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ProyectoGLACIARES

MODULE1:

Thecryosphere,highmountainsandclimate

change

Mountainsandplatetectonics

Mountainsandclimate(globalcircula,on

distribu,onofairtemperaturelapserates

convec,on)

Mountainsandwater(hydrologicbalance)


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ProyectoGLACIARES

1) MOUNTAINS AND PLATE TECTONICS


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Platetectoni

c-evidence

1. Con,nentsfitlikepuzzle

2. Fossils3. Common

ancestors

(kangaroos&

possums)

4. Rocktypes&structures

5. Paleoclimates


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ThePlates


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ProyectoGLACIARES

ThePlates


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ProyectoGLACIARES

BoundaryTypes

DivergentboundaryTransformfaultboundaryConvergentboundary


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ProyectoGLACIARES

ConvergentBoundary(destrucve)

Twoplatescollide Either:

Oceaniclithosphereissubducted Ortwocon,nentscollide

andcreatemountains


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3exampleConvergentBoundaries

e.g. Andes

e.g. Aleutian

Islands

e.g. Himalayas

Ocean to Continent

Ocean to Ocean

Continent to Continent


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ConnenttoConnent


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NEIC, USGS

Seismicity of the Earth 1900-2010


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ProyectoGLACIARES

hNp://volcano.si.edu/world/find_regions.cfm

Volcanoes on Earth


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ProyectoGLACIARES

Seismological stations in South America


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ProyectoGLACIARES

NEIC, USGS

Seismic Hazard Map of South America


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ProyectoGLACIARES

NEIC, USGS

Seismicity Map 1990 to Present


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ProyectoGLACIARES

NEIC, USGS

Seismic Hazard Map of Per


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ProyectoGLACIARES

2) MOUNTAINS AND CLIMATE

globalcircula,ondistribu,onofairtemperaturelapserates


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ProyectoGLACIARES

49% of total insolation reaches the surface (direct radiation)31% of total insolation is reflected (albedo) (3% scatter, 19% clouds, 9% surface)20% of total insolation is absorbed by the atmosphere by molecules and dust22% of total insolation is scattered by the atmosphere (and reaches the ground surfaceas scattered radiation)

Global energy balance of the atmosphere and the

surface


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ProyectoGLACIARES

Net radiation is the difference

between incoming and outgoingradiation.

In high latitudes there is an

energy deficit

Polward transport moves theenergy surplus at the equator

towards the poles

Net radiation, latitudes and energy balance


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ProyectoGLACIARES

Atmospheric pressure


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ProyectoGLACIARES

Weakpressuregradient

Thepressuregradientforceactsatrightanglestotheisobars(90degrees)->Winddirec,on

820

830

840

850

860

870

880

890

820

830

840

850

860

Strongpressuregradient

Pressure gradient (change of pressure)


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ProyectoGLACIARES

Simple,singlecellatmosphericconveconina

non-rotangEarth


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ProyectoGLACIARES

The earth is rotating coriolis force


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ProyectoGLACIARES

Idealized,threecellatmosphericconveconina

rotangEarth


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CambioClimticoyGestinde

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orthern

hemisphere

Southern

hemisphere

H L

LH

An,cyclonCyclon


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Idealizedwindsgenerated

bypressuregradientand

CoriolisForce

ActualwindpaNernsowingto

landmassdistribu,on


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hNp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0mupl4FZsQ&feature=player_embedded#at=50


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Insolation daily and seasonal variation Latitude - daily and seasonal variation and energy transport Surface - Albedo at the surface and soil moisture Maritim vs. continental an der Kste ist die Temperaturamplitude kleiner Elevation

Mainfactorsthatinfluencelocalairtemperature


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Heat transport in the atmosphere:

Heat transfer (direct heat transfer from thewarm surface to the atmosphere)

Convection (ver,caltransportofairmassproper,esandmixingofatmosphericproper,es)

Advection (horizontaltransferofairmassproper,esbythevelocityfieldoftheatmosphere )

Transportofheatintheatmosphere


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Structureofairtemperatureintheatmosphere

s


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Die Troposphre ist die unterste atmosphrische Schicht

Thelapserate

(environmentallapse

rate)isdefinedasthe

rateatwhichair

temperaturechanges

withheight.

Theactuallapserateintheatmosphereis

approximately6to

7Cperkm(inthe

troposphere)butit

varieswidelydepending

onloca,onand,meofday.

Structureofairtemperatureintheatmosphere

s


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In general, air temperature decrease with elevation.

Daily temperature ranges increase with elevation because of the lower (natural)greenhouse effect in higher elevations (lower air density and thus less reflection,

absorption, respectively of radiation

Elevaonandairtemperature

s


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Annual cycle of air temperature:

Net radiation and air temperature

Low latitudes have a larger and

longer energy surplus.

