DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSINGKAKINADA INSTITUTE OFENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY FORWOMEN PRESENTEDBY J.AMRUTHA(smiley.amrutha45@gmail.com)KSV.SR !V"A(#a$#i%ati&i'ya@gmail.com) V.MAH(S)AR('u$&a'alli.mahi@gmail.com)ABSTRACT: *yusi$gDigital ImageProcessing+ee$ha$ce the &igital images a$&e,tracti$g i$-ormatio$ a$& -eatures-rom the image.Digital ImageProcessinghas .ecome the mostcommo$ -ormo- image %rocessi$g.Thisiso$ety%eo- image%rocessi$ga$& it use& -or e&iti$g the &igitalimages +hich are ta#e$ -rom the&igital cameras. TECHNOLOGY:This tech$ology is more use-ul i$ thei$'estigatio$i$/rime*ra$ch. !igitalmage 0rocessi$g has the a&'a$tagesasa+i&er ra$geo- algorithmto.ea%%lie& to the i$%ut &ata a$& ca$a'oi& the %ro.lems such as .uil&1u% o-$oise a$& sig$al &istortio$ &uri$g%rocessi$g. They acce%t images i$large 'ariety o- image -ormats.DIGITAL-IMAGEPROCESSINGFEATURES:Theother-eatureso- this tech$ology is mage Si2eAlteratio$3 /ro%%i$g o$ mage3Remo'al o- $oise a$& u$+a$te&eleme$ts3 mergi$g o- images a$&4$ally color a&5ustme$ts. INTRODUCTION:IMAGE PROCESSING:mage %rocessi$g isenhancingimageor e,tracti$g i$-ormatio$ or-eatures -rom a$ image. Thema$i%ulatio$ a$& alteratio$ o- images.y usi$g com%uter so-t+are. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:Digital imageprocessingistheuseofcomputertoperformon.Digitalimageprocessing has the same advantage it allowsa much wider range of algorithms to beapplied to the input data, and can avoidproblems such as the build-up of noise andsignal distortion during processing.PURPOSE:To ientif! "rimin#$ #"t%:Few types of evidence are more incriminating than a photograph or videotape that places a suspect at a crime scene, whether or not it actually depicts the suspect committing a criminal act.APPLICATIONS: Im#&e pro"e%%in& '! p$#net#r! %"ienti%t% to en(#n"e t(e im#&e% of p$#net%. Do"tor% )%e t(i% te"(ni*)e to m#nip)$#te CAT %"#n% #n MRI im#&e%. Im#&e pro"e%%in& in $#'or#torie% "#n moti+#te %t)ent% #n m#,e %"ien"e re$e+#nt to %t)ent $e#rnin&.TYPES OF IMAGE PROCESSING:6. *i$ary mage7 A .i$ary image is a &igital image that has o$ly t+o %ossi.le 'alues -or each %i,el.-. Gr#! S"#$e: Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. The contexts other than digital imaging, the term "blac and white" is used in place of "grayscale".. Co$or Im#&e: ! "digital# "o$or im#&e is a digital image that includes color informationfor each pixel. Co$or C(#n&e$ %mage editors have the ability to selectively change the color of specific items of an image.An e/#mp$e of %e$e"ti+e "o$or "(#n&e0 t(e ori&in#$ i% on t(e ri&(tHO1 CAN 1E PROCESS AN IMAGE:The first step in digital image processing isto transfer an image to a computer,digiti&ingthe image andturningit intoacomputer image file that can be stored in acomputer's memory or on a storage mediumsuch as a hard dis or (D-)*+.Digiti&ationinvolves translatingtheimageinto a numerical code that can be understoodby a computer. %t can be accomplished usinga scanner or a video camera linedtoaframegrabber boardinthecomputer. Thecomputer breas down the image in tothousands of pixels. ,ixels are the smallestcomponent of an image. They are the smalldots in the hori&ontal lines across atelevisionscreen. -achpixel is convertedinto a number that represents the brightnessof the dot. For a blac-and-white image, thepixel represents different shades betweentotal blac and full white. The computer canthen ad.ust the pixels to enhance image/uality.CATEGORIES OF DIGITALIMAGE PROCESSING:The T(reemain categories of digital imageprocessing are:Im#&e Compre%%ionis a mathematicaltechni/ue usedtore)"e t(e #mo)nt of"omp)ter memor! neee to %tore #i&it#$ im#&e.The computer discards"re.ects# someinformation, whileretainingsufficient information to mae the imagepleasing to the human eye.En(#n"ement %mage enhancement techni/uescanbeusedtomodifythebrightness andcontrast of an image,to remove blurriness,andtofilterout someofthenoise. 