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AIR QUALITY INDICATOR PROTOTYPE (AQIP)

USING PETROLATUM

__________________

A Research ProposalPresented to the

Science Department

Integrated Developmental School

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

__________________

In Partial Fulfillment for the Course

Science Research I

__________________

NATHANIEL B DIMAOCOR

IRISH JANE B ESPEJO

October 2011


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APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled AIR QUALITY INDICATOR PROTOTYPE (AQIP)USING PETROLATUM prepared and submitted by NATHANIEL B DIMAOCOR

and IRISH JANE B ESPEJO.

PROF. CHARITY I. MULIGAdviser

________________

Date

MS. ALMA GLORIA L. SILVA MS. IVY CLAIRE V. MORDENOPanel Member Panel Member

____________ ____________

Date Date

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the Course in Science Research I.

PROF. EVERLITA E. CANALITA

Chairperson, Department of Science and Mathematics

Date

PROF. LEILA V. BERNALDEZPrincipal, IDS

Date


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to extend their deepest and wholehearted gratitude to

the people who aided them throughout the development of their study.

First and foremost, to Almighty God for His guidance and for giving the

researchers what they needed throughout the study.

To their Research Adviser, Prof. Charity I. Mulig for guiding the researchers

during the course of the study and in writing their manuscripts.

To the researchers parentsfor their never ending love and support .

To the class ofIII-Neon 12 who are always there to encourage the researchers in

their work.

To all their subject teachers for their concern and understanding.

To I-School for its free Wi-Fi connection which allowed the researchers to finish

their work even in school.

N.B.D. and I.J.B.E.


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DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to everyone whomade this possible...

The researchers, first and foremost, offer this research to Godas a way to show their gratitude for everything He has given us;

To the researchers loving and caring parents who provided a

place to work, encouragement and immeasurable support;

To their teachers who have given them guidance during theprogress of the study, especially their research advisers, MaamMulig, for their patience in correcting the researchers work and providing help in its completion;

To their friends, especially to their classmates inNeon 11-12,who are always there to make us laugh and together, help ourselveskeep our sanity during the writing of the manuscript.

Thank You and Glory to God!!!

Nathaniel B. DimaocorIrish Jane B. Espejo


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odor in harmful

amounts (EPA Victoria, 2006). In an article published in 2010, Ned Haluzan states that

breathing polluted air is somewhat similar to smoking, and harmful particles of air

pollution can, (just like cigarettes), create conditions to develop heart and lung diseases

that could eventually prove fatal. The people who already suffer from asthma, allergies,

and diseases resulting in breathing problems are usually the worst affected. There is also

the danger of mixing up the moisture from the pollutants in the air. The combination of

these two can create other serious environmental problems such as acid rain which not

only kills trees and plants but can also lead to ground water pollution. The air pollution

can also become significant contributing factor to water and soil pollution, resulting in a

massive multidimensional pollution of a certain ecosystem.

Air pollution can be prevented in numerous ways, like reducing the use of fossil

fuels, therefore using alternative sources of energy, for example solar energy,

hydroelectric energy, and wind energy (Sandhyarani, 2010). Minimizing the use of fossil

fuels can also reduce air pollution.

People need to have knowledge about the air quality of a certain location/area so

that one would know whether the area/location is safe or not. One method of determining

air quality is by the use of petrolatum. Petrolatum or commonly known as petroleum jelly


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is a greasy jelly-like substance consisting of a mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons

obtained from petroleum; it is used as a base for ointments in leather dressing, etc.

(Petrolatum; Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, 2006). Petrolatum is

hydrophobic (water-repelling) and insoluble in water. (Petroleum Jelly; Wikipedia,

2011). Moisture in the air or even a small amount of water will not affect the petrolatum

for it is hydrophobic. Petroleum Jelly has also a translucent appearance, therefore

particulates that will be stick to it can be easily be determined. The concept of this

prototype is similar to that of a fly trap; it would trap and collect flies so that we can

calculate how many flies were there base on the data collected. Therefore petrolatum may

be useful in determining the air quality.

The researchers in this study aim to design, fabricate, and evaluate the

performance of a portable Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) using

Apollo Petroleum Jelly, to know whether if it is effective in determining the air quality.

B. Statement of the Problem

This research aims to design, fabricate, and evaluate the performance of a portable Air

Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP).

It seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Is AQIP an effective determiner of air quality?2. Is AQIP a reliable determiner of air quality?

C. Objective of the Study

This research aims to design, fabricate, and evaluate the performance of a

portable Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) with the use of petrolatum.


