Digital Watersheds David R. Maidment Center for Research in Water Resources University of Texas at...
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Transcript of Digital Watersheds David R. Maidment Center for Research in Water Resources University of Texas at...
Digital Watersheds
David R. Maidment
Center for Research in Water Resources
University of Texas at Austin
Waters Network MeetingBaltimore, Oct 23, 2007
Collaborators
• San Diego Supercomputer Center– Ilya Zaslavsky, David Valentine, Tom
Whitenack
• Utah State University– David Tarboton, Jeff Horsburgh, Kim
Schreuders
• Drexel University– Michael Piasecki, Bora Beran, Yoori Choi
• University of South Carolina– Jon Goodall
Additional Collaborators
• Environmental Systems Research Institute– Dean Djokic, Zhumei Qian, Zichuan Ye, Christine
Dartiguenave, Clint Brown, Steve Kopp
• National Center for Atmospheric Research– David Gochis, Larry Winter
• Unidata, Boulder, CO– Jon Caron, Ben Domenico
• University of Texas at Austin– Tim Whiteaker, Cedric David, Ernest To, Nishesh
Mehta
Formal Publication of Data
• Collin Bode: “Right now we don’t have a mechanism for someone to publish a dataset: how do you give credit for a well groomed dataset?”
• Johnnie Moore: “Where is the archiving process? Where is the common data held and how will it be accessed? HIS is not pulling their data into one place – do we need a centralized location/server for all data?”
Academic science is project based. What happens when the project ends?
Need a peer review process for data
Digital WatershedHow can hydrologists integrate observed and
modeled data from various sources into a single description of the environment?
Digital Watersheds
• Requirements
• Principles
• Arc Hydro
• NHDPlus
• Modeling
Digital Watersheds
• Requirements
• Principles
• Arc Hydro
• NHDPlus
• Modeling
Requirements
• Hydrologic synthesis: (Günther Blöschl, WRR 2006) is needed across– Processes: interacting dynamic systems
including feedbacks between components – Places: plethora of case studies around the
world in past decades– Scales: general characteristics of processes
as a function of space and time scales for the same site or an ensemble of sites
Digital Watershed Framework
• Must be independent of process, place and scale so that– It can be implemented for any process at any
place at any scale;– It can be used to link processes, compare
places, and integrate across scales
• Hydrology of a dynamic earth– Human impact on landscape– Need to think of evolution of critical zone in
geologic time
Ilya Zaslavsky
Robust DW representation: formal requirements
• Standard platform- and software-independent template• both computer and human-readable• Can materialize DW into common open or vendor-specific
documents or services (e.g. geodatabases, map services, SOAP services) from both local and remote data and models
• Expresses how DW integrates different types of data objects from lower levels (data layers, services, real time streams, etc., processes and models, regulatory framework): various spatio-temporal or attribute join models (integration models)
• Support DW analsys for completeness (data gaps), consistency (projections, formats, temporal reference), availability of integration models
• ease of integration with other emerging digital representations (digital estuary, etc.)
• compatibility with CI: ontology support, SOA-reliance, XML representation of sources.
• evolving and flexible: ease of update as new knowledge or data sources become available
Hydrologic Information Server
Microsoft SQLServer Relational Database
Observations Data Geospatial Data
GetSites
GetSiteInfo
GetVariables
GetVariableInfo
GetValues
DASH – data access system for hydrologyWaterOneFlow services
ArcGIS Server
Synthesis models in DW
• Co-location in space: boundaries of most data layers are defined by watershed boundaries
• Other types: based on functional relationships between watershed parameters (atmospheric, groundwater flows, underlying geology, as well as demographic and economic variables and processes that don’t necessarily coincide with natural boundaries). – For example: pointing to conditions upstream and downstream
• DW representation must explicitly include the types of joins between different watershed elements, to make automatic instantiation and update of digital watersheds possible. DW as a system of integrated views.
Digital Environments
• Digital watershed is one of several constructs that describe particular water environments
• Others are digital atmosphere, digital lake, digital river, digital reach, digital snowpack, digital soil, digital aquifer, digital estuary, digital bay
We need a set of principles for design of digital environments and ways to trace the movement of water among them
Digital Watersheds
• Requirements
• Principles
• Arc Hydro
• NHDPlus
• Modeling
Generalize the observations information model
Site
Variable
Value (Time)
Location
Variable
Value (Time)
An environment is described by a set of spatial featuresIndexed by Hydro Code
A process is described by a set of variablesIndexed by Variable Code
Site Code
Variable Code
What Have We Learned?