High latitudes have a largerand longer energy deficit.

s


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Globalairtemperaturedistribuon

s


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Air temperature in

equatorial regions

change only little

between January and

July

The isotherms in the mid

latitudes and in the

subarctic make a large

north-south shift between

January and July


s


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Mountain areas are always

colder than adjacentlowland areas

Areas with permanent iceand snow are always very

cold.


s


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Humidity is the amount of water vapor in theatmosphere Warm air can take up much more water than

cold air.

Cold air can nearly hold 0% humidity. Warm tropical air can hold up to 4%-5%

humidity.

There are two types that describe humidity(specific humidity and relative humidity).

Humidity

s


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is themassofwatervaporper

unitmassofairincludingthewatervapor

usuallyexpressedasgramsofwater

vaporperkilogramofair(g/kg)

usedtodescribethewatercontent

ofairmassunditsvaria,onwithla,tude.

Specifichumidity

s


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Themaximum

specifichumidity

increasesstronglywithincreasingair

temperature

Specifichumidityandairtemperature

es


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The quantity of water vapor in the air relative tothe maximum content which air could hold at agiven temperature (%)

If the relative humidity is e.g. 50% is, than theair contains of the amount of water that itcould hold at a given temperature

The relative humidity decreases with increasingtemperature

Relavehumidityandairtemperature

es


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If no vapor added ortaken to air mass,relative humiditydecreases withincreasing airtemperature.

The dew point is thetemperature at whichthe air becomessaturated andcondensation takes

place (100% relativehumidity)

Relavehumidityandairtemperature

es


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Anadiaba,cprocessisoneinwhichthereisnotransferofheatormassacrosstheboundariesoftheairparcel.Anairparcelthatiswarmerthanthesurroundingairdoesnottransferheat

totheatmospherebutthevolumeincreasesandthepressure

andtemperaturedecrease.Inanadiaba,cprocess

compressionresultsinhea,ngandexpansionresultsincooling.

Achangeinairtemperaturecausedonlybyexpansion/contrac,onistheresultofanadiaba,cprocess

Theadiaba,ctemperaturegradientisusedtoquan,fyhowairtemperaturedecreases/increaseswithascending/descending

airmass

Thetemperaturegradientaredifferentfordry(non-saturated)andhumid(saturated)airmasses

Theadiabacprocess

es


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Theadiabacprocess

es


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Dryadiabaclapserate

Ifaparcelofairisliedits

pressureisdecreasedbecause

pressuredecreaseswithheight

anditstemperaturefallsdueto

theexpansion.Iftheairisdry

andtheprocessisadiaba,cthe

rateoftemperaturefallis1C

per100metresofli(10CperKm).ThisDryAdiabacLapse

Rateisconstantandnot

dependingoftheini,al

temperatureorthesurrounding

temperature.

DryAdiaba,cLapseRateisthe

rateoftemperaturechangeof

risingairwithchangingal,tude

whennocondensaon istaking

place.

es


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Wetadiabaclapserate

Arisingparcelofdryaircontaining

watervaporwillcon,nuetocoolat

thedryadiaba,clapserateun,litreachesitscondensa,on

temperatureordewpoint.Atthis

pointthepressureofthewatervapor

equalsthesatura,onvaporpressure

oftheairandsomeofthewater

vaporbeginstocondense .

Condensa,onreleaseslatentheatin

theparcelandthusthecoolingrate

oftheparcelslows.Thisrateiscalled

thewetadiabaclapserate.

Unlikethedryadiaba,clapserate

thewetadiaba,clapserateisnot

constantbutdependsontemperatureandpressure.Inthe

middletropospherehoweveritis

assumedtobeapproximately6to

7C/1000m.

es


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AdiabacvsEnvironmentallapserate

Theactualtemperatureprofileoftheambientairshowsthe environmental

lapserate(ca.0.65C/100m).Itistheresultofcomplexinteracons of

meteorologicalfactorsandisusuallyconsideredtobeadecreaseintemperaturewithheight.Itispar,cularlyimportanttover,calmo,onsince

surroundingairtemperaturedeterminestheextenttowhichaparcelofair

risesorfalls.Asthetemperatureprofilecanvaryconsiderablywithal,tude

some,meschangingatarategreaterthanthedryadiaba,clapserateand

some,meschangingless.

es


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res


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Topographycanforcethe

raisingofair

Cloudsformattheluv

(moisturetransportedby

wind)andresolveatthelee

Thechangeinair

temperaturechanges

humidity.

Leesei,gerHang

(trocken

RegenschaNen)

Airraisingcausedbytopography

res


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OrographicliZing

res


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Quesons

Whyhowandwheredomountainsform? Howchangesairpressurewithheight? Whicharethemainfactorsthatinfluenceairtemperatureataloca,on

Whyisitcolderonamountainpeakthaninlowereleva,ons?

Whatdifferentlapseratesexistandwhatistheirimportanceformountainclimate

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