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D. Hypothesis

1. The Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) is not an effective indicator ofair quality.

2. The Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) is not a reliable indicator ofair quality.

E. Significance of the Study

This study aims to contribute to the determination and prevention of air pollution

outdoors, as well as contribute a portable and cheaper way to determine the air quality of

a certain location/area. This will also help us to have an idea in controlling pollution. This

prototype can be also used in small-time industrial and commercial structures. This will

also help other researchers by providing them idea that it is possible to develop an Air

Quality Indicator Prototype by using petrolatum.

F. Scope and Limitations of the Study

The researchers limit the use of Apollo Petroleum Jelly, one of the many

petroleum jelly products available in our area. This study focuses on the designing and

fabricating a portable Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) that makes use of

petrolatum. The performance of the Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) will be

evaluated and recorded.Testing of the air will be held in public places where most people

usually pass or go, like in the classrooms, comfort rooms, and parks. The study will be


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conducted inside the residences of the researchers and in public places in the city of

Iligan City, Philippines during the academic year of 2011-2012.

G. Definition of Terms

Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) a preliminary model of a device that

could determine the quality of air

quality in terms of fine particles,

with the use of petroleum jelly

Petrolatum a yellowish or whitish, translucent,

gelatinous, oily, semisolid,

amorphous mass obtained from

petroleum: commonly used as a -

lubricant, rust prevention, ointment

base, protective dressing, emollient,

etc. (Petrolatum; Dictionary.com,

2011) and used as a trap in our

study

Air Quality a measurement of the pollutants in

the air; a description of healthiness

and safety of the atmosphere (Air

Quality; Dictionary.com, 2011)


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Petrolatum (also known as petroleum jelly or paraffin jelly) can be defined as a

semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained through the dewaxing of heavy mineral oils.

Petrolatum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons derived from the distillation of

petroleum. Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The

hydrocarbons that make up petrolatum belong to the methane (saturated or alkane) family

of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2N+2. Petrolatum is also a product of the

fractional distillation of crude oil. (Gale T., 2008)

Petroleum jellies ranges in color from white to yellowish to amber. It is

practically odorless and tasteless, oily liquid. It melts over a wide range, from about 38C

to about 55C (100F to 131F). It is insoluble in water but soluble

in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and oil

of turpentine (Petroleum Jelly; Wikipedia, 2011).

Petrolatum is an example of a colloid; a hydrocolloid. A hydrocolloid is defined

as a colloid system wherein the colloid particles are dispersed in water. A hydrocolloid

has colloid particles spread throughout water (H2O). Hydrocolloids can be either

reversible (when the physical condition of the hydrocolloid is changed by temperature) or

irreversible (when the physical condition of the hydrocolloid is not changed by

temperature). Other examples of hydrocolloids include xanthan gum, gum Arabic, guar

gum, locust bean gum, cellulose derivatives as carboxymethyl cellulose, alginate and


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starch (Colloid; Wikipedia, 2011). They can be simply defined as a substance that

forms a gel in contact with water.

Hydrocolloids are a special type of colloids. Colloids are a type of mixture A

colloid is composed of two phases namely, dispersion medium and dispersed phase.

Colloids are the mixtures in which dispersion phase is evenly distributed in the dispersion

medium. Colloidal system can be solid, liquid or gaseous. Colloidal systems and their

study were introduced by a Scottish scientist Thomas Graham (TutorVista.com, 2010).

Colloids have the appearance of solutions. One property of colloid systems that

distinguishes them from true solutions is that colloidal particles scatter light. If a beam of

light, such as that from a flashlight, passes through a colloid, the light is reflected and

scattered by the colloidal particles and the path of the light can therefore be observed

(The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6th ed., 2007).

When a beam of light passes through a true solution, there is little scattering of the

light that the path of the light cannot be seen and the small amount of scattered light

cannot be detected except by very sensitive instruments. The scattering of light by

colloids, known as the Tyndall effect, was first explained by the British physicist John

Tyndall in 1869. Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the

scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a

slight color (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6th ed., 2007).

When an ultra microscope is used to examine a colloid, the colloidal particles

appear as tiny points of light in constant motion. This motion, called Brownian

movement, helps keep the particles in suspension.


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Absorption is another characteristic of colloids, since the finely divided colloidal

particles have a large surface area exposed. The presence of colloidal particles has little

effect on the colligative properties of a solution. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia

6th ed., 2007)

Petrolatum occurs in a semi-solid or liquid form. The semi-solid form is also

called petroleum jelly or mineral jelly and is commercially available under a number

of trade names, including Kremoline, Pureline, Sherolatum, and Vaseline. The liquid

form is also known as liquid paraffin, mineral oil, or white mineral oil; such products are

sold commercially under trade names such as Alboline, Drakeol, Frigol, Kremol, and

Paroleine (Chemical Compounds, 2008).

