Dinosaurs - Giants of the Earth (Gnv64)

8/13/2019 Dinosaurs - Giants of the Earth (Gnv64)

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THE AUTHOR

Dougal xn is a u-tme writer and bookedtor specializng n Earth Scieceseoaphy, geology, d paleotoloy, thestudy f extnct ivng thgs such as dnosaurs.He has wtte more tha books on dosaurs,ad has acted as special advisor, mator, andmodel-maker' television and video dinsaurprorams n the Unted States, Britai, ad

Japan. He has a reptatio for psentg hissuject n a novel way. his book The NewDinosaurs he described what life would e liketoday dosaurs had ot died out. AfterMan: A Zology of the Future, he showed whatfe might b lke in miios of yers to come.He has aso wrtten several science ctiostoies. Dugal Dixo lives Egld.

E CONSULTANT

Peter Dson is professr of aatomy i thehool of Veteary Medicie and aductprofessor of gelogy at the Uiveity ofPesylvania n hladelphia. He is also a

esearch associate at the Academy of Naturalcieces n hladelpha He has coectedfossils in the Caada rctic as we as neste Caada ad the United States for myes he described a ew horeddosaur, vaceratops lammersi that heollected in Motaa.

SCENCE EDITOR

Jack Myers s scece editor for Highlights forhldre. He is also professor emeritus ofoolog and botny at the University of Texas Austn, ad a memer of the Natioal Academyof Scieces. Jack Myerss love for sciece isoceed with explorg ad descbig hows work nature, ad hs wtg ad

- edtig Jack Myers eats sciece as the ogog

OUT TS OOKThe dinosaurs were among th

successl and most magnichave ever lived. We cannot thfailures just because they do around anymore. hey lived million years ago up to m history of million yearhly one of failure! Especia

consider that our own successpecies has been around for he most.

The term comes words meaning''terrible liza

dinosaurs were indeed erce look like present-day lizrds

resembled different inds of crocodiles, or mammals and

In G wehisory of our planet, how dinand spread around the world,ypes of dinosaurs, and what followed the dinosaurs when

and mysteriously, died out.


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Giants of the Earth


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The Age of Dinosaurs

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Dinosaur Parade Begins

Dinosaurs March On

Dinosaur Parade Ends

The me Scale of Evolution

The Moving World

At the BegnningBefore Dnosaurs

Late Trassc Perod

Early and Middle Jurassic Per

Late Jurassc PerodEarly Creaceous Period

Late Cretaceous Period

he Rise of Mamas

Do You Know?

Glossary

Index, Acknowledgments


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INTRODUCTION

When we look at a dinosaur skeleton in a

museum, at a dinosaur model in a display, orat a dinosaur picture in a book, we are at firstamazed by the strangeness of the creature.We wonder that such an incredible beastcould exst at all Then, when we begin to readabout dinosaurs, and to understand them andhow they lived, we begin to ask questions

Where did the dinosaurs come from? Whatkind of world did they live in How long didthey exist

These are all questions that scientists havebeen trying to answer for more than 60years Some answers to them come from the

rocks in whih dinosaur bones are found Thekinds of rocks can tell us about the landscapesof the past-for instance, sandstones thatformed in huge ancient deserts, shale andmudstones from deep, wide, muddy rivers,

and lmestones that formed i

millions of years agoThe remains of living creatu

in the rocks are called fossilstell us about the dinosaursPlant fossils show us the animal fossils show us the that lived at the same time

The fossils from rocks datthe Age of Dinosaurs can givelife on Earth up to tat time Wthe evolution of the dinosdiferent kinds of animals tha

We still do not ave all the

dinosaurs, and every fresh dsomething new However, syears we have been buildingthese magnificent creatures otheir world


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DINOSAUR PARADE BEGINS

H t com! A d o t m

tt v o Et bt t t Tcod bot 5 mo o dt d o t tco od bot 65mo o

At t b t c t d o t tmm t d t v

t ( o t tmmm o m m Amo t t omcocod m c t o td to d Sctt c t

In the parade ofTriassc and Early Jurassicanmas we can see thefirst of the dnosarsemergng. These incudedmeat- eaters keStaurikosaurus andCoelophysis, ong-necked

pan-eaters keAnchisaurus andPlateosaurus and wofooted panteaersthose that moved aroundon just ther hnd egske Fabrosaurus andHeterdontosaurus.

ct t tcodot

mb t ot dd ot d t dctt vovd om tmtoo t A t dd o bod to t t bo o tcodot b t to od

ot bd tm to bcbcm t t dodo mb ttot mc dt om tcto t ct t


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Pset day " a I

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codo ts

Dinosau ancesos and reaives

0u0U

Al e dosar grops evoved from a grop of eeodos of e rass Perod e eodos

aso gave rse o e roodes ad e fygrepes aed perosars-ad o rds.