Variable Code Variable Name Units
LBR:USU10 Temperature degree celcius
LBR:USU11 Gage height international foot
LBR:USU15 Relative humidity percent
LBR:USU16 Precipitation millimeter
LBR:USU18 Wind speed meters per second
LBR:USU19 Wind direction degree
Site Code Site Name Latitude Longitude
LittleBearRiver:USU-LBR-Mendon Little Bear River at Mendon Road near Mendon, Utah 41.718473 -111.946402
LittleBearRiver:USU-LBR-Paradise Little Bear River at McMurdy Hollow near Paradise, Utah 41.575552 -111.855217
LittleBearRiver:USU-LBR-ExpFarm Utah State University Experimental Farm near Wellsville, Utah 41.666993 -111.890567
Network : Site -- Sites have meaning within an observation network and are indexedwith Site Codes.
Vocabulary : Variable -- Variables have meaning within a vocabulary and are indexedwith Variable Codes.
Site
Variable
Value (Time)
Feature
Waterbody
HydroIDHydroCodeFTypeNameAreaSqKmJunctionID
HydroPoint
HydroIDHydroCodeFTypeNameJunctionID
Watershed
HydroIDHydroCodeDrainIDAreaSqKmJunctionIDNextDownID
ComplexEdgeFeature
EdgeType
Flowline
Shoreline
HydroEdge
HydroIDHydroCodeReachCodeNameLengthKmLengthDownFlowDirFTypeEdgeTypeEnabled
SimpleJunctionFeature
1HydroJunction
HydroIDHydroCodeNextDownIDLengthDownDrainAreaFTypeEnabledAncillaryRole
*
1
*
HydroNetwork
*
HydroJunction
HydroIDHydroCodeNextDownIDLengthDownDrainAreaFTypeEnabledAncillaryRole
HydroJunction
HydroIDHydroCodeNextDownIDLengthDownDrainAreaFTypeEnabledAncillaryRole
1
1
CouplingTable
SiteIDHydroID
Sites
SiteIDSiteCode
SiteNameLatitudeLongitude…
Observations Data Model
1
1
OR
Definition: A Digital Watershed is the electronic representation of the watershed representing the synthesis of both the data and the spatial representation of the dataODM Digital Watershed Geography Model
Digital Watersheds
• Requirements
• Principles
• Arc Hydro
• NHDPlus
• Modeling
Flow
Time
Time Series
Hydrography
Hydro Network
Channel System
Drainage System
Arc Hydro Components
HydroID HydroID
Arc Hydro: GIS for Water ResourcesPublished by ESRI Press
The Arc Hydro data model andapplication tools are in the publicdomain
Data Data Integration Integration based on based on synthesis of synthesis of data layersdata layers
Data Integration Based on Behavior
“Follow a drop of water from where it falls on the land, to the stream, and all the way to the ocean.”
R.M. Hirsch, USGS
Integrating Data Inventory using a Behavioral Model
Relationships betweenobjects linked by tracing pathof water movement
Arc Hydro II – one water model
Surface water featuresGroundwater features
Time Series
Linking surface water and groundwater data
Hydro network Aquifers
In the future go to 3D...
Hydrovolumes and Geovolumes
Digital Watersheds
• Requirements
• Principles
• Arc Hydro
• NHDPlus
• Modeling
NHDPlus
Basins: Administratively chosendrainage areas
Watersheds: A tesselation ofa basin for a particular purpose
Catchments: A tesselation ofa basin using physical rules
Scales of Representation of Drainage Systems
Digital Elevation Model: a representation of the land surface as a spatial continuum
3-D detail of the Tongue river at the WY/Mont border from LIDAR.
Roberto GutierrezUniversity of Texas at Austin
Water Resource Regions and HUC’s
NHDPlus for Region 17E
NHDPlus Reach Catchments ~ 3km2
About 1000 reach catchments in each 8-digit HUC
Average reach length = 2km 2.3 million reaches for continental US
Reach Attributes
• Slope• Elevation• Mean annual flow
– Corresponding velocity
• Drainage area• % of upstream
drainage area in different land uses
• Stream order
Mean Annual Flow on NHDPlus
Mean Annual Flow and Velocityfor each reach is estimated
Percentile distributionsof flow are given forstream gage locations
BaseFlow Index on NHDPlus
BaseFlow Index estimatesthe proportion of the meanannual flow that comes fromgroundwater
NHDPlus and National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD)
• NLCD is a classification of land cover by USGS into 21 classes
• NHDPlus Catchments have attributes of the % of each land cover class in their local area
• NHDPlus Flowlines are attributed with their % land cover class from their total upstream watershed
NLCD Land Change
1992 Land Cover 2001 Land Cover
USGS is putting out in December 2007 a new Land Change productwhich consistently classifies 30m Landsat imagery from 1992and 2001 and produces a pixel by pixel accounting of land cover change in 7 land cover categories
NHDPlus has elevation attributes on streams
Longitudonal Stream Bed Profile
Arc Hydro connects geospatial and temporal water resources data
Arc Hydro
NHDPlus
Weather
Streamflow
Digital Watersheds
• Requirements
• Principles
• Arc Hydro
• NHDPlus
• Modeling
Hydrologic Simulation
• How do we enable a “community” approach to models? A framework, concept with open source tools?– The NCAR approach – very large computing