0singmathematical e/uations called algorithms,thecomputer applieseachchange toeitherthe whole image or targets a particularportion of the image. For example, global contrast enhancementwould affect the entire image, whereas localcontrast enhancementwould improve thecontrast of small details, such as a face or alicense plate on a vehicle. 1ome algorithmscan remove bacground noise withoutdisturbing the ey components of the image.Me#%)rement E/tr#"tionis usedtogatheruseful information from an enhanced image.IMAGE VEWING: The user can utili&e different program to seethe image. The G%F, 2,-G and ,3G imagescanbe seensimplyusingawebbrowserbecause they are the standard internet imageformats. The 14G format is more and moreusedinthe webandis a standard56(format.IMAGE TYPES :Digital images can be classified according tothe number and nature of those samples. Thetermdigital imageis alsoappliedtodataassociatedtopointsscatteredoverathree-dimensional region, such as producedbytopographice/uipment. %nthat case, eachdatum is called a vowel.T(e%#mepi"t)reint2oifferent "o$ormoe%.The picture on the left is the originalphotograph, in full color. The picture in thecenter is ingrayscale. Thepictureontheright is in blac and white, or monochrome.3. F#$%e Co$or:For military operationsunder a false flag, see

This 8true color8 image sho+s thesame regio$ as the 8-alse color8 imagea.o'e3 .utusestruecolors3 e.g.3the%la$tsaresho+$i$gree$.Afalse-color image is a$ image that &e%icts asu.5ect i$colorsthat &i9er -romhuma$ %erce%tio$ o- the samesu.5ect. Also #$o+$ as apseudo-colorimage3 it is &eri'e& -romagrayscaleimage .y ma%%i$g each%i,el'aluetoacoloraccor&i$gtoata.le or -u$ctio$..Although false-coloring does not increase theinformation contents of theoriginal image3 it ca$ ma#e some&etails more 'isi.le3 .y i$creasi$g the&ista$ce i$color s%ace.et+ee$successi'e gray le'els.For e/#mp$e, a photographic negative couldbe called a false-color image, since it showsthe complementary colors of its sub.ect.7owever, the term "false-color" is typicallyused to describe images whose colorsrepresent measured intensities outside thevisible portionof theelectromagneticspectrum.False-color images are fre/uentlyusedfor+ie2in&%#te$$iteim#&e%, suchasfrom weather satellites.4.M)$ti Spe"tr#$ Im#&e$ +ulti-spectralimages are images of the same ob.ect, taenin different bands of visible or infraredregion of electromagnetic continuum. This isthe main type of images ac/uired by )emotesensing")1#radiometers. +ulti-spectral isthe opposite of panchromatic. 0suallysatelliteshave6to8ormoreradiometers.-achoneac/uires onedigital imageinasmall band of visible spectra.5.T(em#ti"Im#&e:Thematicimagesareusually image products ofclassificationprocessingofmultispectral imagesof theearthsurface. The classification processdifferentiates types of surface such as land,water, forest, lae, structure etcDIGITAL IMAGE EDITING:Di&it#$ im#&e eitin&is the process of#$terin&i&it#$ im#&e%, whether theybedigital photographsor other types ofdigitally represented images. 