Digestive System

By: Jason Soto

bibliography

• http://pathology.jhu.edu/pc/BasicOverview1.php

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-gallbladder

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_mucus_plug

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/bile-duct-obstruction/overview.html

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090105154600AAzJ1xb

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Salivary+amylase

http://www.enzymeessentials.com/HTML/print_tour.html

http://pathology.jhu.edu/pc/BasicOverview1.php

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Salivary+amylase

http://jmgreer71.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/unit-4-compilation/

• The body opening through which an animal takes in food.

• The cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the oropharynx and containing in higher vertebrates the tongue, gums, and teeth.

• This cavity regarded as the source of sounds and speech.

• The opening to any cavity or canal in an organ or a bodily part.

• The part of the lips visible on the human face.• A person viewed as a consumer of food: has three

mouths to feed at

Esophagus

• commonly known as the gullet) is an oragon

• in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the stomach.

Stomach

• The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.

Small Intestine

• The small intestine is a tubular structure within the abdominal cavity that carries the food in continuation with the stomach up to the colon from where the large intestin carries it to the rectum and out of the body via the anus. The main function of this organ is to aid in digestion.

Large Intestins

• The large intestine comprises of the second part of the alimentary canal. The large intestine consists of the cecum and colon. It begins at the right iliac region of the pelvis (the region just at or below the right waist) where is continues from the small intestine and continues up the abdomen. Thereafter it traverses across the width of the abdominal cavity, and then it turns down, continuing to its endpoint at the anus.

Rectum

• The rectum is about eight inches long and serves, basically, as a warehouse for poop. It hooks up with the sigmoid colon to the north and with the anal canal to the south.

Anus

• The anus is were you do business from your back part that is what a anus is.

Liver

• The liver is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the belly. Weighing about 3 pounds, the liver is reddish-brown in color and feels rubbery to the touch. Normally you can't feel the liver, because it's protected by the rib cage.

Appendix

• The appendix sits at the junction of the small intestine and large intestine. It’s a thin tube about four inches long. Normally, the appendix sits in the lower right abdomen.

• The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the chyme.

gallbaldder

• The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear.

enzymes

• Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand residues [1] Proteins are classified by their physical size as nanoparticles (definition: 1–100 nm). Very large aggregates can be formed from protein subunits: for example, many thousand actin molecules assemble into a microfilament.

Bile duct

• Bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine.

mucus

• Normally during human pregnancy, the mucus is cloudy, clear, thick, and sticky. Toward the end of the pregnancy, when the cervix thins, some blood is released into the cervix which causes the mucus to become bloody. As the woman gets closer to labor, the mucus plug discharges as the cervix begins to dilate. The plug may come out as a plug, a lump, or simply as increased vaginal discharge over several days. The mucus may be tinged with brown, pink, or red blood, which is why the event is sometimes referred to as 'bloody show'. Loss of the mucus plug by no means implies that delivery or labor is imminent.

Chemical digestion

• It's the chemical breakdown of food into simpler compounds. Proteins are broken down to amino acids, carbohydrates are broken down to simple sugars, and fats are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.

Mechanical digestion

• Answer:• Once in the stomach, more chemical and mechanical

digestion occurs. The crushing and breaking action of the stomachs contractions with HCl help not only break down food, but also lend a hand in converting pepsinogen to the enzyme pepsin. This enzyme in the stomach takes the roll of the chemical digester, and breaks certain peptide bonds, thereby breaking up proteins in the stomach. Partly digested food from the stomach now travels to the small intestine, through the pyloric sphincter, and is know as chyme.

Salivary Amylase

• an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules. Alpha-amylase, found in saliva, pancreatic juice, malt, certain bacteria, and molds, catalyzes the hydrolysis of starches to dextrins, maltose, and maltotriose. Beta-amylase, found in grains, vegetables, malt, and bacteria, is involved in the hydrolysis of starch to maltose. Normal blood findings are 56 to 190 IU/L.

Absorption• Biology The movement of a substance, such as a liquid or solute,

across a cell membrane by means of diffusion or osmosis.• Chemistry The process by which one substance, such as a solid or

liquid, takes up another substance, such as a liquid or gas, through minute pores or spaces between its molecules. A paper towel takes up water, and water takes up carbon dioxide, by absorption. Compare adsorption.

• Physics The taking up and storing of energy, such as radiation, light, or sound, without it being reflected or transmitted. During absorption, the energy may change from one form into another. When radiation strikes the electrons in an atom, the electrons move to a higher orbit or state of excitement by absorption of the radiation's energy.

Villi

• Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are small, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall. Each villus is approximately 0.5-1.6 (millimetres) in length and has many microvilli (singular: microvillus), each of which are much smaller than a single villus. The intestines villi is approximately around 200m2. The Intestinal villi should not be confused with the larger folds of mucous membrane in the bowel known as the plicae circulares. A villus is much smaller than a single fold of plicae circulares.

Gastrick Juices

• Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach. It has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl) (around 0.5%, or 5000 parts per million) as high as 0.1 N[1], and large quantities of potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The acid plays a key role in digestion of proteins, by activating digestive enzymes, and making ingested proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids.

Duodenum

• The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine, using enzymes. Brunner‘s glands, which secrete mucus, are found in the duodenum. The duodenum wall is composed of a very thin layer of cells that form the muscularis mucosae. The duodenum is almost entirely retroperitoneal.

Chyme

• Etymology: Gk, chymos, juice

• the viscous, semifluid contents of the stomach present during digestion of a meal. Chyme then passes through the pylorus into the duodenum, where further digestion occurs