Oithosuchus

Dffn dn hp v

As time went on some dinosapanteating habits These evobodies to provide space for thestomachs and for the ong necreach around for food They wbecause they coud no onger hind egs Other panteating evoved that coud sti run arhind egs; they had differenty

Plateosaurus


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MCH

h d of do coti th

Jc Piod hi th tt tim ofth do h dt codto of thc v to mot cmt th Jc ho d ov thcott A ot of do vovdto v th oodd d fot of th vomt

h movi tt mtt ti od, t th o h,do mtt h t ivovd to fd o th t t tht hd

o o h. h o

tt th tht v vd h tofoocotd too, d om ofito mod tt ho hd o c to fo

h domtdt, th to, tvovd t th d of th Jh m mmm ti ct hd ot dvod ito c ct


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Jussc metetg

osus clue thesmll foms leOtholsts Compsognthus, theg hutes such sDlophosuusCtosuus.

mog the ogece

ltetes weeShunosuus Dplodocus Aptosuus hetwofoote lteteswee e esete

Scutllosuus

Dosuus Cmptosuus. hemoe pltetese Scldosuus Stgosuus h lsoee y theussc PeoPteosus of the tme

cue Dmophodon.

lw

lk

Bid-hipped dinosar bones aangelke hose o a bi

Ischum -,liPc oe .

Rhmphohynchus


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By the time the parade arrives in the

Cretaceous Period, it has reached the peak ofdinosaur developmet. Aong with the smalland big meat-eaters, the ogneked ad theto-footed pat-eaters, we aso find newkinds of armred dinosaurs including bizarrehorned types.

Up to this point the same types of dinosaurshad lived al over the world Now we areseeing different types appearing on differentcontiets A type of twofooted panteaterwas widespread in North America, while the

ong-necked panteaters co

ost important in South AmThen at the ed of the Crthey wee becoming really sdiosaurs suddeny vanishedcame to a hat. And aong wi

went the pterosaurs and othtypes of the tie. It was the that cotinued So unimporthe Age of Dinosaurs, they srepties and went o to prodparade that brings us up to t

Iguandn


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S/tsurus

Q zard-a typical reptwith a spawlng postur

Crocodile- with asemi-eect posture

Dnosaur- wth afulyerect posture

< \ Smal Cretaceous

meaeatg dosauscuded Dnonycus ad

Toodon ad bg oes

were Tynnosuus ad

Bonyx Logecked

plaeaers such as

S/t

mpdo

Edm

ad

clu

Euo


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TH TM CL F VLT

t as taken te Eat a ong tme to get to

wee t s todaabout .6 tousand mloneas, n act At st te Eat was a ball oot moten oc. Ten t stated to cool down.Tee ave pobab been vng tngs osome sot psent on Eat as ong as tssuace as been sod and cool enoug tosuppot tem

V he evoio o ohges o, he se ohe h om e e isre o oo i

he pese y heve o he oe bovers ie moe h1, illo yes

At ist, le oms wouldo

made up o moecules o matepoduce, o make copies oAn cange to tese molecuave impoved te canceswould be caed on to te netei ospng o clden Tmacne o evoluton woul

n moton Evouton s a ponew kinds, o speces, o ivnom otes

Tese eal oms o le eossils, and o about seveneEat's stoy we ave onl

o wat tpes o ivng tings

is l imls


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Then, 57 mlon years ao, anmals wt

hard shels evoved. These produced fosss.From that tme we have a cearer pcture ofhow fe developed. At frst all creatures vedn the sea. But about mon years ao,pants and anmas bean to row on the land.Some fsh et the water and evolved ntoamphbans, of whch present-day fros and

toads are exampes. From these, the reptlesevoved. The perod of tme between 5 and65 mon years ao s known as the Ae ofReptes Wthn ths perod was the tme ofdnosaurs When the b reptles vanshed, theAe of Mammas bean, and hs has lasted to

the present day

Fir hard-heled animal

Geoogica perods

Geology i he dy o

he Earh' rockGeological me, heEah epan, i olong ha ceni ndi helpl o divde po econ caledperiod Each period marked by he knd o

animal ha exied aha ime and hence onhe ol ha we nd inhe rock lad downhen he dnoarlived n he Age oRepehe riac,raic, and

