Digital Technology Adoption in Remote and Northern Indigenous ...
Transcript of Digital Technology Adoption in Remote and Northern Indigenous ...
Digital Technology Adop2on in Remote and Northern Indigenous
Communi2es in Canada
Brian Beaton Doctoral Candidate, Faculty of Educa5on
University of New Brunswick
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October 13, 2016
Canadian Rural Revitaliza2on Founda2on / Rural Policy Learning Commons Conference
Guelph, Ontario
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Recognizing and honouring the unceded tradi5onal territories of the Wolastoq Na5on as the place for my doctoral studies work and the
Nishnawbe Aski Na5on in northern Ontario where our research work is taking place and Six Na5on territory where we gather.
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As a seEler and ally, I am privileged and honoured to be working with the First Na2ons Innova2on research project, the Keeway2nook Okimakanak First Na2ons
and their First Na2ons council
Context
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• Beaton, B., Perley, D., George, C. & O’Donnell, S. (2016, in press). Engaging Remote Indigenous Communi5es Using Appropriate Online Research Methods. In In N. Fielding, R. M. Lee & G. Blank (eds.), The Sage handbook of online research methods -‐ 2nd edi7on, Sage. London, UK.
• Beaton, B., McMahon, R., O’Donnell, S., Hudson, H., Whiteduck, T. & Williams, D. (2016). Digital Technology Adop5on in Northern and Remote Indigenous Communi5es. Prepared for Innova5on, Science and Economic Development Canada. First Mile Connec7vity Consor7um. March.
• Theories: Community informa5cs (Clement, et al), OCAP (AFN), Decoloniza5on (Ba\ste, Smith, Tuck, Wilson), Resilient communi5es (Kirmayer), Desired-‐based development (Tuck, 2009)
First Na2ons Innova2on research
• Ongoing since 2005 • Funded by SSHRC (Social
Sciences & Humani5es Research Council of Canada)
• In-‐kind from partners: ² Keeway5nook Okimakanak
(Ontario) ² First Na5ons Educa5on Council
(Quebec) ² Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey
(Atlan5c)
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New model for understanding technology adop2on
• Previous model -‐ individual / household adop5on – works well in urban environments benefi\ng telcos but difficult to apply in remote / northern Indigenous communi5es
• A new model is required
– Judy Whiteduck (2010) e-‐Community model for digital technology deployment in First Na5ons
– McMahon et al. (2014) Indigenous intermediary technology organiza5ons
– Rhinesmith (2016) networked community adop5on model and Dailey, Bryne, Powell, Karaganis & Chung (2010): central role of community organiza5ons in technology adop5on in low income communi5es in US
– O’Donnell (2001): role of community and voluntary orgs suppor5ng technology adop5on in Europe
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Whole community understanding of digital technology adop2on
Infrastructure suppor2ng community adop2on
Community services and community organiza2ons
Community members and households
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Digital technologies used by and for the whole community
Healthcare, telehealth, and health educa5on
Economic development, business and
entrepreneurship
Educa5on and distance educa5on
Indigenous government and governance
Jus5ce, public safety and emergency
communica5ons
Community interconnec5on
and interdependency
Digital content about Indigenous culture and iden5ty
Commercial entertainment
Research, data collec5on, GIS,
report genera5on
Infrastructure maintenance,
remote monitoring
Indigenous resurgence, self-‐determina5on and
ac5vism
Land-‐based ac5vi5es and environmental sustainability
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How Indigenous communi2es use digital technologies: research
• Indigenous resurgence • Indigenous culture and iden5ty • Indigenous government and governance • Educa5on and distance educa5on • Healthcare, telehealth, and health educa5on • Economic development and entrepreneurship • Land-‐based ac5vi5es • Public safety • Social networking
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Iden2fica2on of Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Data sources associated with: • community members / household factors
• community-‐level factors
• infrastructure suppor5ng adop5on
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Methodologies, Research Strategies and Research Ques2ons
1. Methodologies considered • Focus group with video conference • Online survey of community members • Online leadership survey • Ques5onnaire administered in schools
2. Other methodologies to consider for future studies • Random sample telephone survey • Targeted telephone survey • On-‐site household survey • Research ques5ons
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Conduc2ng research on digital technology adop2on in remote and northern Indigenous communi2es: • More research is needed .. • Dis5nguish among Inuit, First Na5on, and Mé5s na5ons and communi5es • Need to work with an Inuit community to include their experience • Respect and follow the appropriate research ethics and data governance protocols • Partner with regional Indigenous organiza5ons that can act as intermediaries • Develop a strong working rela5onship with each unique Indigenous community • Online research can be appropriate and cost-‐effec5ve .. • Requires an appropriate mix of three methodological approaches: online or virtual
research conducted remotely by trained researchers, in-‐person research with visi5ng researchers, and capacity-‐building to train and support local community researchers
• Whole community approach to developing appropriate research instruments and data analysis.
