Digested Phil

8/13/2019 Digested Phil

1/18

IGLESIA NI CRISTO VS. COURT OF APPEALS [259 SCRA 529; G.R. NO. 119673;

26 JUL 1996]

Fact! P"t#t#$%"& 'a a t"(")##$% *&$+&a, "%t#t("- A%+ I+("#a %# Ct$

a#&"- $% C'a%%"( 2 ")"&/ Sat0&-a/ a%- $% C'a%%"( 13 ")"&/ S0%-a/. T'"

*&$+&a, *&""%t a%- *&$*a+at" *"t#t#$%"& &"(#+#$0"(#"4 -$ct%" a%-*&act#c" $t"% t#," #% c$,*a&at#)" t0-#" #t' $t'"& &"(#+#$%. P"t#t#$%"&

0,#tt"- t$ t'" &"*$%-"%t $a&- $ R")#" $& $)#%+ P#ct0&" a%-

T"(")##$% t'" VTR ta*" $ #t TV *&$+&a, S"" N$. 1164 1194 121 a%-

128. T'" $a&- c(a##"- t'" "" a $& %$t $& *0(#c )#"#%+ $% t'"

+&$0%- t'at t'"/ $"%- a%- c$%t#t0t" a% attac: a+a#%t

$t'"& &"(#+#$% '#c' # "*&"(/ *&$'##t"- / (a. O% N$)","& 284 19924

#t a**"a("- t$ t'" O#c" $ t'" P&"#-"%t t'" c(a##cat#$% $ #t TV S"" N$.

128 '#c' a(($"- #t t'&$0+' a ("tt"& $ $&,"& E"c0t#)" S"c&"ta&/ E-"(,#&$

A. A,a%t"4 S&.4 a--&""- $&


2/18

t$ &"" ""&c#" $&"(#+#$%. Hattac: # -#"&"%t &$, H$"%- a%/ &ac"

$& &"(#+#$%. T'" &"*$%-"%t $a&- ,a/ -#a+&"" #t' t'" ct#c#, $

$t'"& &"(#+#$% / *"t#t#$%"& 0t t'at +#)" #t %$ "c0" t$ #%t"&-#ct 0c'

ct#c#,4 '$")"&4 0%c("a% t'"/ ,a/ ". U%-"& $0& c$%t#t0t#$%a( c'","4

#t # %$t t'" ta: $ t'" Stat" t$ a)$& a%/ &"(#+#$% / *&$t"ct#%+ #t a+a#%t a%

attac: / a%$t'"& &"(#+#$%. R"(#+#$0 -$+,a a%- "(#" a&" $t"% at a& a%-

t$ *&""&)" *"ac" a,$%+ t'"#& $(($"&4 "*"c#a((/ t'" a%at#c4 t'"

"ta(#',"%t c(a0" $ &""-$, $ &"(#+#$% *&$'##t t'" Stat" &$, ("a%#%+

t$a&- a%/ &"(#+#$%. R"*$%-"%t $a&- ca%%$t c"%$& t'" *""c' $

*"t#t#$%"& I+("#a %# Ct$ #,*(/ "ca0" #t attac: $t'"& &"(#+#$%4 ")"% #

a#- &"(#+#$% 'a**"% t$ " t'" ,$t %0,"&$0 c'0&c' #% $0& c$0%t&/. T'"

a# $ &""-$, $ &"(#+#$% # &""-$, $ t'$0+'t a%- #t # "t "&)"- /

"%c$0&a+#%+ t'" ,a&:"t*(ac" $ -0"(#%+ #-"a. It # $%(/ '"&" #t #

0%a)$#-a(/ %"c"a&/ t$ *&")"%t a% #,,"-#at" a%- +&a)" -a%+"& t$ t'"

"c0t/ a%- "(a&" $ t'" c$,,0%#t/ t'at #%%+","%t $ &"(#+#$0 &""-$,,a/ " >0t##"-4 a%- $%(/ t$ t'" ,a(("t "t"%t %"c"a&/ t$ a)$#- t'"

-a%+"&. T'"&" # %$ '$#%+ 'at$")"& $ t'" t/*" $ 'a&, t'" ta*" #((

%+ a$0t "*"c#a((/ t'" +&a)#t/ a%- #,,#%"%c" $ t'" t'&"at"%"- 'a&,.