The beneficial properties of petroleum jellies for skin care and treatment have

been extensively reported (Morrison, 1996). Petrolatum has a wide variety of uses,

ranging from personal care and medical applications to industrial uses. The solid form,

such as Vaseline is used as a topical ointment for the treatment of dry, cracked skin and

to reduce the risk of infection. (Gale T., 2008). However, the use of petrolatum can cause

some adverse effects. The prolonged use of petroleum can block off the skins pores

resulting in a thick layer of jelly that covers the skin and also lead to the formation of

another layer that mostly comprises secreted toxins, and this second layer leads to the

complications like acne, skin irritation, dryness, and other diseases. It can also cause

diarrhea, shortness of breath, abdominal pains, and irritation in the eyes, skin, and nose.

Petrolatum is also noted as a possible cancer risk, breast cancer to be specific

(Petroleum Jelly Possible Cancer Risk; Green and Chic, 2008)


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Air is a combination of many gases, each one having its own physical properties,

in which varying amounts of tiny solid and liquid particles are suspended. Air is made up

of 78.084% Nitrogen, 20.946% Oxygen, 0.934% Argon, 0.038% Carbon Dioxide, and

trace gases like Neon (0.00182%), Helium (0.000524%), Methane (0.00015%), Krypton

(0.000114%), and Hydrogen (0.00005%). Water vapor, ozone, and aerosols (tiny

suspended solid and liquid particles in the air) are variable components of air (Tarbuck &

Lutgens, 2009).

Air quality, as Wikipedia (2011) defines, is the measure of the condition of air

relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human need or

purpose (Air Quality; Wikipedia, 2011). The measure of air quality means the

measurement of the pollutants in the air (Air Quality; Dictionary.com, 2011). Bad air

quality means there are a lot of air pollutants in the air which include fine particles.

Dr. Sarath Guttikunda said in a blog published in 2007 that Air Quality Index

(AQI) is an index determined by calculating the degree of pollution in the city or at the

monitoring point and includes five main pollutants - particulate matter, ground-level

ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Each of these pollutants

have an air quality standard which is used to calculate the overall AQI for the city.

Simultaneously, one can also establish the limiting pollutant(s), resulting in the

estimating AQI. Government agencies use the AQI to characterize the quality of the air at

a given location.

In numbers, AQI is represented between 0 to 500 with 0 representing good air and

500 representing hazardous air. For better understanding and presentation, the AQI is

broken down into six categories, each color coded with the number scale.


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Good (green) is for numbers 0 through 50 and means satisfactory air quality.

Moderate (yellow) is 51-100 and is for acceptable air quality. Unhealthy for Sensitive

Groups (tan) is 101-150 and means sensitive individuals with sensitive skin may be

affected. Unhealthy (red) is 151-200 and almost everyone may experience problems.

Very unhealthy (pink) 210-300 is a health alert, where everyone may have health

problems. Hazardous (purple) over 300 numbers may contribute to emergency health

problems and will affect most people.

There are units used to measure air quality. Parts per million (ppm), parts per

billion (ppb), micrograms per cubic meter (/m

3

), and soiling index (also known as

coefficient of haze, COH) are common means of reporting air quality measurement

(Environment Software and Services Austria, 2011).

When harmful substances are introduced to the air, the AQI increases (worsens),

meaning that the air is polluted. Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust,

fumes or odor in excess and harmful amounts. These amounts could be harmful to the

health and could cause damage to plants and materials. According to EPA Victoria in an

article published in 2006, air pollution has now been one of theg major problems faced by

every country worldwide. Air pollution contains air pollutants that mainly occur as a

result of gaseous discharges from industry and motor vehicles. There are also natural

sources such as wind-blown dust and smoke from fires. Some forms of air pollution

create global problems, such as upper atmosphere ozone depletion and global warming.

These problems are very complex, and require international cooperative efforts to find

solutions (EPA Victoria, 2006).


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In article published in 2010, Sevier states that the polluted air contains five main

pollutants that can cause health effects. They are carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of

nitrogen (NOx), VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and ozone, sulphur dioxide, and

fine particles.

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas produced mainly by petrol engines; it

damages respiratory and circulatory body functions and reduces oxygen supply to major

organs including the heart. Oxides of nitrogen are found in vehicle and smokestack

exhaust; it compromise lung functions and can cause respiratory and viral illness, notably

in children (Sevier, 2010).

