Dinosaurs 71
-
Upload
ali-morrison -
Category
Documents
-
view
253 -
download
6
Transcript of Dinosaurs 71
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 1/28
Kfrica R6.75 inc, ‘AT
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 2/28
A family of Tsinfaosaurus
goes foraging
FflgilLFl_l|LEMore fascinating trivia and the
weekly quiz ‘I702
1692
“HowTooNnNu£
YOUl:‘§0ll£CTlQ[lq g g gg
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 3/28
, body in bands. These made it
l,_3b.oth strong andflexible,
IZILARI/Rl/STalarurus carried as much armour as
a medieval knight.
alarurus was an ankylosaur,likeEuplocephalus, which
lived in NorthAmerica. It Was
found in BaynShireh in southern
Mongoliain the
early1950s. ItsWell-
preserved skull and skeleton show that
Talarurus hadan amazing set of armour
to protect it from its enemies.
FLEXIBLE BANDS
Because it lived alongside fierce flesh-
eaters such as Tarbosaurus and speedy
Velociraptor,Talarurus needed to be Very
Well-protected against predators.
Like an armoured tharikwith legs,Tc;§Zarurus,:W;as iiithaan two small cars.
Slabs ofiibofiy armour covered its
rather likeanelasticated,metalWatchstrap.
LOW DOWN
With its small head bent low,Talarurus
nosed its Way through the vegetation of
CretaceousMongolia. It fed on low-
growing plants and shrubs, andnippedoff
shoots with its broad, toothless beak.
Inside its jaw, small, feeble teethmashed
the food, butall the heavy-duty, crushingWork was done inside the dinosaur’s
muscular stomach.
MIGHTYMUSCLES
Talarurus’ squat, heavy bodywas
supported by four powerful legs. These
Were attached to the dinosaur’s shoulders
and hips by strongmuscles, whichhelpedTalarurus to move quite nimbly for a
creature of its size.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 4/28
The skull of Talaruruswas heavilyarmoured with bonynodules and plates.Its bodywas heavily
armoured too.
I
Talarurus’
nostril.This ankylosaurhad a very
good sense
of smell.
Bony eyelidsfor protection
4 lm
EARLYWARNINGAs it stood feeding peacefully, a good sense
of smell probably helped to give Talarurus
earlyWarning that a predatorwas on its
Way. From the top of its head to the ti 9;‘
its tail, Talarurus had a covering of a_nd hollow spikes. But it was possible f_y
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 5/28
LEG BREAKERTalarurus had another, Very effective
weapon that it used to repelpredatorsmore than twice its size.At the end of its
tail there was a bony club that couldbe
swung from side to sidewith great force.Even an enemy as big as Tarbosaurus _,could be toppled by a mightyblow from
‘
I
V
this weapon.With its legbroken, aA 5'7" ‘ *l
Tarbosaurus would lie helplessly at
the mercy ofother predators while
Talarurus plodded off to safety
as Protoceraztops, it coguldiE
probablykeep up with largei_sauropods such asiNemegtosauru;s*.
‘A
mmllENAME: Talarurus (tal-mg-rus)means
’baske’r-tail’GROUP: dinosaurSIZE: 5.7m longFOOD: plantsLIVED: about 80millionyears ago inthe Late
Cretaceous Period inMongolia
OOOO
O
1683
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 6/28
:even snails,
E
crushing them
Y0(/NGINAYoungina could bite through hard skinwith itswide, sharp teeth.
oungina was a reptile aboutas long as a rabbit is today. Itroamed the desert-like regions
ofPermian southernAfricawith reptilessuch asMoschops and Coelurosauravus.
HAPPYON LAND
Ybungina’s limbs sprawled outwards on
either side of its low-slungbody.Unlike its swimmingrelative,Hovosaurus, itwas suited to life onland. It graspedrocks and couldclimb trees.
-.-1-
SNAIL CRUSHER
Ybungina had a high,
deep skull with
strongjaws. It
snapped at its
preywith
sharp,broad teeth. It
probably ateinsectswithbrittle skins or
with ease.
i r em} < : —30-45cm— > [
MASS EXTINCTIONAt the end of the Permian, Younginadisappeared together with many other
creatures in a mass extinction. The
Permianextinction, 245 million
years ago, was even greaterthan the one that removed
dinosaurs fromthe face of theEarthnearly200million
yearslater.