Creaceo period[All dae in he chaare n milon oyear ago]

Holoc

Mode

Peist

Iceageary h

oc

Coo csimia

aleo

Foresmam

Creta

Foes

Last o

rm

MounRepti

Carb

Seas repti

Devo

Mounaph

Sur

ce caseas

Ordo

D aseas

THE MOVING WORLD


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THE MOVING WORLD

360286 myaIn the Cabonerous

Peod most of thecontnents of the tme(gray aeas) were jonedtogethe and the restwere drftng toad thsgeat andmass

24208 mya

n the rassc Perodwhen the dnosaus rstappeared the contnentswere jammed togethe toorm a supercontnentcaed Pangaea.

208-46 mya

Dung the Jurassc PeodPangaea was tl onesnge contnent but twas begnnng to sptShalow seas oodedover much of t.

North Amerc

We ive, and the dinosaurs ived, in a wordthat is constanty changing

The surface of the and is continuay beingworn away by the action of the rain, rivers,gaciers, wind, and a other inds of naturaprocesses Over miions of years, mountainsare worn down to rubbe and sand, which arecarried away by streams and rivers anddumped on pains and in oceans There theyform rocs, which can be foded up into newmountains and added to the continents

Austraa

Structure of the Earthhe mante orms thelargest poton o theEarth Movements nthe mante n whchmolten roc materia rsesand spreads out and coolroc matea sns are

responsbe for themovement o the arth'souter ayers he top ayers caled the cust It s theEaths sn

Oceben


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Movement of plate

Oceanc c

onnena crt

Oter corelqd

Manteqdand od

rt-od

Noth Ameca

Pates of the crustEach o he ace pateof the Eah gow alongan ocean dgeUndewae volcanoehow happenng Oneplate ldng eneahanohe fo an ocean

trench, wh volcancand At he edge oa connen h formontan

/,: Monan range

Afrca Araa

46

In hhe tmeowe wmod

65-

Drhe contowawhche

Mooaconhe dcoe d

Te Eart's plates lie on a soand so move around like leavwater At certain places moltway to te surface to form neAt oter places old plate mat

swallowed up in te mantle are caugt up in tis movemgeograpy of te world cons

Tis is te mecanism taworld's continents in motionA i i i f

AT THE BEGINNING


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AT THE BEGINNING

The irst part o the history o lie on ourplanet-the time known as the Precambrianra-is very unclear. All living things had sotbodies and le ew ossils or us to study.Then, in the Cambrian Period, animalsdeveloped shlls and horny coverings. Theseare the kinds o things we oten ind as ossils.We do not know why this change happened

Maybe the chemicals in the seawater changedand allowed animals o grow hard partsAnyway, rom the Cambrian Period onward,the rocks are ull o ossils and we can tracethe evolution o lie with some conidence.

In telling the dinosaur story, two eventswere very important: the development overtebrates, and the colonization o land. Theirst vertebratesanimals with backbones

were the ish. These evolved rom wormlikecreatures that had a sti rod supporting a

long body.

Cambra ero 570-50 mllo years agoTh frt coo fol r od br rock.

h r o oglk d work crtr,d of th frt l wth hrd hl.

Early lfe forms

h frt lvg crtr

hd j o cl Tht hv rbld

o odr blgr

g I odr wr

t of blgr g

tr d d bld

l cld trotolt

lk th o th hoto

Fol troo r

rock

Sglcl

blgr lg

Ooa ero 50-439 mllh frt fh volvd th Ordovc

or coo fol r of h

l trlobt, d ll


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Slura Pero 439409 mllo years agoCmm fsss f e Sa Ped cde bes

ad cas. Fsss f e fs adv ceaes f s

me ae ae

In the early fish, the stiff rod

into sections, maing it flexFlaps evolved at each side ofswimming. And the brain atanimal became encased in afor protection. The basic fishbacbone, fins, and sll, haDevonian times

For most of the Earth's hatmospherethe air arondmixtre of poisonos gases.first primitive animals in thprimitive plants evolved. Plasnlight as energy to mae

give off oxygen as a prodct existed only in the sea, oxygbbbling p from the seaweprimitive plants. EventallyPeriod, there was enogh ox

atmosphere to spport life o

eoa Pero 409-363 mllBy Deva mes ad fe was d

fs ad becme vey cmm. Tcaed e Ae f s.

