Digestive System
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Transcript of Digestive System
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Digestive System
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Digestive System – Fig. 15-1, Table 15-1
Digestion – process of changing food substances into forms that can be absorbed; digestive system consists of an alimentary canal & several accessory organs
Digestive structures are adapted for mechanical and chemical digestion; enzyme secretion, and absorption
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter26/animation__organs_of_digestion.html (overview of digestive system)
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Digestive System – Fig. 15-1, Table 15-1
General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal – various regions are specialized to perform specific functions
Structure of the wall – 4 layers – Fig. 15-2 Mucous membrane – inner most layer; function
to protect, absorption, secretion Submucosa – functions to nourish surrounding
tissues, tranports absorbed materials Muscular layer (muscularis) – functions in the
movement of the tube and its contents; smooth muscle fibers are arranged in circular & longitudinal groups
Serous (serosa) – composed of visceral peritoneum; functions to protect and lubricate
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Wall of Digestive Tract
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Digestive System Movements of the tube – Fig. 15-3
Motor functions include mixing and propelling movements
Mixing – small segments of smooth muscle contraction
Movement by peristalsis – tube undergoes receptive relaxation just ahead of a peristaltic wave
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Peristalsis http://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=o18UycWRsaA
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Digestive System Innervation of the tube
Innervated by branches of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic impulses generally cause an increase in digestive activities; sympathetic impulses generally inhibit digestive activities
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Mouth – adapted to receive food and begin preparing it for digestion. It also serves as an organ of speech & sensory reception. Fig. 15-4
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Mouth Cheeks & lips
Cheeks form the lateral walls of the mouth
Lips – highly mobile & possess a variety of sensory receptors useful in judging the characteristics of food
Tongue Thick, muscular organ that aids in the
mastication of food with saliva and moving it toward the pharynx
Rough surface (papillae) aids in handling food & contains taste buds
Lingual tonsils (lymphatic tissue) are located on the root of the tongue
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Mouth Palate
Comprises the roof the mouth and includes hard & soft palates
Soft palate closes the opening to the nasal cavity during swallowing
Palatine tonsils (lymphatic tissue) are located on either side of the tongue in the back of the mouth
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located on the posterior wall of the pharynx above the border of the soft palate
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Mouth Teeth
Two sets of teeth develop in sockets of the mandibular & maxillary bones
20 primary (deciduous) & 32 secondary teeth - Fig. 15-6
Break food into smaller pieces to increase surface area for digestive enzymes to act upon
Teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways Incisors – biting Canines (cuspids) – grasping Molars - grinding
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Mouth Teeth
Anatomy – Fig. 15-6 – tooth is divided into crown, neck, root, and is attached/anchored by periodontal membrane (ligament) Enamel – protects Dentin – makes up the bulk of the tooth
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Salivary Glands Salivary glands – secrete saliva,
moistens food, binds food particles together, begins digestion of carbohydrates, makes taste possible, helps cleanse the mouth, & regulates pH in the mouth (pH 6.5 – 7.5) – Fig. 15-7
Salivary secretions – glands include Serous cells that secrete digestive
enzymes (amylase) that are more liquid/watery
Mucous cells that secrete mucus that is more viscous
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Major salivary glands Parotid – largest; secretion rich in amylase Submandibular – secretes combinations of
enzymes and mucus Sublingual – secretes mucus
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Pharynx & Esophagus – serve as passageways
Pharynx – throat, passage for air & food
Swallowing mechanism – 3 stages food is mixed with saliva & forces into
pharynx Involuntary reflex actions move the food
into esophagus Esophagus to stomach by peristalsis
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Pharynx & Esophagus – serve as passageways
Esophagus Passes through mediastinum &
penetrates diaphragm Cardiac sphincter – circular ring of
muscle that prevents regurgitation Hiatal hernia – weak diaphragm, some part
of stomach, large intestine or other abdominal organ protrudes into thoracic cavity
Heart burn – gastric juice enters esophagus & causes mucosa to become inflamed
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Stomach Mixes food with gastric juices carries
on a limited amount of absorption; & moves food to small intestine – Fig. 15-8
Parts of stomach Cardiac, fundic body & pyloric regions Pyloric sphincter – serves as a valve
between stomach & small intestine; regulates how much “chyme enters
Gastric glands secrete pepsin (breaks down proteins), HCl (kills bacteria, and keeps stomach at pH of about 2 which is optimal for action of pepsin), and lipase (breaks down lipids)
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Stomach Stomach not well adapted for
absorption, however it can absorb some water, lipid soluble drugs, and alcohol
Mixing & Emptying Actions as stomach fills the walls stretch –
internal pressure remains unchanged Mixing movements (3 directions of
smooth muscle) aid in producing chyme; peristaltic waves move chyme to pyloric region
Muscular wall of pyloric region pumps chyme into the small intestine
Rate of emptying depends on fluidity of chyme & the type of food present
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Pancreas (accessory organ) – Fig. 15-10
Pancreatic juice digests all food types
Has a high HCO3- (bicarbonate)
content that helps to neutralize chyme & causes intestinal contents to be alkaline
Pancreatic duct merges with bile duct & enters small intestine at duodenum
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Accessory Organs of Digestive Tract
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Liver/Gall Bladder – Accessory Organs
Functions of the liver Metabolism of fats, sugars, & proteins Filters blood Storage of substances – glycogen, iron,
vitamins Detoxifies – converts ammonia to urea Secretes bile – emulsifies lipids
Structure Located in upper R. & central portion of
abdominal cavity Highly vascular & divided into lobes Functional unit – hepatile lobule
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Liver/Gall Bladder – Accessory Organs
Function of the Gall Bladder – Fig. 15-10
Store bile between meals Release of bile form the common bile duct is
controlled by sphincter muscle Gallstones – cholesterol that has crystallized
(pg. 405) Release of bile is stimulated by
cholescystokinin from the small intestine which causes the gall bladder to contract
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Small Intestine – extends from pyloric sphincter to the large intestine Fig. 15-9
Functions Complete digestion of all nutrients Absorbs nutrients which then enter
blood stream Transports residues to the large intestine Secrete digestive enzymes
Parts Duodenum, jejunum, & ileum Suspended from the posterior abdominal
wall by mesentery (extension of peritoneum)
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Small Intestine Structure (circular folds – plica{e})
Lined with villi that increase surface area & aid in mixing & absorbing
Microvilli on the free ends of epithelial cells increase surface area even more
Regulation/absorption/movements Secretion of intestinal enzymes are
enhanced by the presence of gastric juice & chime and distension of small intestinal wall
Villi absorb water & nutrients Movements include mixing by
segmentation & peristalsis Ileocecal valve controls movements of
contents from small to large intestine
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Small Intestine
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Villi of Small
Intestine
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Large Intestine Reabsorbs water & electrolytes and forms
7 stores feces – Fig. 15-12, 15-13 Parts divided into cecum, ascending colon,
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal
Functions Little or no digestive function; secretes mucus Absorption of H2O, electrolytes, & vitamins
(produced by bacteria that inhabit large intestine)
Movements – similar to those of small intestine
Feces – stored in rectum and eliminated through anus
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Large Intestine
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Large Intestine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kg5wZQfADQ (colonoscopy)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGyzZyxMxkk&NR=1 (colonoscopy showing rectal cancer)