P$& &"t&a#%t $% *""c'4 #%c(0-#%+ &"(#+#$0 *""c'4 ca%%$t " >0t##"- /

'/*$t'"t#ca( "a& 0t $%(/ / t'" '$#%+ $ a 0ta%t#)" a%- #,,#%"%t

")#(. It # #%a**&$*at" t$ a**(/ t'" c("a& a%- *&""%t -a%+"& t"t t$ t'" ca"

at a& "ca0" t'" #0" #%)$()" t'" c$%t"%t $ *""c' a%- %$t t'" t#,"4

*(ac" $& ,a%%"& $ *""c'. A(("+"-(/4 0%(" t'" *""c' # #&t a(($"-4 #t

#,*act ca%%$t " ,"a0&"-4 a%- t'" ca0a( c$%%"ct#$% "t""% t'" *""c'

a%- t'" ")#( a**&"'"%-"- ca%%$t " "ta(#'"-. T'" -"t"&,#%at#$% $ t'"

?0"t#$% a t$ '"t'"& $& %$t 0c' )#(##cat#$%4 "a++"&at#$% $& acat#$%

a(( #t'#% $& (#" $0t#-" t'" $0%-a" $ *&$t"ct"- *""c' $& "*&"#$%

# a >0-#c#a( 0%ct#$% '#c' ca%%$t " a&&$+at"- / a% a-,#%#t&at#)" $-/

0c' a a $a&- $ C"%$&. A /t", $ *$& &"t&a#%t ,a/ $%(/ " )a(#-(/

a-,#%#t"&"- / >0-+" a%- %$t ("t t$ a-,#%#t&at#)" a+"%c#".

V#ct$a%$ ) E(#=a(-" R$*" $&:"& U%#$% 59 SCRA 5 197D

Fact! P(a#%t# # a ,","& $ t'" E(#=a(-" R$*" $&:"& U%#$% '$ (at"&

&"#+%"- &$, '# a#(#at#$% t$ t'" a#- 0%#$% / &"a$% $ t'" *&$'##t#$% $

'# &"(#+#$% $& #t ,","& t$ "c$," a#(#at"- #t' a%/ (a$& $&+a%#=at#$%.

T'" 0%#$% 'a 0#t#%+ c($"- '$* a+&"","%t #% t'"#& c$(("ct#)"

a&+a#%#%+ a+&"","%t #t' t'"#& ",*($/"& t'at a(( *"&,a%"%t ",*($/"" $

t'" c$,*a%/ ,0t " a ,","& $ t'" 0%#$% a%- (at"& a a,"%-"-
http://talkaboutphilippinelaw.blogspot.com/2011/01/victoriano-v-elizalde-rope-workers.htmlhttp://talkaboutphilippinelaw.blogspot.com/2011/01/victoriano-v-elizalde-rope-workers.html


3/18

/R"*0(#c Act N$. 335B #t' t'" *&$)##$% tat#%+ 0t 0c' a+&"","%t 'a((

%$t c$)"& ,","& $ a%/ &"(#+#$0 "ct '#c' *&$'##t a#(#at#$% $ t'"#&

,","& #% a%/ 0c' (a$& $&+a%#=at#$%.. / '# &"#+%at#$%4 t'" 0%#$%

&$t" a ("tt"& t$ t'" c$,*a%/ t$ "*a&at" t'" *(a#%t# &$, t'" "&)#c" at"&

'#c' '" a #%$&,"- / t'" c$,*a%/ t'at 0%(" '" ,a:" a at#act$&/

a&&a%+","%t #t' t'" 0%#$% '" #(( " -#,#"- &$, t'" "&)#c". T'" 0%#$%

c$%t"%- t'at RA 335B #,*a#& $(#+at#$% $ c$%t&act t#*0(at"- #% t'"#& CA

a%- -#c,#%at$(/ a)$& &"(#+#$0 "ct #% *&$)#-#%+ "",*t#$% t$ "

a#(#at"- #t' a%/ (a$& 0%#$%.

I0"! ON RA 335B #,*a#& t'" +'t t$ $&, a$c#at#$%.

$#% a$c#at#$% '#c'

#%)$()" t$ &$a- %$t#$%4 %a,"(/! #&t4 (#"&t/ $& &""-$,4 #.".4 t'"

a"%c" $ ("+a( &"t&a#%t4 '"&"/ a% ",*($/"" ,a/ act $& '#,"( #t'$0t

"#%+ *&")"%t"- / (a; a%- "c$%-4 *$"&4 '"&"/ a% ",*($/"" ,a/ >$#%

$& &"&a#% &$, >$#%#%+ a% a$c#at#$%. T'"&"$&" t'" +'t t$ >$#% a 0%#$%

#%c(0-" t'" +'t t$ ata#% &$, >$#%#%+ a%/ 0%#$%. T'" "c"*t#$% *&$)#-"-

/ t'" aa#("- R"*0(#c Act # t'at ,","& $ a#- &"(#+#$0 "ct ca%%$t

" c$,*"(("- $& c$"&c"- t$ >$#% (a$& 0%#$% ")"% '"% a#- 0%#$% 'a)"

c($"- '$* a+&"","%t #t' t'" ",*($/"&; t'at #% *#t" $ a%/ c($"- '$*a+&"","%t4 ,","& $ a#- &"(#+#$0 "ct ca%%$t " &"0"- ",*($/,"%t