FOR DINOSAURS


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FOR DINOSAURS

T rst vrtbrat to v on land was mostlky a knd o s k t lungs today twould av ad a lung so t could brat aras w do and pard muscular ns so t coudpul tsl ovr and. t would av bn abto lv on lan9 or ony sort prods. Tsmay av alowd t to surv wn pondsdrd out n dry sasons or to unt t nscts

and spdrs tat wr arady vng on and.n Dvonan tms t rst ampbans

vovd Ts wr muc k t ungsTy stl ad a ad and ta lk tos o as. But ty aso ad strong rbs to work tungs and propr lgs wt tos Som coudv out o t watr or ong prods yt st

ad to rturn to t watr to ay ggs.T Carbonrous Prod was a tm o

rvrs wt broad dtas and swamps dalpacs or ampbans Al knds volvd. But

t rst rpts dvlopd at ts t as w

Coeo Peo 363 mllo

h Cboos o fosts

hbs d sts d ls

tl Wtthn sho h


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daphosauus

Dploaulus

Peia Peo 29 lio yeas ago

Amphbs flshd h ss f h m

dss b m sssfl pls lk h

hdlv daphosauus d Dmodon h.

' y h ss dpls hd dvlpd

my dff yps

h mmmllk pls

sl d d

ldd hpppms

lk Lysosauus

Dynodon

h l Pm ps s

mmmls h s h p

d ldd bblk Dynodon

d mllk Csphalus.

The big dierence beteen a amphibian is that the reptile a protective covering nsideluid allo the developing anair It does not need to live in

The olloing Permian Perdeserts and ice caps The amto the dry climate by evolvinglandliving types t as the rthat did best in the drier conreptile types o that tme erThey had straight not spra

LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD2 5 208 illi


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245 to 208 million years ago

, \ I In'the Late Triassc Perod the frstI; the Age of Dnosaurs the desert conditions: still existed over much of our planet. All the I

continents of the world were jammed ' . :-together to make up one huge landmasscalle! Pangaea. This supercontinent wasso big that most of it was a long way fromthe moist winds of the sea, and so hotdry conditions were common The

earlier Permian Period had been a tmeof mountains formed as all the separatecontnents crashed into one another.By the Triassc Period these mountains

were mostly worn down to hills


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" ...1 growing upaong the edges of tinents From the

young Rocky Mountains, streams tumeddownwar and spread rue and sand over

what is now Arizona Aong the routes of theserivers grew groups of conifer trees andcycdeoids, whih were pants with swoentrunks that ooked ike the modern cycadsThe sma pants covering the ground of these

woodands were mainy ferns Reededs ofhorsetais ined the riveranks

How do we know a this? The remains ofa these pants now ie in Petrified ForesNationa Park iArizona The ogs of the

EARLY AND MIDLE JURASSIC PERIOD


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28 to 157 mon year ago

In the eary part of the Jurac erod theupercontnent of angaea wa t ntactIt woud not be ong, though, before t woudbegn to pt apart Spt n the and beganto form aong the ne that woud tear orthAmerca awa from Afrca.

Shaow ea began to pread acro theurface of angaea Thee brought much

more mo cmate far nand on thecontnent, and foret fourhed where oncethere had been deert The ea fooded theow and between orth Amerca and Afrca

At that tme, much of Brtan and thecontnent of Eur9pe conted of ow andn a haow ea Sea repte, uch a eekdophnke Ihthyosaurus and the ongnecked Piesosaurus, chaed fh and thecoheed ammonte n the warm, how

water. The and woud have beencovered by a pant fe ookng e that of theTrac erod The eary armored dnoaur

SceJdosaurus ved here, and had to guardtef agant bg meateater, whepteroaur crced n the ky oerhead

At the other end of angaea, where SouthAfrca now e, there w&e pant-eatngdnoaur ke Heterodontosaurus andMassospondyius and meateatng knd

ke Syntarsus _

Suhe Eglaabu 165 m eas

ag A Plesosuus haulssel up he beachalgse a eachthyosuus.A bg meaeagsau le a aSceldosuus, rgh,ae eab

Diophodonl vehea

Bg meaeae

reae Meglosuus '


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Plesosauus

Dmophodon

ATE JURASSIC PERIOD157 t 16


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157 to 16 mo yars ago

As t Mdd Jrassc Prod gav way tot Lat Jrassc, t sprcott ofPagaa bga sowy to b pd apart.T saow sas cotd to sprad ovrt owyg aras O partcar sa, owcad t Sdac Sa, sprad sotwardovr t cott o Nort Amrca It ctoff t w Rocky Motas to t wst from

t ma part of t cott to t astSad ad pbbs sprad ot to t safrom t foot of t motas ad formda broad rvr pa I spt of t arbysa, ts pa was qt dry.

