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![Page 1: Digestive Review Answers to review sheet. 1.The principal structure of the digestive system is an irregular tube, open at both ends, called the _alimentary___.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d9e5503460f94a88cbc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Digestive Review
Answers to review sheet
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1. The principal structure of the digestive system is an irregular tube, open at both ends, called the _alimentary___ canal or the _gastrointestinal tract.
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2. Food is broken down physically, called _mastication___ and chemically called __digestion_______.
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3. Chemical digestion results from the action of digestive enzymes. The first enzyme, _amylase_____, found in saliva, breaks down carbohydrates. An antibacterial enzyme called _lysozyme____ is also found in saliva.
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1. The enzyme _pepsinogen or pepsin_ is excreted by the stomach and begins the chemical digestion of proteins.
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1. The three salivary glands are the _parotid________, _sublingual__ and the _submandibular______.
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1. The inside, hollow space within the digestive tract is the _lumen_______.
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7. The inner layer of the intestinal tract is called the _mucosa_____. It secretes _mucus______ to allow food to move easily through.
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8. The second layer, the _submucosa__, is connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.
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1. The 2-3 layers of muscle is called the _muscularis____.
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1. The outermost covering or coat of the digestive tube is the _serosa____.
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1. The wavelike, rhythmic contraction of the muscular coat, called _peristalsis moves food through the digestive system.
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1. Another name for the throat is the __pharynx___.
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1. The muscular, mucus-lined tube that connects the throat to the stomach is the _esophagus_________.
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1. The _stretch_____ reflex brought on by food entering the stomach, signals the release of hormones that in turn release more enzymes.
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• After food leaves the mouth and enters the esophagus, it is called a bolus____.
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16. The opening from the esophagus to the stomach is the _cardiac________ sphincter.
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17. When stomach contents go back onto the esophagus two or more times a week, it is called __GERD, acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease) or heartburn.
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18. Contraction of the stomach’s muscular walls mixes the food thoroughly with the gastric juice and breaks it down into a semisolid mixture called _chyme_______.
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19. The acidic gastric juice secreted by the cells of the stomach is _hydrochloric acid___. It has a pH of approximately __2___.
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20. The circular muscle that releases food from the stomach to the duodenum is the _pyloric________ __sphincter__.
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21. The small intestine is approximately __22__ feet or 6.5 meters. The surface area is about _2000___ square feet.
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22. The three parts of the small intestine are _duodenum_____, __jejunum________ and _Ileum__________.
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23. The folds of the small intestine are covered in small finger-like projections called _villi____, which are covered in even smaller projections called ___micro______ _villi___.
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• Each villus in the intestine contains a lymphatic vessel or _lacteal___ that absorbs lipid or fat materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine.
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25. Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the first part of the small intestine, called the _duodenum______.
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26. Bile is created by the _liver_______ and stored in the _gall__ _bladder__
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27. Bile is drained out of the liver by the _hepatic___ ducts.
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28.Bile contains salts that __emulsify__ or break down fats.
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29. When chyme containing lipid or fat enters the duodenum, it initiates a trigger for the hormone CCK, _cholecystokinin_, which stimulates the contraction of the _gall bladder_____ to release bile into the duodenum.
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30. Solid clumps of material (mostly cholesterol) that form in the gallbladder only cause problems when they block a duct are called __gallstone______.
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31. The pancreas works as an _exocrine_____ gland when it secretes digestive enzymes and an __endocrine____ gland when it secretes hormones.
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32. The pancreatic juices are the most important because there are enzymes to break down all three major kinds of foods: _carbohydrates____, _lipids__, and __proteins____.
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33. Pancreatic juices empty into this part of the small intestine: _duodenum______
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34. The large intestine is approximately 1.5 meters or _5__ feet in length.
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35. It is called the large intestine because it is larger in _diameter____ than the small intestine.
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36. The small intestine empties into the large intestine through the __ileocecal______ valve. The name makes sense because the unabsorbed food moves from the _ileum_______ of the small intestine to the _cecum__ of the large intestine.
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1. During its movement through the large intestine, material that escaped digestion in the small intestine is acted on by this single celled organism: _bacteria_____
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1. These single celled organisms are responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin __K_, which is important for normal blood _clotting____.
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1. The percentage of nutrients absorbed by the small intestine: __95%____.
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41. If enough water is not absorbed by the large intestine, _diarrhea_____ results. If too much water is absorbed, then __constipation_______ can result.
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• The subdivisions of the large intestine listed in order are:
– __cecum_______________
– __ascending colon_____– __transverse colon_____– ___descending colon__– ___sigmoid
colon_______– ___rectum___________
___– ____anal
canal_________
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43. This vestigial organ can rupture sending bacteria into the abdominal cavity: ___appendix_______________
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1. This connective tissue extensions between and around the digestive organs in the abdomen provide blood supply, insulation and anchors the small intestine to the abdominal wall: _mesentary__________.
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1. The four major types of teeth are the __incisors____, __canines_____, __premolars______ and the __molars__________.
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45. The portion of the tooth that is exposed and visible in the mouth is the __crown________
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46. The tooth _root_____ fits into the socket of the upper or lower jaw.
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47. A fibrous _periodontal_________ membrane lines each tooth socket.
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48. Another name for the gums is the __gingiva_______, thus the name of a gum infection is gingivitis.
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49. Even though animals could not live without bacteria in the digestive system, sometimes a bad bacteria can get in and cause problems. H. pylori can cause holes in the stomach walls called _ulcers_____,
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50. Many people can not digest milk sugars and get gastric distress. These people are _lactose_____ intolerant.
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1. People over 50 years of age should be checked for colon cancer through this procedure: __colonoscopy_______.
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• Another name for the formation and removal of feces: __defecation____.
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1. The largest gland/internal organ is the __liver____________.
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54. This holds the tongue to the floor of the mouth: _lingual_frenelum_.
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55. The main cause of gall stone is consuming too much _fat______.
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56. The flap of cartilage that directs food to the esophagus and not the trachea is the _epliglotis____.
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57. Pouches of infection that form in the wall of the colon is called _diverticullitis_______________. This condition can be prevented by water, exercise and a high __fiber________ diet.
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58. When an internal body part pushes into an area where it doesn’t belong, it is called a __hernia___________. Hiatal hernias are found at the base of the _esophagus______________ where it leads into the stomach.
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1. Flossing your teeth can prevent heart disease and this dental gum disease: ___periodontal________________ disease.
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1. Fruits and vegetables contain a high amount of __water___________, so they have a lot of volume, but not a lot of calories.
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