$& -#,#"- &$, t'"#& >$ $% t'" $(" +&$0%- t'at t'"/ a&" %$t ,","& $

t'" c$(("ct#)" a&+a#%#%+ 0%#$%. T'0 t'# "c"*t#$% -$" %$t #%%+" 0*$%

t'" c$%t#t0t#$%a( *&$)##$% $% &""-$, $ a$c#at#$% 0t #%t"a- &"#%$&c"

#t.

GERAN VS. ARANGAN [135 SCRA 51; G.R. NO. 68828; 27 AR 1985]

Sat0&-a/4 F"&0a&/ B74 2BB9 P$t"- / C$""'$(#c t"

La"(! Ca" #+"t4 P$(#t#ca( La

Fact! P"t#t#$%"& c$%)"&+"- at J.P. La0&"( St&""t t$ '"a& a at t'" St. J0-"

C'a*"(4 '#c' a->$#%"- a(acaKa%+. R"*$%-"%t a&&"- t'",

$& "c0t/ &"a$%. P"t#t#$%"& #("- a *"t#t#$% $& ,a%-a,0.
http://cofferette.blogspot.com/2009/02/german-vs-barangan-135-scra-514-gr-no.htmlhttp://cofferette.blogspot.com/search/label/Case%20Digestshttp://cofferette.blogspot.com/search/label/Political%20Lawhttp://cofferette.blogspot.com/2009/02/german-vs-barangan-135-scra-514-gr-no.htmlhttp://cofferette.blogspot.com/search/label/Case%20Digestshttp://cofferette.blogspot.com/search/label/Political%20Law


4/18

I0"! '"t'"& $& N$t t'"&" a a )#$(at#$% $ t'" c$%t#t0t#$%a( &""-$,.

a%-&$ Et&a-a &$t" t$ J0-+" J$" F. Ca$#"4 J&.4 &"?0"t#%+

$& a% #%)"t#+at#$% $ &0,$& t'at &"*$%-"%t S$("-a- Ect$&4 c$0&t

#%t"&*&"t"&4 # (#)#%+ #t' a ,a% %$t '"& '0a%-. T'"/ a(("+"-(/ 'a)" a c'#(-

$ "#+'t""% t$ t"%t/ /"a& $(-. Et&a-a # %$t *"&$%a((/ &"(at"- "#t'"& t$

Ect$& $& '"& *a&t%"&. N")"&t'"("4 '" #("- t'" c'a&+" a+a#%t Ect$& a

'" "(#")" t'at '" # c$,,#tt#%+ a% #,,$&a( act t'at ta&%#'" t'" #,a+"

$ t'" c$0&t4 t'0 '" '$0(- %$t " a(($"- t$ &",a#% ",*($/"- t'"&"#% a #t

,#+'t a**"a& t'at t'" c$0&t c$%-$%" '"& act.

R"*$%-"%t Ect$& t"t##"- t'at '"% '" "%t"&"- t'" >0-#c#a&/ #% 19994

'" a a(&"a-/ a #-$4 '"& '0a%- 'a)#%+ -#"- #% 1998. S'" a-,#tt"-

t'at '" 'a ""% (#)#%+ #t' L0c#a%$ 0#(a*#$4 J&. #t'$0t t'" "%"#t $


5/18

,a&a+" $& t"%t/ /"a& a%- t'at t'"/ 'a)" a $%. 0t a a ,","& $ t'"

&"(#+#$0 "ct :%$% a t'" J"'$)a' #t%"" a%- t'" atc' T$"& a%-

#(" T&act S$c#"t/4 t'"#& c$%>0+a( a&&a%+","%t # #% c$%$&,#t/ #t' t'"#&

&"(#+#$0 "(#". I% act4 at"& t"% /"a& $ (#)#%+ t$+"t'"&4 '" ""c0t"- $%

J0(/ 284 1991 a "c(a&at#$% $ P("-+#%+ Fa#t'0(%"4 #%$a& a t'"

c$%+&"+at#$% # c$%c"&%"-4 t'"&" # %$t'#%+ #,,$&a( a$0t t'" c$%>0+a(

a&&a%+","%t "t""% Ect$& a%- 0#(a*#$ a%- t'"/ &",a#% ,","& #%

+$$- ta%-#%+ #% t'" c$%+&"+at#$%.

ISSUE!