resources operating over a complex modeling framework (CCMP)
– The OpenMI approach – making existing models interoperable and creating model services
Hydrologic Simulation
• How do we enable a “community” approach to models? A framework, concept with open source tools?– The NCAR approach – very large computing
resources operating over a complex modeling framework (CCMP)
– The OpenMI approach – making existing models interoperable and creating model services
Climate Model – Hydrology Linkage
Atmospheric Data (NARR+NEXRAD)
Stream and River Flow Model
Land Surface - Atmosphere Model
(NOAH)
Cedric David, David Gochis (NCAR)
NOAH Land Surface ModelLand – atmosphere processes
First version in 1999 Noah is fully coupled with WRF (North American Model)
900 m resolution in our study
NOAH-Distributed adds Land Surface Routing processes
• Overland flow routing: fully unsteady, explicit, finite difference, 2-dimensional diffusive wave flowing over the land surface
• Subsurface runoff: 'Shallow' groundwater flow (down to 2m depth) explicitly modeled using a quasi-steady state saturated flow model 30 m
resolution in our study
Sphere-spheroid conversion
Latitude is different
Earth is a Sphere
Earth is a Spheroid
HydrologyAtmospheric sciences
Running NOAH-D over NHDPlus at NCAR
NARR
•Downward radiations
•Temperature
•Wind
•Pressure
•Humidity
NHDPlus
•Elevation
•Ideal precipitation
•Soil moisture
•Runoff
•Upward radiations
•Evapotranspiration
•etc.
30 m land surface routing
900 m land/atmosphere interaction
Conclusion is that thereis greater granularity in thelandscape than in the atmosphereand land – atmosphere modelneeds to be adapted to NHDPlusnot the reverse
Hydrologic Simulation
• How do we enable a “community” approach to models? A framework, concept with open source tools?– The NCAR approach – very large computing
resources operating over a complex modeling framework (CCMP)
– The OpenMI approach – making existing models interoperable and creating model services
• Project sponsored by the European Commission to promote integration of water models within the Water Framework Directive
• Software standards for model linking• Uses model core as an “engine”• http://www.openMI.org
OpenMI Conceptual Framework
VALUES
All values are referenced in a what-where-when framework, allowing different data resources or models to communicate data
Space, L
Time, T
Variables, V
D
An application of the data cube to integrate simulation modelsJon Goodall, University of South Carolina
Typical model architectureApplication
User interface + engineEngine
Simulates a process – flow in a channelAccepts inputProvides output
ModelAn engine set up to represent a particular location e.g. a reach of the Thames
Engine
Output data
Input data
Model application
Run
Write
Write
Read
User interface
Accepts Provides
Rainfall
(mm)
Runoff
(m3/s)
Temperature
(Deg C)
Evaporation
(mm)
Accepts Provides
Upstream Inflow
(m3/s)
Outflow
(m3/s)
Lateral inflow
(m3/s)
Abstractions
(m3/s)
Discharges
(m3/s)
River Model
Linking modelled quantities
Rainfall Runoff Model
Data transfer at run time
Rainfall runoff
Output data
Input data
User interface
River
Output data
Input data
User interface
GetValues(..)
Models for the processes
River(InfoWorks RS)
Rainfall(database)
Sewer(Mouse)
RR(Sobek-Rainfall
-Runoff)
Data exchange3 Rainfall.GetValues
River(InfoWorks-RS)
Rainfall(database)
Sewer(Mouse)
2 RR.GetValues
7 RR.GetValues
RR(Sobek-Rainfall
-Runoff)
1 Trigger.GetValues
6 Sewer.GetValues
call
data
4
5 8
9
Coupling the HIS with Hydrologic Simulation Models using OpenMI
ODM
ObservationsData Model
WaterOneFlow Web Services
Water Markup Language
WOF WaterML
MODFLOW HEC-RAS Others
SWATHSPF“academic” models...
The Open Modelling Interface (OpenMI)
OpenMI
• Component-based modeling framework
• Defines a standard for interfacing models, databases, and web services.
WaterOneFlow Web Services
WOF
OpenMILinkable Component
OpenMIModel Configuration
(1) (2) (3)
Web Services for Models
HEC-RAS
USGSNWIS
WSDL
WSDLWeb Services for Simulation Models
WaterOneFlow Web Services for Data
OpenMI Workflow
In an effort to build cyberinfrastructure for the hydrologic sciences, we are extending OpenMI to utilize models as web services.
Extending OpenMI for Distributed Computing
Connects to remote database via web
services
Connects to remote model via web services
Goal: To allow a modeler to create a workflow from OpenMI components that wrap web services.
Model linkage designed on client machine
Digital WatershedHow can hydrologists integrate observed and
modeled data from various sources into a single description of the environment?
Digital Watersheds
• Requirements
• Principles
• Arc Hydro
• NHDPlus
• Modeling