Youngina’s long
fingers and toes
helped it to grasprocks and tree trunks.
NAME: Youngina (young-ggx-nah) wasnamed alter a Fossil collector called YoungGROUP: reptile
FOOD: insects, snailsLIVED: about 260millionyears ago in the
Permian Period insouthern Africa
.O.SIZE: about 30-45cm longO
.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 7/28
GERANOS/IURI/SAll that remained of this unusual
dinosaurwere its iaws and a
few teeth. .NAME:Geranosaurus (jg-an-oh-Q-rus)eranosaurus was a close means ’crane reptile’
relative ofHeterodontosaurus. .GROUP: dinosaur
It was as long as a large dog .5'15‘UP*0 l-2"‘ longand knee-high to an adult human.VVhen .FOOD‘ Plcmls
.LIVED: about 200millionyears ago in
the EarlyJurassic Periool inCape Province,
in
%l‘‘'‘1.2m'—'>l
itsjaws
were found in SouthAfrica, earlythis century, experts knew it was unusual.
DIFFERENT TEETH
Geranosaurus belonged to the group called
the heterodontosaurids. It had three
different kinds of teeth. At the front of its
jaw, the teeth were small and sharp for
nippingoff leaves. At the back, they were
ridged for grinding. Lastly, there were a
pair ofshortfangs.
DIGGINGAND DEFENCE
Flesh—eaters with
fangs use them to
stab and wound theirprey. Plant—eaters have _
other uses for them.
LIGHTlllll3\NiDlSPEEl)eY_'?-_G,’-eranosaurusLike the Wildpig of .j probablyWalked
today, Geranosaurus 1 'ontW.o legs andused
probablyiusédf its tusks ff, «_ts arms topulldovivnfor ‘diggingupplants branchesorgrasp tough shootsand for self-defence. While it fed. It
it anagile -
Geranosaurus dinosaur ti'_e11,(j)j1J,_gl1 to
probably held out beaspeedy runner.
its tail for balance.
l%i1685
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 8/28
‘Z;
Mammals, birdsandflowersWhen the dinosaurs died out, the COOLINGWATERS
mammals became the most impgrfqnf The oceans cooled around the poles and ice
animals_ This was the Tertiary Period sheets formed. The climate becamemore
and it lasted 64 million earsextreme.Many of the earlymammals and
Y 'birds disappeared, but ancestors
of today’s animals, suchas the dog, were seen
for the firstf you couldhaveflown around the
. _ World during the Tertiary Periodit would have looked a lot like it
does today. During the Tertiary thecontinents began to drift towards the
positions they are in today. The landscape
began to resemble the Earthwe see today—flowering plants began to appear andmammals andbirdsmoved to places once
occupied by the dinosaurs.
POLARJUNGLES
During the Tertiary the continents
continued tomove. This changed theclimate. For the first 20millionyears, theweather became warmer. There were even
steamy jungles in the far northand south,near the poles. Earlymammals and birdsflourished in the damp,warm climate.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 9/28
it:3
Oicyrdactylus
IN NORTHAMERICA
NorthAmericawas the birthplace of the
pouchedmammals, some Very early plant-eaters, themultituberculates, such as
Ptilodus, and the first rodents such assquirrel—shaped Ischyromys.
DOGSAND SEALSThe first dog,Hesperocyon, appeared inNorthAmerica in the Oligocene Epoch. Sodid the first seal,Enaliarctos. There were
giant, hoofedmammals suchas Brontotherium.
Q
—, .3?” ti
Osieobarus
MIOCENEZOOIn theMiocene Epoch, theAmerican
prairies looked like today’s Africansavannahs. Therewere elephants
(Gomphotherium),pronghorns(Merycodus), deer—like Syndyoceras, giantpigs, the giant, clawed horseMoropus,camels (Oxydactylus),sabre-tooth ancestors(Dinictis), rhinoceroses
(Miotapirus) and
hyenas such asOsteoborus.