'"t'"& $& %$t &"*$%-"%t '$0(- " $0%- +0#(t/ $ t'" a-,#%#t&at#)"

c'a&+" $ +&$ a%- #,,$&a( c$%-0ct.

0+a( a&&a%+","%t # %$t

#,,$&a( a%- *0%#'a(" a #t c$," #t'#% t'" c$*" $ &"" ""&c#"

*&$t"ct#$%. S'$0(- t'" C$0&t *&$'##t a%- *0%#' '"& c$%-0ct '"&" #t #

*&$t"ct"- / t'" F&"" E"&c#" C(a0"4 t'" C$0&t act#$% $0(- " a%

0%c$%t#t0t#$%a( "%c&$ac',"%t $ '"& +'t t$ &"(#+#$0 &""-$,. T'" C$0&t

ca%%$t t'"&"$&" #,*(/ ta:" a *a#%+ ($$: at &"*$%-"%t c(a#, $

&"(#+#$0 &""-$,4 0t ,0t #%t"a- a**(/ t'" Hc$,*"((#%+ tat" #%t"&"t

t"t. T'" +$)"&%,"%t ,0t " '"a&- $% t'" #0" a #t 'a %$t ""% +#)"% a%

$**$&t0%#t/ t$ -#c'a&+" #t 0&-"% $ -",$%t&at#%+ t'" tat" c$,*"((#%+

#%t"&"t '#c' ca% $)"&-" &"*$%-"%t &"(#+#$0 "(#" a%- *&act#c".

ISLAIC AA< COUNCIL OF T


6/18

P


7/18

OAD t$ #0" 'a(a( c"&t##cat".

S0"?0"%t(/4 a %" a&t#c(" a *0(#'"- '"&" OA a&%"- 0(#,

c$%0,"& t$ 0/ $%(/

*&$-0ct #t' #t $#c#a( 'a(a( c"&t##cat#$% #%c" t'$" #t'$0t a#-c"&t##cat#$% c$0(- c$%ta#% *$&:

$& #t -")at#)". OA a($ "%t ("tt"& t$ $$- ,a%0act0&"& a:#%+ t'",

t$ "c0&" t'" 'a(a(

c"&t##cat#$% $%(/ &$, OA ("t t'"/ )#$(at" EO 6. A a &"0(t4 ICP ($t

&")"%0" at"& $$-

,a%0act0&"& t$**"- "c0%+ c"&t##cat#$% &$, #t.

"ct EO.

ISSUE!

'"t'"& $& %$t EO 64 "" $ 2BB14 # 0%c$%t#t0t#$%a(.

"ct EO # 0%c$%t#t0t#$%a(.

T'" OA -"a( #t' t'" $c#"ta(4 ("+a(4 *$(#t#ca( a%- "c$%$,#c c$%c"&% $

t'" 0(#,

c$,,0%#t/ a a H%at#$%a( c0(t0&a( c$,,0%#t/ a%- %$t a a &"(#+#$0 +&$0*.

T'04 "a%+ #% ,#%- RECENT JURISPRUENCE @ POLITICAL LA

U.S.T. La R")#"4 V$(0," LVIII4 Ja%0a&/ M "c","& 2BB

t'" c$%t#t0t#$%a( a&"& "t""% t'" C'0&c' a%- Stat"4 t'" (att"& ,0t

,a:" 0&" t'at OA -$"

%$t #%t&0-" #%t$ *0&"(/ &"(#+#$0 ,att"& ("t #t )#$(at" t'" %$%@"ta(#',"%t

c(a0" a%- t'" H&""


8/18

""&c#" $ &"(#+#$% *&$)##$% $0%- #% A&t#c(" III4 S"ct#$% 5 $ t'" 1987

C$%t#t0t#$%.

F&""-$, $ &"(#+#$% a acc$&-"- *&""&&"- tat0 / t'" &a,"& $ $0&

0%-a,"%ta( (a.

#t'$0t -$0t4 c(a#/#%+ a $$- *&$-0ct a 'a(a( # a &"(#+#$0 0%ct#$%

"ca0" t'" ta%-a&-

0"- a&" -&a% &$, t'" 0&a% a%- I(a,#c "(#". / +#)#%+ OA t'"

"c(0#)" *$"& t$ c(a#/

$$- *&$-0ct a 'a(a(4 EO 6 "%c&$ac'"- $% &"(#+#$0 &""-$, $ 0(#,

$&+a%#=at#$% (#:" ICP

t$ #%t"&*&"t $& F#(#*#%$ 0(#, 'at $$- *&$-0ct a&" #t $& 0(#,

c$%0,*t#$%. T'" Stat" 'a

#% ""ct $&c"- 0(#, t$ acc"*t #t $% #%t"&*&"tat#$% $ t'" 0&a% a%-

S0%%a' $% 'a(a( $$-.