Iden2fied Recommenda2ons
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Addressing constraints and barriers to digital technology adop2on in these communi2es: • Review exis5ng mechanisms for funding digital network infrastructure development in remote and northern regions and assess the resul5ng costs and benefits to Indigenous communi5es.
• Support approaches for developing digital infrastructure in northern and remote regions that ensure equity, adaptability, accessibility, affordability and sustainability.
• Support the regional community intermediary organiza5ons that provide technical exper5se with the resources required to upgrade, operate and maintain the digital infrastructure in remote and northern Indigenous communi5es.
• Ensure every Indigenous community has local technical support available. • Recognize the need for training, skills development and capacity-‐building in the community, at all levels from residents interested in skills and applica5ons for use at home and work to community technicians.
• Support local and regional efforts to produce digital content in Indigenous languages.
Research, policy, outreach: First Mile website
• hkp://firstmile.ca
• Research: First Na5ons Innova5on project
• Policy: First Mile Connec5vity Consor5um
• Outreach: community stories
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References
• Anaya, J. (2014). Report of the special rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples, James Anaya, on the situa7on of Indigenous peoples in Canada. United Na7ons, Human Rights Council, 27th session, May. New York: United Na5ons.
• Beaton, B., Seibel, F. & Thomas, L. (2014). Valuing the social economy and informa5on and communica5on technologies (ICT) in small remote First Na5ons. Associa5on of Social Economy and Non-‐Profit Research, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ontario, May.
• Beaton, B., Campbell, P. (2014). Sekler Colonialism and First Na5ons e-‐Communi5es in Northwestern Ontario. Journal of Community Informa7cs, 10 (2).
• Gibson KL, Coulson H, Miles R, Kakekakekung C, Daniels E, O'Donnell S. (2011). Conversa5ons on telemental health: listening to remote and rural First Na5ons communi5es . Rural and Remote Health 11 (online), 2011: 1656.
• Gurstein, M., Beaton, B., Sherlock, K. (2009). A community informa5cs model for e-‐services in Indigenous communi5es: The KNET approach to water treatment in northern Ontario. Journal of Community Informa7cs, 5(2).
• McMahon, R., LaHache, T., & Whiteduck, T. (2015). Digital data management as Indigenous resurgence in Kahnawà:ke. Interna7onal Indigenous Policy Journal 6(3).
• Molyneaux, H., O'Donnell, S., Kakekaspan, C., Walmark, B., Budka, P., Gibson, K. (2014) Social Media in Remote First Na5on Communi5es. Canadian Journal of Communica7on 39(2) 275-‐288.
• O’Donnell, S., McQuillan, H. & Malina, A. (2003). eInclusion: Expanding the Informa7on Society in Ireland. Informa5on Society Commission, Department of the Taoiseach, Government of Ireland. Dublin. September.
• O'Donnell, S. (2001). Towards an Inclusive Informa7on Society in Europe: The Role of Voluntary Organisa7ons. Informa5on Society Technologies (IST) Research
Program, European Commission. Dublin: Itech Research. • Perley, S. (2009) Representa5on and Par5cipa5on of First Na5ons Women in Online Videos. Journal of Community Informa7cs 5(1).
• Rhinesmith, C. (2016). Digital Inclusion and Meaningful Broadband Adop7on Ini7a7ves. Evanston, IL: Benton Founda5on, January. benton.org/broadband-‐inclusion-‐adop5on-‐report
• Simon, J., Burton, K., Lockhart, E. & O'Donnell, S. (2014). Post-‐Secondary Distance Educa5on in a Contemporary Colonial Context: Experiences of Students in a Rural First Na5on in Canada. The Interna7onal Review of Research on Open and Distance Learning. 1(15), 1-‐19.
• Tuck, E. (2009). Suspending Damage: A leker to communi5es. In Harvard Educa7onal Review, 79 : 3 : 409-‐428. Harvard Educa5on Publishing Group. • Whiteduck, J. (2010). Building the First Na5on e-‐Community. In White, J.P., Peters, J., Beavon, D., Dinsdale, P. (eds). Aboriginal Policy Research VI: Learning,
Technology and Tradi7ons. Toronto: Thompson Educa5onal Publishing: 95-‐103.
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