The first
squirrelsand dogs
appeared inthe TertiaryPeriod.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 10/28
COMINGAND GOINGAbout two million years ago, North andSouth America joined at the Isthmus ofPanama.Animals evolved, spread,
%flT,,Q/migrated and died out. The giant, 1flightless,meat-eatingbird Titanis Went OLIGOCENE ZOO 5’north, alongwith capybaras, armadillos, In OligoceneAsia there were rhinoceroses
giant ground sloths, opossums and which came in all shapes and sizes,
porcupines. ManySouthAmerican such as the giant Indricotherium andthe
marsupials such as Cladosictis (an otter tinyHyracodon.Asia also boasted the
with a pouch), Borhyena (a marsupial giant, horse-relativeEmbolotherium, the
bear) and Thylacosmilus (a marsupial lion) early pigArchaeotherium, and the sabre-died out completely.
I toothed catNimravus.‘
ANIMALCROSSROADSAt various times,Europewas joinedto NorthAmerica,Asia and Africa.
Europewas thecrossroads for lotsof different forms ofanimal life. It may
have been hometo the earliestmammal carnivores.Miacis looked like astoat or Weasel and lived 55 million years
ago in Germany. Europe also had an earlymember of the primate group,made up of
lemurs,monkeys and apes, called
Necrolemur. It was about 25cm longand
looked like themodern bushbaby.
Rabbits first
appeared Asiéi.
ArchaeafheriumM. c
. ,,i‘,*
FIRST STEPS IN ASIADuring the Oligocene Epoch, India collided
withAsia and the HimalayanMountains
were formed. Several animals made their
entry into life on Earth in Asia. Rabbits
evolved in Asia. One of the first was
Eurymulus fromMongolia. Asian fossils
also show the first whale (Pakicetus), the
first elephant (Moeritherium) and perhapsthe first bats. In the Miocene, the first
proper bear,Hemicyon, evolved. Eurymulus
1688
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 11/28
MYSTERIOUS AFRICA
During the Oligocene in
Africa, the tropicalforests thinned out.
Marsupials and rodents
arrived fromAsia. The
great apes such as
Propliopithecus evolved.
D_uring the Miocene,Africa joined to EuropeandAsia. Grasslands
spread and rabbits,Whales first cats, rhinos, carnivores, insectivores, pigs°PPe°red 5" and deer poured in. The first giraffe was“'9
Te"l¢"Y the horned Prolibytherium. GrazingP°'l°d' animals flourished, alongwith their
predators such as the hyena Ictitherium.,
\LS
>
V
:
DOWN UNDER
In the Oligocene, Australia became an
island continent and itsmarsupials did
very well. The egg-layingmammals
survived there. Now there are only two
kinds—he platypus and echidna. In
splendid isolation there were prehistoricpossums, bandicoots, huge kangaroos such
as Procoptodon, together withmore
primitive giantmarsupials such as the
horse-sized womb_atDiprotodon and the
marsupial lionThylacoleo.
lndricotherium
$ 5 9 :
WISA
Xthatyoung fossils, are
theAgeofDinosaurs.
_ than olclmaes?
Yes. Fossils take many thousands out
years toForm. Buteven as they are being;made,r
they are at risk of destruction. They may getpressed down-and melted into 'thesmlolten roclcswr
deep below. They may come to the suriaceandgetworn away bywind, ice and rain.~.So solder lossillsfi
3
u
have C longer time to disappear. lTerti:aryoitos,silsi
stand a better chance ofsurvival than foslpsils
1689
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 12/28
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 13/28
Talarurus plods away unharmed after an
unsuccessful attack by a hungry Tarbosaurus.The injured Tarbosaurus thought Talarurus
would bean easy target.yAIl Tarbosaurus had to
‘+°~'¥~*d'o'v§ias‘turnTaIarurus onto its back, leaving its
soft underbelly exposed. But it reckoned without
the deadly tail-club! With a single swipe of its
tail, Talarurus breaks one of Tarbosaurus’ legs,
leaving it to the mercy of other predators.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 14/28
1
I7I
///I
/I/fléf/W
/
/
J]
/
,
// f w9'
.§ \.F
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 15/28
\‘H
:. :q , 7
z
s *2
\, An adult Tsintaosaurus 7leads her calves throughthe mists of the earlymorning,along a r iver
path in the forests ofLate Cretaceous China.This family of duckbilleddinosaurs is hungry, andwill enjoy itsbreakfast ‘
f foliage, conifer‘
needles and tree bark.
