Digital Divide 2.0
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Global Digital Divide 2.0: Always Off in an Always On World STIA-422: Information Technology (IT) in a Changing World November 4, 2008 Gaurav Mishra
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Transcript of Digital Divide 2.0
Global Digital Divide 2.0: Always Off in an Always On
WorldSTIA-422: Information Technology (IT) in a Changing World
November 4, 2008Gaurav Mishra
Introduction
www.gauravonomics.com
Emerging Markets
+Emerging
Technologies
The intersection of technology,
culture and development
Digital Divide
Digital Divide
Source: ITU-UNCTAD World Information Society Report 2007
World Map: Computer Penetration
Source: United Nations Global Development Goals Indication
World Map: Internet Penetration
Source: Emiel van Wegen based on World Internet Stats data
World Map: Optical Fiber
Source: Tata Communications
Price of Broadband Access
Japan $0.06 per 100 kbps (0.002% of average monthly wage) vs. Mozambique $361.83 per 100 kbps (1400 times average monthly wage)
Source: Wired Magazine based on ITU data
Price of Broadband Access
Source: ITU-UNCTAD World Information Society Report 2007
Reasons for Differential Technological Achievement
Three Types of Technology Transfers
Source: World Bank Global Economic Prospects 2008
Innovation
Adaption Diffusion
12
3
Three Types of Technology Transfers
Source: World Bank Global Economic Prospects 2008
Technological Achievement Index
Source: World Bank Global Economic Prospects 2008
What is Digital Divide 2.0?
The 4 Cs of Digital Divide 2.0
Source: Technology and Social Inclusion, Mark Warschauer, 2003; Eszter Hargittai, 2001
1
Connection
2
Computing Devices
3
Content
4
CapabilitiesThe Digital Binary Group:
Focus on Access (Computers + Connection)
The Digital Inequality Group: Focus on
Application (Content + Capabilities)
Digital Divide 2.0
MobileInternet
Broadband3G
Next Generation Networks
SMSE-Mail
Web 2.0Mobile 2.0
Semantic WebDigital
Divide
2.0
The Promise/ Myth of Leapfrogging
The Promise of Leapfrogging
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bh3HP51rJs
The Economic Value of Mobile
Source: McKinsey & Co, 2006, Leonard Waverman et al, 2005
As much as 8% of GDP
Why is Mobile an Exception?
Source: ITU-UNCTAD World Information Society Report 2007; The Economist, 2008
mobile use
The Myth of Leapfrogging
Source: World Bank Global Economic Prospects 2008
Mobile Interface for Illiterate Users
Source: Jan Chipchase et al, Nokia Research, 2007
Telecom Usage at the BOP
Source: Teleuse at the Bottom of the Pyramid, LIRNEasia, 2007Video1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MScc9UNeX7kVideo 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pfAy_A7Klk
Telecom Usage at the BOP
Image: http://flickr.com/photos/dipu87/2553076909/Data: Teleuse at the Bottom of the Pyramid, LIRNEasia, 2007
Only 38% of non-owners plan to buy a phone in
the next 2 years
30% want to buy a fixed phone
> 90% can only afford a startup cost of <$30 &
monthly cost of <$5
99% have monthly incomes of <$150
72% haven’t heard of the internet, <<1% have
used it
94% have used a phone but only 13% own one,
>70% use public phones
Average of one call per day, 78% local, , 72% to
stay in touch, 90% of them <5 min long
Only 35% use SMS, <10% use it daily
66% of non-users don’t know how to use SMS
95% use pre-paid cards
All figures for India, 2006
How to Bridge Digital Divide 2.0?
Government Policy is Important
Source: World Bank Global Economic Prospects 2008
Grassroots Innovations Are Equally Important
VNL WorldGSM MicroTelecom
Low cost, rugged, solar powered mobile network to serve rural populations profitably Source: www.vnl.in
Grameen Village Phone (B’desh)
Microloans to help poor rural woman become public phone operatorsSource: www.grameenfoundation.org
United Villages (India)
Drive-by wifi network to connect remote villages to the internet, with a time lagSource: www.unitedvillages.com
QuestionBox (India)
Use human mediation to connect illiterate users to the internetSource: www.questionbox.org
EkGaon Mobile Framework (India)
Paper-mobile hybrid document management system for semi-literate usersSource: www.ekgaon.com
BabaJob/Microsoft Research(India)
Text-free job search engineSource: www.babajob.com /tf/textfree.htm
Ushahidi (Kenya)
Mapping crisis information through text messages sent by usersSource: www.ushahidi.com
MobiChange (India)
Lowest common denominator mobile social networking platformPhoto: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pulguita/323775179/
Discussion
- Digital divide: narrowing or widening?- Leapfrogging: myth or reality?- Solution: government policy or grassroots innovations?