\ Pa-eag diosaurs,mea-eag dosaursad peosaurs lved ad aroud a coifeous

ores o a dry pa iColorado

Co


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Brachosaurus

Pants gew n age numbecouses o te many steamsoed ee consst o sandsmudstones and ststones n layes caed te Mosono te edges o te ayes canMontana Uta Cooado an

he Moson Fomaton dnosau emans tat t wasdnosau unts n te yeas and 19. Te osss dscovemagne te oen

16 to 97 mo e go


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16 to 97 mo ye go

I Ey Cetceou tme te ptup of Pge w we udey. A oce opeed up betwee ot Amec d Afc,toug ot Amec Euope wee toed te ot Afc d Sout Amecwee t o dm, but Atctc dId d boke wy d At tebegg te ow e coveg ote

Euope d goe A ge fewte ke, teWede, w e ove oute Egd dote Fce Aoud t wee dge ofmetoe ock fomed te Cbofeou Peod, d to te ot y eve odeout ge


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do tt vd o

cdd guanodon t vd d d o oW omtm d guanodo t mdto o to t do

t md v t o Hypslophodon mttBaonyx d mod Hylato c Ornthodovd d mmmt dot

d d d d

T CRTACOUS PRIOD9 t 65 g


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9 to 65 mo years ago

By te Late Cretaceos Perod te ed o te

Age o Dosars Pagaea ad ceased to exstte spercotet ad competey brokep Nort Amerca was separate rom otAmerca ad rom Erope ad Arca adbroke away rom ot Amerca HoweverAtarctca ad Astraa were st joedad wester Nort Amerca was coected

to orteaster Asa by a ad brdgeMay paces were covered by saow seasA broad saow sea te Nobrara ea ctNort Amerca competey two romort to sot

' Heavy wooelanscape in wha isnow Wyomng eso Edmntsarsmove acoss counyeepng wel clea oTyrannsarsMoernlookng irs flyoveea

I_


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Pnt fe ws chngng evehee The hgefoests of confe tees nd fens wee bengepced by modenlookng foests of ok

nd wow Floweng pnts fomed thendegowth. Plm tees gew n the wmees The egon tht tody s Wyomng hd

h f b d b h d f f d

TH F MMML


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The dnoaur and many other creature dedout uddeny about 65 mon year ago, atme tha mark the end of the CretaceouPerod e do not know why th appenedPoby the mong contnent canged thecmate too much the weather became toohot or cod Maybe deae pread throughthe whole dnoaur kngdom r perhap

thee anma could not cope wth thechangng plant lfe Another pobty thatthere wa ome knd of great dater Perhapthe Earth wa truck by a gant meteortehateer occurred, the dnoaur al perhedalong wth the other great repte of the tme.

Aer a the bg repte were wped out,

the ttle mammal tat had payed uch amnor part for the preou 16 mlon yearuddeny became mportant

Panetotheriu .

The pteroaur, the fy]g replaced by wnged mammalchthyoaur were eentuaywmmng mammal, te whdfferent type of dnoaurand the panteater bg and repaced by al knd of meat-mammal Thee pread from

through deert to te poar brd, too, pread out and becmportant than tey were be

At frt mot mamma wertype, but oon the foret gapan Panng mamma

wth ong runnng eg and

eatng teeth Thee were the ore and the anteope It wMammal n whch we are l


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The Age of Humans

Te nosurs omnte

te rth or ong gesToy umn bengs o.

Al te known story of

humn bengs s

mesre n thousns o

yers The emergence o

umn bengsuque,

self-conscous

creturess mysteryScentists re trckng

own hyscl clues lke

the smrty o oter

"om n s (sown ere)

n mn Tere s much

stl to be erne; you

my e ern t.

Y KW?