,1‘ .4
.~\
\“"»
6‘$3.I
_ , ,1 . ;
;/ '’'//74'W''/'’/'W'/ 2/, ,y'//,/W ',;,/q; 1/my/rz’///.1},
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 16/28
SPO'I"I'ER'S euro:
How to draw 1'rex'
Discover how to draw the meanest of
monstersmarvellously.
I
start clrawl|‘9 ‘the
head 0“ “‘° '°[’right of your P'°‘°
of paper.
1 THE HEAD
Startwith an egg shape, pointedend
forward. Thiswill be the head. The neck is
shaped like a stretched letter ‘S’.
DI79
with G few5l'“Ple shapes7Rex is starting
2 THE SKULL
Draw in the line of the jaws and three
openings in the skull. The back one is a bit
like a keyhole and there is an arch for the
eye. The front opening is wedge-shaped.
1694
Now add The
basic details of
the skull.
3 EYES, BODYAND ARMS
Draw the eye in its arch and a small
backward-facinghorn above it. The .
nostrils are right at the front of thesnout. Indicate themwith a shadedoval.Draw two lines to show theneckmuscles. One line starts at
eye-level. The other line runs
from behind the lower jaw. A
simple circle is all you need todraw for the body.Then put inT rex’s little two-fingered arms
anddraw a rectangle to indicate
the shoulder-blade. an
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 17/28
4 LEGSAND TAIL
Toget each leginthe right position,draw the centrelines.
Theseshow
themiddle ofeach
leg.Now draw inthe leg shape: an
egg shape, pointedend down, for the
upper leg.Makesure it is directlybehind the body.The lower leg is
like a chickendrumstick. Thethree-toed feet come next. Thetail is held out straight behind.
Now
6 colour in
have to followthese colours.
You can colour
your Trex
howeveryoulike and even
add stripes or
spots ifyou want to!
Draw the centre lines
first, then draw the
outlines of the legs.
your Trex. You don't _
. \‘s.. TOUCHES
“if Goover the outline‘
to get a smooth,continuous shape.Add little bumps over
the snout andput inlines to show where themuscles are.
Shade in some shadows tomake your Trex look three dimensional. Draw in the
slightly curved teeth. Remember the teethin the lower jaw are smaller than those in
the top.
You can also draw in
where you think Trex had
folds,wrinkles and texture
in its skin.
1695
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 18/28
., 3 REX REBORN
_y Findinga T rex is a rare event.
.3 Only 11 fossil remainshave beenexcavated since the turn of the
century. But in just twomonths in 1990 two of the
p
mostcomplete
skeletons ever5’ found were unearthed.
Studies of those skeletons .have proved that many ofour ideas about the
giant meat-eater were
quite wrong. Now
experts havebuilt up an
excitingnew picture of theWorld’s mostpopular
dinosaur.
Since ‘I990, experts have
discovered more about Trex
than ever before.
hen a giantdinosaur
. was dug up in
Wyoming, USA, in 1902,
experts realised it was far
bigger than any meat-
eating landanimalyetdiscovered. They decidedto give it a ‘giant’name—yrannosaurus rex —which means ‘kingof
the tyrant reptiles’.
Experts used to think
that Trex moved very
slowly and stood
upright on its back
legs, like the model
pictured here.But
they now think
it was fast and fit and
leaned forward like
the model picturedopposite.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 19/28
GIANT MOVEIn June 1990 scientists started to excavate
a hilly island in eastern Montana, USA. A
month later they uncovered an almost
complete giantT rex skeleton.
Movinga
fossil that bigcalled for special help.Mechanical diggers Were used to‘ lift the
biggestblocks ofboneson to hugetrailers. Muchof the
rockhad to becarefully removedbefore the bones were
light enough to betaken indoors.
that thereare
specialdinosaur societies to ioin?
Yes. Ityou want to know more aboutTrex and all the other dinosaurs, you can join
a dinosaur society. There is one in the UK. For
details write to: The UKDinosaur Society, c/oValley View, Church Lane, Waltham, Canterbury,Kent CT4 58$. There isanother in the USA. ToFind
out more write to: The Dinosaur Society, 200
Carleton Avenue, East Islip,NYl l 730, USA.
SUE
In August 1990 a second almost perfectT rex skeleton W a s uncovered in South
Dakota,USA. It was named ‘Sue’ andW a s
thebiggest
T rex ever discovered. Sue hadtwice the number of tail bones of any ofthe fossils found before. So, for the first
time, scientists couldWork out just how
long T rex really Was.Before, they had
guessed it could be anything from
8m to 13m long. Now theyknew it was almost
certainly up to
11m long.