1peciali&ed software programs called vectorgraphicseditorsorbitmapgraphicseditorsare the primary tools with which a user maymanipulate, enhance, and transform images.These editors are capable of editing imagesin many diverse ways.BAI! "# DIGI$A% IMAGEEDI$ING:9itmapimagesare stored ina computer inthe form of a grid of picture elements calledpixels. These pixels contain the image'scolor and brightness information. %mageeditors can change the pixels to enhance theimage in manyways. The pixels can bechanged as a group, or individually, by thesophisticatedalgorithmswithin the imageeditors. EDITING IMAGE AS HORRORIMAGE EDITING PROGRAMS:9ecause of the popularity of digital cameras,image editing programs are readilyavailable. +inimal programs, that dosuchoperations as rotating and cropping "image#sare often provided within the digital cameraitself, othersarereturnedtotheuser onacompact disc"(D# when images areprocessed at a discount store. DIGITAL DATA COMPRESSION:+any image file formats usedatacompressionto reduce file si&e and savestorage space.Digital compression ofimages may tae place in the camera, or canbe done inthe computer with the imageeditor.1(enim#&e%#re%torein6PEGform#t0 "ompre%%ion (#% #$re#! t#,enp$#"e. 9oth cameras and computer programsallow the user to set the level ofcompression.1ome compression algorithmsare lossless, such as ,3G, which means noimage /uality is lost when the file is saved.The 2,-G compression algorithm uses a lossformat. The greater the compression, thelesser the /uality. The 2,-G algorithmutili&es the way the brain and eyes perceivecolor to mae loss of detail less noticeable. IMAGE EDITOR FEATURES::istedbeloware some of the most usedcapabilities of the better graphicmanipulation programs. The list is by no means all inclusive. Thereare a myriad of choices associated with theapplication of most of these features.Image i&e Alteration:magee&itors ca$ resi&e an image3 ma#i$git larger3 or smaller. Highimageresolutioncameras ca$ %ro&ucelarge images +hich are o-te$ re&uce&i$ si2e -or $ter$et use. mage e&itor %rograms use amathematical %rocess calle& re1sam%li$g to calculate $e+ %i,el 'alues+hose s%aci$g is larger or smallertha$ the origi$al %i,el 'alues.!ropping An Image:!igitale&itors are use& to cro% images./ro%%i$g creates a $e+image .yremo'i$g a &esire& recta$gular%ortio$ -rom the image .ei$gcro%%e&. Theu$+a$te&%art o- theimageis&iscar&e&.magecro%%i$g&oes$otre&uce the resolutio$ o- the areacro%%e&. Noise 'emo(al: mage e&itorsmay -eature a $um.er o-algorithms +hich ca$ a&& orremo'e $oise i$ a$ image. J0(:arti-actsca$.eremo'e&; &ust< scratches ca$ .e remo'e&a$& a$ image ca$ .e&es%ec#le&. =oise te$&s to i$'a&eimages+he$%icturesareta#e$i$lo+light setti$gs. 'emo(al of )n*antedElements:Most imagee&itorsca$ .e use& to remo'eu$+a$te&.ra$ches3 etc3 usi$ga 8clo$e8 tool.AD7ANTAGES:*ne of the biggest advantages of digital imaging is theability of the operator to manipulate the pixel shadesto correct image density and contrast, is called Po%t8Pro"e%%in&. DISAD7ANTAGES:There are also disadvantages associated with the use of digital systems. The initial cost can be high depending on the system used, the number of detectorspurchased, etc.(ompetency using the software can tae time to master depending on the level ofcomputer literacy of team members. Finally, since digital imaging in dentistry isnot standardi&ed, professionals are unable to exchange information without goingthrough an intermediary process.!"N!%)I"N:Imageeditorspro(idethemeansforalteringandimpro(ingimages inanalmost endless num+er of *a,s- $he,acceptimages in a large (ariet, of image formats. and after changesaremadethe,allo*thechangedimageto+esa(edinan,num+er of image formats. atalmostan,si&e. and in (ar,ingdegrees of compression- Most serious digital camera users *ill/nd the facilities of an image editor indispensa+le-