VOCs are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. It includes chemicals

that may have adverse health effects, either short or long term. VOC concentrations are

consistently higher indoors than outdoors, and are emitted by several products which

include paints and lacquers, paint strippers, pesticides, building materials and furnishings,

office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy

paper, graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesive permanent markers

(United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2011). VOCs react with sunlight and

nitrous oxide and form ground level ozone, which is capable of travelling thousands of

miles; although in the stratosphere, ozone provides vital protection against the sun's

ultraviolet radiation, at ground level it can exacerbate health conditions such as asthma

and lung disease. (Sevier, 2010)

Sulphur dioxide is created through the combustion of fossil fuels that contain

sulphur compounds; it can contribute to various lung conditions even at moderate levels

of concentration. Fine particlesinclude dusts, sulphates and nitrates from road traffic and


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other sources. These fine particles can be carcinogenic and are able to pass through the

lungs into the bloodstream, causing inflammation as well as more serious conditions

(Sevier, 2010).

This study focuses more about the particulates. Particles of concern include both

very small, "fine" particles (that can only be seen through an electron microscope) and

somewhat larger "coarse" dust particles. Fine particles have been more clearly linked to

the most serious health problems.

According to AirNow in August 2003, particles in the air are a mixture of solids

and liquid droplets that vary in size and are often referred to as "particulate matter." Some

particles - those less than 10 micrometers in diameter - pose the greatest health concern

because they can pass through the nose and throat and get deep into the lungs.

Ten micrometers in diameter is just a fraction of the diameter of a single human

hair. Particles larger than 10 micrometers do not usually reach the lungs, but they can

irritate the eyes, nose and throat (AirNow, August 2003).

Very small particles with diameters less than 2.5 micrometers are called "fine

particles." They are produced any time fuels such as coal, oil, diesel or wood are burned.

Fine particles come from fuel used in everything from power plants to wood stoves and

motor vehicles (e.g., cars, trucks, buses and marine engines). These particles are even

produced by construction equipment, agricultural burning and forest fires. "Coarse" dust

particles range in size from 2.5 to 10 micrometers in diameter. Particles of this size are

produced during crushing or grinding and from vehicles traveling on paved or unpaved

roads (AirNow, August 2003).


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According to the Ministry for the Environment on an article published in 2008,

Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) comes from sources like dusty roads, soil tiling,

quarries and fuel combustion. Particles with a diameter less than 10 microns (PM10) and

Particles with a diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) come from sources such as

burning coal, oil, wood and light fuel oil in domestic fires, transportation and industrial

processes. Natural sources of particles include sea salt, dust, pollens and volcanic

activity. PM2.5 is also formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. (Ministry for

the Environment, January 2008)

AirNow also mentioned in an article published in August 2003 that particles can

aggravate heart diseases such as congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease. If a

person has a heart disease, particles may cause him to experience chest pain, palpitations,

shortness of breath and fatigue. Particles have also been associated with cardiac

arrhythmias and heart attacks. Particles can also aggravate lung diseases such as asthma

and bronchitis, causing increased medicationuse and doctor visits. If a person has lung

disease, and the person is exposed to particles, the person may not be able to breathe as

deeply or vigorously as normal. The person may have respiratory symptoms including

coughing, phlegm, chest discomfort, wheezing and shortness of breath. The person also

may experience these symptoms even if the person is healthy, although he is unlikely to

experience more serious effects. Particles can also increase the susceptibility to the

bodys respiratory infections.

Particles in the air causes so much damage. Peoples health need to be protected

from those air particles but first one must know if there are any in the area. One device

called TSI P-Trak Ultrafine Particle Counter, records particulates in the air. It is a


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particulate monitor that is used to measure specific sizes of material suspended in air. It

uses the same fundamental technology behind TSI's condensation particle counters

(CPCs), well-proven instruments that have been used in research and industrial

applications around the world for many years. In fact, CPCs have been used for decades

to track and record particle sources. The P-Trak UPC comes with everything you need to

start solving tough IAQ (indoor air quality problems). The device is also battery-operated

(Pine Environmental Services, Inc., 2009). This device costs much and it is to no avail in

our area. But an alternative method for determining the quality of air without the use of

such devices and without spending too much money, can be done. One way to determine

the quality of air is by using petrolatum as a trap for particulates found the air, according

to an article in eHOW published in 2011. The chances are great for the determination of

the quality of air because of the translucency of the petrolatum; the particulates stuck in

the petrolatum can be easily seen.

Fine particles in the air reduce visibility because they scatter or absorb light. This

is usually associated with small particles or certain gases in the atmosphere and can occur

at night or during the day.