FAST KILLER
Early scientists believedT rex was a fat, lumberinggiant. Its
skeleton Was rebuilt standing stiffandtall. But scientists who have investigatedthe latest evidence think T rex was verydifferent. They see T rex as a leaner, fastermonster that ranWith its head down and
its tail stuck out behind for balance.
‘.5;In ‘I990
9-; scientistsfound two
i’
Trex inT
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 20/28
Trex used its big teeth for
biting through bonesand skin.
SHREDDINGAND CHOMPINGThe mainWeapon T rex possessed Was a
hugemouth, full of enormous teeth. Some
experts now think it had two Ways of
tearing up its food. It used its strongestteeth to chomp through skin and bone andits smaller ones to shred the flesh into bits.
EASYMEATWas T rex a ferocious killer? Some expertsthink that T rex mighthave found it easier
to prey on dead or
dying animals.Like today’s hyena,it
mighthave been
a part-time killer.It couldhavefeasted on deadbodies that itsniffed out. But itcould also have
killed for its lunchif necessary.
‘
M
skull showing
i
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 21/28
HIS AND HERS
The T rex skeletons discovered so far are oftwo different types. Some, like Sue, are
bigger. Others are smaller. Scientists havesuggested that the difference couldbe
because one Wasmale and the otherfemale. Expertsbelieve the female T rex
was the larger and stronger one.
ON THE BALLT rex had a larger brain than the giantplant-eatingdinosaurs. Experts also thinkit might have been able to see, hear andsmell better thanmost animals of its time.
The dinosaur’seyes pointed forwards,rather like ours do, so it might have seen
the World in the same W a y We do. Bigholes found in its skullmight mean that itcould hearVery low sound, Which Wouldhave helped it to track down its prey. Oval-
shaped holes discovered on each side of itsnose could be proof that the dinosaur hadan eXtra—sharp sense of smell.
ROUGH AND TOUGHSue’s bones showed a Variety of scars fromdifferent kinds ofinjury. This has led
experts to believe the dinosaur led a
rough, tough life. There is a T rex tooth
stuck in one rib and there are deep groove-like scratches in the pelvis.Bothdiscoveries prove that Suehad fierce
fights with other T rex.
C O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O I O I O O I O .
E5998&@&@ll’
ELEPHANT EATER?When Trexwas firstdiscovered, scientists
did not know the exact ageofthe Earth or
what animals livedwhen. Some thoughtTrexwas just a few millionyears old.
Some people even thought itmight haveeaten elephants.
Experts believe that the femaleTrexwas bigger and stronger
than the male. In most otherspecies, such as elephants and
tigers, the male is strongerand bigger than the female.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 22/28
HISTORY IN PICTURES
A DAYII III[IIIOI
IOUANODONA HERD or IGUANODON
/s MU/VC/-//A/6 7';/5 FER/V.$THAT DOM/NATE 7'/ /E
CRETACEOUS LANDSCAPE/N W//AT /5 No w NORTHERN£uRo/=5. 7' /IE)’ MAY LOOKFEROC/OUS , 8(/7' T/-/E$£ HUGEA/V/MALS A R E PLAC/DF£AN7‘—EA7'ERS. PL Ac/D,THAT /5 (//V7’/L 77/£7 ARE
’
ArrAcK£b. -‘
rm
/F 7’//E)’ ARE ATTACKED77/EY LAS‘/-I OUT WITH THEF£ARSOME SP/KED THUMB;WI//CH CA/V PIERCE THROUCII7'!/E 7'O(/63‘/E57’ SK//V OFTHE M O S T RUTHLESSCAR/V/I/ORE.
$7'ART££-‘D, 7'//E POLACAIVT/-/0.?SP//1/S' ROUND. / T S S/~/ARPLYPO//VTED 5‘/DE SP//(ES Cl/7'A D E E P C A S H IN THE,S’7’(/M31//,|/G /CUAIVODO/VSL E G .
2/
T//E /6'!/A/VODON '5 7'f/UMB-SP/K55/-'£A.S'/-/ 77/R006/7’ Tl/E A/R AS ITDESPERATELY T R / E S 7'0
/VIA//M /7'5 ASSA /LA /V77
AA R E A D ) ’
SO/MEI‘ /OW THE BADLY//VJ’!/RED /Cl/A/VODO/VR/6/‘/7'5 /TSELF.