T'" S$(#c#t$& G"%"&a( a&+0" t'at t'" &""-$, $ &"(#+#$% # 0"&)#"%t t$ t'"

*$(#c" *$"& $

t'" Stat". T'" C$0&t -#a+&""-. Acc$&-#%+ t$ t'" C$0&t4 $%(/ t'" *&")"%t#$%

$ a% #,,"-#at" a%-

+&a)" -a%+"& t$ t'" "c0t/ a%- "(a&" $ t'" c$,,0%#t/ ca% >0t#/ t'"#%%+","%t $ &"(#+#$0

&""-$,. I t'" +$)"&%,"%t a#( t$ '$ t'" "$0%" a%- #,,"-#ac/ $

t'" t'&"at4 Stat"

#%t&0#$% # c$%t#t0t#$%a((/ 0%acc"*ta(".

I% t'" ca" at a&4 t'" C$0&t $0%- %$ c$,*"((#%+ >0t##cat#$% $& t'"

+$)"&%,"%t t$ -"*)"

0(#, $&+a%#=at#$%4 (#:" ICP4 $ t'"#& &"(#+#$0 +'t t$ c(a#/ a *&$-0cta 'a(a(. T'"

*&$t"ct#$% a%- *&$,$t#$% $ t'" 0(#, F#(#*#%$ +'t t$ '"a(t' a&" a(&"a-/

*&$)#-"- $& #%

"#t#%+ (a. T'&$0+' t'" (a $% $$- a"t/ a%- ?0a(#t/ #.". RA 739D4 t'"

Stat" #%-#&"ct(/ a#-


9/18

0(#, c$%0,"& #% -#"&"%t#at#%+ $$- &$, %$%@$$- *&$-0ct. T'"

Nat#$%a( "at I%*"ct#$%

C$,,##$% +0a&a%t"" t'at t'" ,"at $(- #% t'" ,a&:"t 'a ""%

t'$&$0+'(/ #%*"ct"- a%- #t $&

c$%0,*t#$%. "a%'#("4 t'" 0&"a0 $ F$$- a%- &0+ "%0&" t'at $$-

*&$-0ct a&" *&$*"&(/

cat"+$="- a%- 'a)" *a"- a"t/ a%- ?0a(#t/ ta%-a&-. T'"%4 t'&$0+'

t'" (a"(#%+ *&$)##$%

"%$&c"- / t'" TI4 0(#, c$%0,"& a&" a-"?0at"(/ a**"- $ t'"

*&$-0ct t'at c$%ta#%

0ta%c" $& #%+&"-#"%t t'at4 acc$&-#%+ t$ t'"#& I(a,#c "(#"4 a&" %$t #t

$& '0,a% #%ta:". T'""

a&" t'" %$%@"c0(a& t"* *0t #% *(ac" / t'" Stat" t$ "%0&" t'at t'" 0(#,

c$%0,"& +'t t$

'"a(t' # *&$t"ct"-. T'" 'a(a( c"&t##cat#$% #0"- / ICP c$," $&a&- a

t'" $#c#a( &"(#+#$0

a**&$)a( $ a $$- *&$-0ct #t $& 0(#, c$%0,*t#$%.

EO 64 "" $ 2BB1 a -"c(a&"- NULL a%- VOI.

Rubi Vs Prov of Mindoro

Facts: This is an application for habeas corpus in favor of Rubi and other Manguianes ofthe Province of Mindoro.The provincial board of Mindoro adopted resolution No. 25which states that provincial governor of an!province in which non"#hristian inhabitants$uncivili%ed tribes& are found is authori%ed' when such a courseis dee(ed necessar! inthe interest of law and order' to direct such inhabitants to ta)e up their habitation onsiteson unoccupied public lands to be selected b! hi( and approved b! the provincialboard*. +t is resolvedthat under section 2,-- of the d(inistrative #ode' /,, hectares of

public land in the sitio of Tigbao onNau0an 1a)e be selected as a site for theper(anent settle(ent of Mang!anes in Mindoro. Further'Mang!ans (a! onl!solicit ho(esteads on this reservation providing that said ho(estead applicationsarepreviousl! reco((ended b! the provincial governor.Thereafter' the provincialgovernor of Mindoro issued eecutive order No. 2' which sa!s that theprovincialg o v er n o r h a s s e l ec t ed a s i t e i n t h e s i t io o f T i g ba o o nNa u0 an 1a )e fo r th e pe r( an en t se tt le (e nt of Mang!anes in Mindoro. +nthat case' pursuant to 3ection 245 of the Revised d(inistrative #ode' all