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Constructing the Wood Base

With the help of a carpenter, the wood base of the prototype will be

constructed. The 152 x 216 x 10 MM block of wood will have a rectangular cut in the

middle. This rectangular cut will be separated, but will have to remain undistorted.

The rectangular cut would then be attached back with the use of the two small hinges.

The sides of the rectangular cut will be carved so that plastic strips can have a grip at

the sides. The wood surface will be painted with a primary coating (yellow paint),

followed by the secondary coating (white paint). The paint will help achieve a

smoother surface.

Figure 1. Air Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP) Dimensions

Preparing the Petroleum Impregnated Plastic Strips


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The two layers of laminating film (without paper in between) will be

heated using the laminating machine. It will be cooled and then the petrolatum will be

spread on the surface of one side of the plastic. To achieve an even spreading of the

petrolatum on the heated laminating film, the heated laminating film (spread with

petrolatum) will be covered with the thin plastic then will be rolled in the laminating

machine. This way, excess petroleum jelly would be pressed outside and the resulting

amount will be spread evenly on the plastic.

Preparation of Set-ups

In the preparation of set-ups, the plastic strips will be placed inside the

wood base. The prototype will be hung outdoors to collect the fine particles. Every

two days, the plastic strip will be removed and the results will be recorded.

D. Data GatheringDuring the experimentation, the amount of fine particles will be

determined every two days. After every two days, the plastic strip (with the fine

particles collected) will be flashed with a beam of light, using a flashlight. The

fine particles stuck in the set-up will absorb the light, then the intensity of the

light shown will determine the air quality.

E. Statistical ToolTo verify that there is a significant difference among the results of the Air

Quality Indicator Prototype (AQIP), the T-test will be used in our study.


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Formula:


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BLOGHaluzan, N. (November 4, 2010). What are the dangers of air pollution?

Retrieved from August 2011 website:

http://pollutionarticles.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-are-main-dangers-of-air-pollution.html

Pearson, C. (January 13, 2010). Air Quality Test.Retrieved from August 2011website: http://airqualitytest.org/

B. BOOKSCahill, T.A., Caroll, J.J., Campbell, D., Gill, T.E. (1996). Sierra Nevada

Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II. Davis, California:The Printer

C. INTERNET ARTICLESAnnenberg Foundation (2011). Air Pollution Monitor. Retrieved August 2011

from website: http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/air-pollution-monitor.html

Air Now (September 3, 2010). Air Quality Index (AQI). A Guide to Air Quality

and Your Health. Retrieved August 2011 from website:http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi

DeWalt, T. (2009). E-How Health. What Are the Effects & Causes of Air

Pollution? Retrieved August 2011 from website:

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5489383_effects-causes-air-pollution.html

E-How Health (April 26, 2011). E-How Health. How to Check for Air Pollution

Near a House. Retrieved August 2011 from website:

http://www.ehow.com/how_2122175_check-air-pollution-near-house.html

Enercorp Instruments Ltd. (2008). Air Quality Monitors/Controllers. Retrieved

August 2011 from website: http://www.enercorp.com/air/46.htm

ESS Environmental Software and Services GmbH AUSTRIA (2000) AIR-EIA

(Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Assessment): The Mutlimedia


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Information Source. Retrieved August 2011 from website:

http://www.ess.co.at/AIR-EIA/units.html

Francis, J. (2011). Air Quality Standards ISO 8573.1 & ISO12500. Retrieved

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assessments/air-treatment/n2/air-quality-standards-iso-85731-iso12500

Friedlander, M. (January 24, 1996). Simple Device Allows Students to Measure

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Hardy, C. (March 9, 2009). Air Monitoring. New air quality device invented by

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online.com/news/air-monitoring/6/adfero/new-air-quality-device-

invented-by-scientists/4343/

McFarlene, D. (July 30, 2007). Homemaking. 22 Wonderful Uses For PetroleumJelly. Retrieved August 2011 from website:

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Pine Environmental Services, Inc (n.d.). Indoor Air Quality. TSI P-Trak UltrafineParticle Counter. Retrieved August 2011 from website: http://www.pine-environmental.com/indoor-air-quality/tsi-p-trak-upc.htm#content

Scholastic (n.d.). Whats in the Air? Retrieved August 2011 from website:

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Of Fresh Air In Your Community. Retrieved August 2011 from website:

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home/7_Ways_To_Reduce_Air_Pollution.aspx

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Designations. Retrieved August 2011 from website:http://www.epa.gov/pmdesignations/


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D. MAGAZINESMorrison, D.S. & Keller, E.A. (1996 January). Petrolatum: A Useful Classic.

Cosmetics & Toiletries. Vol. 111, 59-69.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolatum

Particulates (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 2011 website:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates

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