_ \ ‘ V _»
’; . — 7
/r Z /MP 5 AFTER 7'//6/ e s s r OF T H E HERD, ;‘DESPERATE ro CATCH UP.roe 0/v zrs o w / v / r ’ sE A S Y PREV.
B U T THE /</4LER Is T o oQUICK F O R /7‘. WITH O/VE LE7‘!/AL
/(/CK, / 7 5 C£AW£D /-'oo7‘ D /CSDEEP INTO THE /Cl/A/VOD0/V'$
//y.rL/RED LEG .
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 23/28
THE /at/A/vobo/V PAY /vo‘ATTENTION ro 7-A/£ urns/- /YPS/LOPHODO/V THAT
ARE /V/BB1.//V6 THE GROUND
/A/7'5/vr O/V £A‘r//VG ASMUCH AS /7 ‘ CAN 7' 0 KEEP/rs Bl/L/(Y 60D)’ co/A/G,o/V5 01D /GUANODO/V/5 NOT LOOK//V6‘ W/-/ERE/7' /S CO//VG...
PZA/V7'$ ALONG/DE Tl/EM.
,..‘‘i‘*‘- A 5\\. . , A / V D 86'/‘ORE T H E
A/v/MAL W/7w 7'//E SPIKEDTA/L CAN M 0 ] / E AWAY,/61/A/VODO/V 7’RAMP££5 ON /7'.
AS THE HERD MOVE S o/v, AN EW DANCER zweks /vor /-we AWAY. T/-/E CAR/VOSAUR WA/TS AND WHENA CAR/VOSAI/R, 77/£ I//CTOR or MAN)’ THE //v.ru/{JED /ct/A/VODO/V /5 SOME
, A F/6/-/7' ro 71/.5 D£ArH, Rt-‘CO4/VASES f. D/s7'A/vcE F R O M THE REST OF THE77/!
S/VIE£LOF
BLOOD. AND #6
'
/-/£RD,/7' M A / ( £ 3 /7'5 MOVE.
KNOWS 7';/Ar WHERE 7'/-/ERA-"S /‘RES/-I ; Com//vc FACE ro FACE WITH A. p 34000., T//£RE'.S SOMETHING TO
I FEARSO/VIE /</u£R, 77/E PAN/C-57"}?/CI(£/V* EAT.’ F
~
BE/).:_7fi’/781/Ll.S/ r s u r UP ro / r s FULL
‘ : //E . ..
J- _ ‘ , ,
7"/-/E O/VE—.S‘/Z>£Z> BATTLE IS OVERALMOST .54-rope /7 ' B£cA/v. KNOCKED o r ;B A L A N C E , TA /E / c a A / V o b o / V 7 - o / > 9 4 5 : ovsn.W/r////v s s c o / v z > s 7-/45 CAR/VOSAURZS‘ RAZOR
L
7557'/4 R / P r/-/xeouc/4 /7:5‘ FIESH ASA//V A.
*
W
A/Vb AGA//V, F/LA//V4‘ 7-//5 A/R w / 7 w 7'/-/E“
L
o/-' BZOOD A/VZ> c/e/$7-45."~ '3:7""
N
_k‘
&>
A N D ONLY //E/V / 7 5 8!.-‘LAY /5
FULL, Do / T S ‘TAM/S‘ STOP C//OMP//VGAND /7 ‘ $7/UFFLES OFF ZEAV/NC /73'
I//C7’/A/|"S' CORPSE re 55 P/c/<52) CLEA/VBY PASS//V5’ SCAVE/VGERS.
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 24/28
|mP‘-oveand test your
LIL
with...
'
Jcfl'L:gimetrodonholds all the answ
ee how yo.
ers.
u score 111 the quiz
Long:hikes
Sometimeswefindvery similar
fossilsondifferentcontinents,
th.ousan.ds of‘kilometrwapart,
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 25/28
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 26/28
OPHIACODON 285 MYA
Ophiacodon (o-ie_e-a-"
koh-don)means
‘snake teeth’.It was a
mammal-like
reptile that
livedin Texas andNewMexico in the
EarlyPermian. Its lizard-like body was as long as
a small car. Compared to its body,
0phiacodon’s headwas large and its deep,narrow jaws were lined with sharp teeth. It
huntedfish and, possibly, small reptiles.