10/18

theMang!ans in the townships of Nau0an and Pola and the Mang!ans east of the 6acoRiver including those inthe districts of 7ulangan and Rubi8s place in #alapan' wereordered to ta)e up their habitation on the site of Tigbao' Nau0an 1a)e. lso' thatan! Mang!an who shall refuse to co(pl! with this order shalluponconviction be i(prisoned not eceed in sit! da!s' in accordance

with section 2-59 of the revisedd(inistrative #ode.3aid resolution of theprovincial board of Mindoro were clai(ed as necessar! (easures for the protectionofthe Mang!anes of Mindoro as well as the protect ion of publ ic forests inwhich the! roa(' and to introduce civili%ed custo(s a(ong the(.+t appeared thatRubi and those living in his rancheria have not fied their dwelling within thereservationof Tigbao and are liable to be punished.+t is alleged that the Manguianes arebeing illegall! deprived of their libert! b! the provincial officials of tha t prov ince. Rubiand his co(panions are said to be held on the reservation established atTigbao'Mindoro' against their will' and one 7abalos is said to be held under thecustod! of the provincial sheriff inthe prison at #alapan for having run awa! for( thereservation.+ssues:$4& hether or Not 3ection 245 of the d(inistrative #ode deprive

a person of his libert! without dueprocess of law.$2& hether or Not 3ection 245 of thed(inistrative #ode of 494- is constitutional.;eld: The #ourt held that section 245 ofthe d(inistrative #ode does not deprive a person of his libert!without due process oflaw and does not den! to hi( the e


11/18

thehighest conception of nationalit!. The public polic! of the ?overn(ent of thePhilippine +slands is shapedwith a view to benefit the Filipino people as a whole. TheManguianes' in order to fulfill this govern(entalpolic!' (ust be confined for a ti(e' aswe have said' for their own good and the good of the countr!.Therefore' peti tionersare not unlawfull! i(prisoned or restrained of their libert!. ;abeas corpus

can'therefore' not issue.

MARCOS VS. MANGLAPUS [177 SCRA 668; G.R. NO. 88211; 15 SEPT 1989]

Frida!' Februar! ,C' 2,,9 Posted b! #offeeholic rites

1abels: #ase 7igests' Political 1aw

Facts: This case involves a petition of mandamus and prohibition asking the

court to order the respondents Secretary of Foreign Affairs, etc. To issue

a travel documents to former Pres. Marcos and the immediate members of

his family and to enjoin the implementation of the Presidents decision to bar

their return to the Philippines. Petitioners assert that the right of the

Marcoses to return in thePhilippines is guaranteed by the !ill of "ights,

specifically Sections # and $. They contended that Pres. A%uino is &ithout

po&er to impair the liberty of abode of the Marcoses because only a court

may do so &ithin the limits prescribed by la&. 'or the President impair their

right to travel because no la& has authori(ed her to do so.

They further assert that under international la&, their right to return to

the Philippines is guaranteed particularly by the )niversal *eclaration of

+uman "ights and the nternational -ovenant on -ivil and Political "ights,

&hich has been ratified by the Philippines.

Issue: hether or not, in the e/ercise of the po&ers granted by

theconstitution, the President 0A%uino1 may prohibit the Marcoses from

returning to the Philippines.

Held:2t must be emphasi(ed that the individual right involved is not the

right to travel from the Philippines to other countries or &ithin
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the Philippines. These are &hat the right to travel &ould normally connote.

3ssentially, the right involved in this case at bar is the rightto return to ones

country, a distinct right under international la&,independent from although

related to the right to travel. Thus, the )niversal *eclaration of +uman

"ights and the nternational -ovenant on -ivil and Political "ights treat the

right to freedom of movement and abode &ithin the territory of a state, the

right to leave the country, and the right to enter ones country as separate

and distinct rights. hat the *eclaration speaks of is the 2right to freedom

of movement and residence &ithin the borders of each state2. 4n the other

hand, the -ovenant guarantees the right to liberty of movement and

freedom to choose his residence and the right to be free to leave any

country, including his o&n. Such rights may only be restricted by la&s

protecting the national security, public order, public health or morals or the

separate rights of others. +o&ever, right to enter ones country cannot be

arbitrarily deprived. t &ould be therefore inappropriate to construe the

limitations to the right to return to ones country in the same conte/t as

those pertaining to the liberty of abode and the right to travel.

The !ill of rights treats only the liberty of abode and the right totravel, but it

is a &ell considered vie& that the right to return may be considered, as a

generally accepted principle of nternational 5a& and under

our -onstitution as part of the la& of the land.

