creative thinking does still occur, but usually in the accidental way; like a chance happening making you think about something in a different way and you then discovering a beneficial change.

• Using special techniques, deliberate creative thinking can be used to develop new ideas. These techniques force the mergance of a wide range of ideas to spark off new thoughts and processes.

Positive Attitudes for Creativity

• 1. Curiosity. Creative people want to know things--all kinds of things-- just to know them. Knowledge does not require a reason. The question, "Why do you want to know that?" seems strange to the creative person, who is likely to respond, "Because I don't know the answer." Knowledge is enjoyable and often useful in strange and unexpected ways.

• For example, I was once attempting to repair something, without apparent success, when an onlooker asked testily, "Do you know what you're doing?" I replied calmly, "No, that's why I'm doing it."

• 2. Challenge. Curious people like to identify and challenge the assumptions behind ideas, proposals, problems, beliefs, and statements. Many assumptions, of course, turn out to be quite necessary and solid, but many others have been assumed unnecessarily, and in breaking out of those assumptions often comes a new idea, a new path, a new solution.

• For example, when we think of a college, we traditionally think of a physical campus with classrooms, a library, and some nice trees. But why must college be a place (with congregated students and faculty) at all? Thus, the electronic college now exists, where students "go" to college right at home, online. Correspondence courses have existed for years, too, beginning with the challenging of the school-as-centralized-place idea.

• 3. Constructive discontent. This is not a whining, griping kind of discontent, but the ability to see a need for improvement and to propose a method of making that improvement. Constructive discontent is a positive, enthusiastic discontent, reflecting the thought, "Hey, I know a way to make that better."

• 4. A belief that most problems can be solved. By faith at first and by experience later on, the creative thinker believes that something can always be done to eliminate or help alleviate almost every problem. Problems are solved by a commitment of time and energy, and where this commitment is present, few things are impossible.

• 5. The ability to suspend judgment and

criticism. Many new ideas, because they are new and unfamiliar, seem strange, odd, bizarre, even repulsive. Only later do they become "obviously" great. Other ideas, in their original incarnations, are indeed weird, but they lead to practical, beautiful, elegant things.

• DIRECTDIRECT• The students said to The students said to

the teacher: “We the teacher: “We haven’t done our haven’t done our assignment.” assignment.”

• My uncle said to my My uncle said to my sister: “I cannot come sister: “I cannot come on your birthday on your birthday party next month.”party next month.”

• Patar asked Lina : Patar asked Lina : “Do you love me?”“Do you love me?”

• My father asked me:”Have you prepared for your final exam?

• Anita told Ver: “Don’t tell me more about your boyfriend!”

• My friend asked her: “Stay with me forever!”

• My headmaster asked me: “ Where do you live?”