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When did the dinosaurs rst appear?e eaest dosaus we pesety kow ae

Herrerasarus ad Staurkosaurus esemeateates ved a te stat of te ateassc Peod Sout Ameca teyevoved fom te cocodeke tecodontsabout 225 mo yeas ago

When did the dinosaurs die out?osaus became extct at te vey end ofte Cetaceous Peod, about 65 mon yeasago. Fo a few mo yeas befoe ts teumbes of dosaus ad bee gettgsmae, but te suddey a tese amas,and may otes, ded out

How are dinosaurs named?A dnosau's pope scetfc ame ( factte pope scetfc ame fo a anmas)cossts of o pats e fst pat, tegenusame, as a capta ette e second pat,te speces ame, oes ot Bot names ae

wtte tacs Vey sma speces o kdsof dnosaus ae gouped togete te samegeus at s wy we sometmes tak aboutTyrannosaurus re Moe oe we just use tegenus ame, suc as Tyrannosaurus

How many kinds of dinosaurs were there?t as bee estmated tat te tota umbeof dosau geea (genera s te pua ofgenus) tat eve ved s beee 9 and1 2 Scetsts tk tat tey ave

umbe of dffeet knds


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agae ve pimitve tpe o pl ewee

ammonites e op oelle iml elte o moeq le oopee e o e me ime e io

ampibians iml o

to ew lmewi l e e lve o i we b l liveo

imates e vee weeoiio i iee p o ewol

oonization te w i wi ew pe o pl o mll e ove ew ivie

onifer trees ee poeee oeo exmple pie

i le ei eelelieleve l o e ee le

ontinents e e e o lo lme o emoe oie e i oe oize Ai Af No Ame

ot Ame Atti ope Ali

ore e emo p o te pobb me o io eie oe i pobbl oli e

evoved e om eeioo eeio po ew

peie

fosss p o e o oelvipl o iml e peevei e o

geograpy te t o teppee omio e

o e l e i o A mo b o eop ieolo e iee o omiel oil

ginkgoes ee loo lieoe b w eve ee i ll ee i ol oe

lvi peie e iei ee

Gondwana e oe eio oe e oie o Peoii o w ow oAmei Ai i Ali A

horsetais p ete to fewit p o ee be o pit tem t leve

Laurasia e oe eo oPe oii o w i owNo Amei ope mo oAi

ungfishi ve l wel il o bee i e vive o o ive i wte

moeues eemil omp

oii oetebili o

Ornitisia o lplee te moe oe io

orntopod pl-ei guanodon

angaea e peoiewi ll e o

e wee

repties veebeel w ele ele liz

Saurisia

io i e lo

sauropod loe io

speies ole lvi i

loo le oe wit e oteBeei epoe l em opoe b wmoe o e

)


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Figures in bod referto captions

Allosaurus a mph ib ia ns 1 7Anchisaurus 5ankyosaurs 5Ankylosauus ZApatosaurus 7 Archaeopteryx 7Atlascopcosaurus

Baryonyx 8, 9 Brachiosaurus

Camptosaurus 7Cabonerous Period 11 12 ceratopsians 5Ceratosaurus 7 Chasmosaurus

Coelophysis 19Compsognathus 6 7contnents changes in 2 3 12

13Cretaceous Period 9 11 13

Eary 3 Late 3

Cynognathus

Deinonychus 8, 9Desmatosuchus Dilophosaurus 6 7 Dimetrodon 17Dimorphodon 7 2dinosaurs

amored 7 9 evoution and deveopment

horned 9 see also meateatng d inosaurs

planteating dinosaursDryosaurus 7

eggs Erythrosuchus

Euoplocephalus 9 ev olut io n 29see also dinosaurs evolution and

development

Fabrosaurus 5oss i ls I I 11 1 15

geological pe riods 11 see also

Cetaceous Jurassc TrasscPeriods

Herrerasaurus Heterodontosaurus 5 Hylaeosaurus Hyperodapedon Hypsilophodon 2

Ichthyosaurus 2Iguanodon 8 2

Jurassic Period 2 7 11 12 aly 2 ate 3 Middle 2

Kuehneosaurus

Leaellynasaura Leptoceratops Lycaenops 17Lystrosaurus 17

meateating dinosaus 5 7 92 22

Minmi

Ornithodesmus Ornitholestes 7Ornithomimus 9ornthopods 5

PachyrhinosquruParasauro/ophus

planteating dino armored 7fourooted longnecked twofooted

Plateosaurus Plesiosaurus Psittacosaurus 8

Pterodactylus 7pterosaurs 5

reptles 19

Saltasaurus 9sauropods 5

Scelidosaurus 6Scutellosaurus 6Shunosaurus 6 Staurikosaurus stegosaurs 5Stegosaurus 7 Stygimoloch 9 Syntarsus

thecodonts 5theropods 5assc Peiod 2

ate 2

Triceratops 9 Troodon 9yrannosaurus 8

walking


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Dinosaurs - Giants of the Earth (Gnv64)

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