The court held that President did not act arbitrarily or &ith grave abuse of

discretion in determining that the return of the Former Pres. Marcos and his

family poses a serious threat to national interest and &elfare. President

A%uino has determined that the destabili(ation caused by the return of the

Marcoses &ould &ipe a&ay the gains achieved during the past fe& years

after the Marcos regime.

The return of the Marcoses poses a serious threat and therefore prohibiting

their return to the Philippines, the instant petition is hereby *SMSS3*.


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In re Edillon

$.M. No. 492/> / 3#R 55 D49-/E&Facts:

The respondent Marcial . dillon is a dul! licensed practicing attorne! inthe Philippines.An Nove(ber 29' 49-5' the +ntegrated 6ar of the Philippines $+6P for

short& 6oard of ?overnorsunani(ousl! adopted Resolution No. -5"C5 in d(inistrative#ase No. M77"4 $+n the Matter of the Me(bership 7ues 7elin


14/18

prohibits #ourt' under its constitutional power and dut! topro(ulga te rulesconcerning the ad(ission to the pract ice of law and the integrat ion ofthePhil ippine 6ar $rt icle H' 3ection 5 of the 49-@ #onsti tut ion&' fro(re


15/18

regardless of voluntariness.

The Anti Subversive Act of #:;7 &as approved >86une#:;7. t is an act to

outla& the -PP and similar associations penali(ing membership therein, and

for other purposes. t defined the -ommunist Party being although a political

party is in fact an organi(ed conspiracy to overthro& the ?overnment, not

only by force and violence but also by deceit, subversion and other illegal

means. t declares that the -PP is a clear and present danger to the security

of the Philippines. Section provided that affiliation &ith full kno&ledge of

the illegal acts of the -PP is punishable. Section ; states that due

investigation by a designated prosecutor by the Secretary of 6ustice be made

prior to filing of information in court. Section $ provides for penalty for

furnishing false evidence. Section 7 provides for > &itnesses in open court

for acts penali(ed by prision mayor to death. Section B allo&s the

renunciation of membership to the --P through &riting under oath. Section

: declares the constitutionality of the statute and its valid e/ercise under

freedom if thought, assembly and association.

Issues:

0#1 hether or not "A#788 is a bill of attainder= e/ post facto la&.

0>1 hether or 'ot "A#788 violates freedom of e/pression.

Held: The court holds the CA5*TD 4f the Anti9Subversion Act of #:;7.

A bill of attainder is solely a legislative act. t punishes &ithout the benefit of

the trial. t is the substitution of judicial determination to a legislative

determination of guilt. n order for a statute be measured as a bill of

attainder, the follo&ing re%uisites must be present< #.1 The statute specifies

persons, groups. >.1 the statute is applied retroactively and reach past


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conduct. 0A bill of attainder relatively is also an e/ post facto la&.1

n the case at bar, the statute simply declares the -PP as an organi(ed

conspiracy for the overthro& of the ?overnment for purposes of e/ample of

S3-T4' of the Act. The Act applies not only to the -PP but also to other

organi(ations having the same purpose and their successors. The ActEs focus

is on the conduct not person.

Membership to this organi(ations, to be )'5AF)5, it must be sho&n that

membership &as ac%uired &ith the intent to further the goals of the

organi(ation by overt acts. This is the element of M3M!3"S+P &ith

'453*?3 that is punishable. This is the re%uired proof of a memberEs

direct participation. hy is membership punished. Membership renders aid

and encouragement to the organi(ation. Membership makes himself party to

its unla&ful acts.

Furthermore, the statute is P"4SP3-TC3 in nature. Section prohibits acts

committed after approval of the act. The members of the subversive

organi(ations before the passing of this Act is given an opportunity to escape

liability by renouncing membership in accordance &ith Section B. The statute

applies the principle of mutatis mutandis or that the necessary changes

having been made.

The declaration of that the -PP is an organi(ed conspiracy to overthro& the

Philippine ?overnment should not be the basis of guilt. This declaration is

only a basis of Section of the Act. The 3GST3'-3 4F S)!STA'TC3 3C5

justifies the limitation to the e/ercise of HFreedom of 3/pression and

AssociationI in this matter. !efore the enactment of the statute and

statements in the preamble, careful investigations by the -ongress &ere

done. The court further stressesthat &hatever interest in freedom of speech

and association is e/cluded in the prohibition of membership in the -PP are

&eak considering 'AT4'A5 S3-)"TD and P"3S3"CAT4' of *3M4-"A-D.


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The court set basic guidelines to be observed in the prosecution under

"A#788. n addition to proving circumstances= evidences of subversion, the

follo&ing elements must also be established. n case of -PP, the continued pursuance of its subversive purpose.