OPHTHALMOSAURUS 245 MYA
Ophthalmosaurus (off-thal-mo-if-rus)was a Triassic ichthyosaur as long as a
rhinoceros. It swam in the seas and riversofFrance,Germany and England. It used
its limbs like paddles to move its dolphin-
shapedbody through the Water.
Ophthalmosaurusmeans ‘eye reptile’.
OSTEODONTORNIS 20 MYA
One of the largestflying birds so far
discovered, Osteodontornis (o_ss-tee-oh-don-
t_o_1;-niss) hada wingspan wider than two
buses standing side by side.Osteodontornis
glided above the water as it searched for
food. Its longbill was lined with tooth—like
spikes. Its name means ‘bone—toothedbird’.
OF EREHISTORICANIMAL‘
-* a A , " a
‘K
Pachydyptes (11-ee-ip-teez)was a
giant penguin as tall as a small human. It
lived in Eocene times in New Zealand.
Although it could notfly, Pachydyptes used
itswings
asflippers
to
propelitthrough
the
water when it swam.
PALAEOLOXODON 250,000YAThe giant mammoth,Palaeoloxodon (pa;
ee-oh-1_o_)g-oh-don), lived in the forests of
Europe in Pleistocene times. It was more
like the elephant of today than the woollymammoth because it had Very little hair.Palaeoloxodon had long, straight tusks that
hungdown on either side of its trunk.Dwarf species ofPalaeoloxodon, which
means ‘old slant-tooth’, lived on islands
such as Malta.
r ~ 4*PALAEOPHONUS .400MYA .
‘ —‘
Palaeophonus (pLl-ee-oh-
ffl-nus) was an early
arthropod that lived in
Silurian times. It was ascorpion and hadeight
legs, the first two
carrying fearsome pincers, and a
large sting on its tail. Very like a
scorpion today,Palaeophonus may have
been the first meat-eating animal on land.
MYA =MILLION YEARS AGO }
YA =YEARS AGO
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 27/28
in TIMEDETECTIVE.
Discover the
animals thatlived on thedinosaurs inPREHISTORICWORLD. A
parade of plant-eaters features
Keep your copies safe and neatwith these
fantastic binders.Your binders have been designed to look good at home or at school. Each is
l sturdy andhardwearing—t even has a Wipe—clean cover —andholds 13
l issues.You’llWant touse
yourDINOSAURS! collection
againand again -
for reference, for school projects, or just for fun. So don’t le t your copies go
1missing; keep them in your own set ofbinders.
DINOSAURS!binders are n o wavailable andcost just £4.95(including£1 p&p).Please refer to theinformation on theinside front coveror telephone 0424755755 fo r details.
, .-5‘, .
.5;" (.1,
‘
9°P<-~
54.:
Lots of amazingmonster facts in
IDENTIKIT
andGIANTS OF THE PAST
3-D GALLERYHISTORY IN PICTURES
PICTURECREDITS: Frontcover: NickPike/WildlifeArtAgency.ProvidedbyBlackHills InstituteofGeologicalResearch, Inc,HillCity, South Dakota,USA.EdGerken, Photagra her: 1698 C; NaturalHistoryMuseum,London Neave Parker 1696;NaturalHistoryMuseum,London 1698TL; NHPA 1687T,B, i688C,1689T;Bruce Selyem, Museum ofthe Rockies 1697BR;Sculpture byMattBSmith,SmithStudios,Photograph:Terry Panusulr: 1696/7TArtwork: BlackHat 1704TL, BL,BR; Barry
Croucher/WIAA 1681, 1682/3;Mike
Dorey1670/1;James Hi gins/WLAA 1703;NikePike/WLAA 1690 1; James Robins 1688/9;GrahamRosewarne 1684, 1685; Peter DavidScott 1686,1688/9;SteveWhite 1692/3, 1694/5
“"01
“'6
3'8
'1'!
“'9
“'5
317
"9‘IT
‘I’!3
7/30/2019 Dinosaurs 71
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinosaurs-71 28/28
A
WasArchaaoptaryxb d?
Whathapgans
todinosaurora ir . dmosaur amas ‘n
other languages.
WhatwasAnkylosaurus’armourmade of?