Membership is &illfully and kno&ingly done by overt acts.

The court did not make any judgment on the crimes of the accused under

the Act. The Supreme -ourt set aside the resolution of the T"A5 -4)"T.

People vs. Ferrer

56 SCRA 793 April 30, 1974

Ponente:

Castro, J.Motion for Reconsideration of a decision of the Spre!e Cort"acts# "eliciano Co and $ilo %a&a'separatel& see( a reconsideration of a decision of the Spre!e Cort. %he !otion for reconsideration filed )&

petitioner Co is a !ere reiteration of ar'!ents pre*iosl& ad*anced. +t is petitioner %a&a's

ar'!ents that-ere considered )& the cort.%a&a' ar'es that (no-in' !e!)ership alone inthe Co!!nist art& of the hilippines or in another s)*ersi*e or'ani/ation cannot,consistentl&

-ith the Constittion, )e !ade the )asis of cri!inal prosection nder the AntiS)*ersion act. e ar'es that

sch!e!)ership !st )e copled -ith direct participation )& the defendant oin the ille'alacti*ities of the or'ani/ation. e see(s heinclsion in the 'idelines set forth in or decision of a re2ire!ent

that in prosections nder the Act the State !st pro*e that thedefendant oined or re!ained a !e!)er of

the C or of the s)*ersi*e or'ani/ation, (no-in' its s)*ersi*e character and -ithspecific

intent to frther its )asic o)ecti*es as sho-n )& direct participation in the or'ani/ationsnla-fl acti*ities.

Issue:

hether or not the State !st pro*e that the defendant oined or re!ained a !e!)er of the Cor of the s)*ersi*e or'ani/ation,(no-in' its s)*ersi*e character and -ith specific intent to

frther its )asic o)ecti*es as sho-n )& direct participation in theor'ani/ations nla-fl

acti*ities. $o.

Held:

%he t-o !otions for reconsiderations are $+.

1.

%he respondent %a&a's S)!ission -old nllif& the le'islati*e polic& e!)odied in the Anti

S)*ersion Act and frstrate prosections nder it

. The Act is a conspiracy statute


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. %he 'ist is the a'ree!ent itself rather than action ta(en prsant to it.%o re2ire proof of direct

participation of the defendant in the s)stanti*e offenses constittin' the o)ect of theconpirac&-old render

ineffectal the conspirac& de*ice in penal la-. %he la- is pri!aril& concerned -ith condctand -illnot inter*ene as lon' as the actor -ithdra-s fro! -hat he has planned to do. t -here

the actor acts in concert -ith others,the li(elihood of a chan'e of heart or of a !isreadin' of his

intention is !iniscle8The resulting collective action towardan anti social end gives rise to a graver danger to society than

individual action toward the same end, and justiies theintervention o the law at an earlier stage.!.

A re2irenent that the prosection !st pro*e direct participation )& the defendant in

the o)ecti*es of the conspirac& -oldrn conter to another esta)lished principle in la-

that where conspiracy is proved the act o one is the act o all.".

%he re2ire!ent that !e!)ership in the C or in an& other s)*ersi*e or'ani/ation )e sho-n

)& o*ert acts -as intended no!ore than to preclde the possi)ilit& that con*iction !a& )e

o)tained solel& on the )asis of incri!inatin' e*idence rather than positi*e acts of the defendant.

#.%he o*ertact re2ire!ent !a& also )e satisfied )& proof of noncri!inal and relati*el&!inoracts. Sch acts !a& consist insi'nin' !e!)ership papers, pa&in' des, attendin' !eetin's,

and the li(e! -hich, altho'h in the!sel*es !a& not )e ille'alare ne*ertheless acts in prsance

of the o)ecti*e of the conspiras&. +ndeed, the rationale of the S)*ersion Act li(e theS!itd in:ates, is that the e;istence of the conspirac& )& itself creates the dan'er to national secrit&.

$.

$or is there a constittional co!plsion that t the o*ert acts of conspirac& )e e*idenced )&direct participatio of the defendantin the ille'al o)ecti*es of the or'ani/ation. +n the first place there is no

reason -h& one -ho acti*el& and (no-in'l& -or(sin the ran(s of the or'an/ation, intendin' to

contri)te to the sccess of its specific ille'al acti*ities shold )e an& !orei!!n fro!prosection than one to -ho! the or'ani/ation as assi'ned or entrsted the tas( of carr&in' ot

the s)stanti*ecri!inal acts. +n the second place , the re2ire!ent of proof of specific intent precisel& li!its the

operation of the statteonl& to ille'al condct. +n the case of the Co!!nist art& of the hilippines,this apprehension is -ithot )asi, for the *er&natre of that or'ani/ationas a conspirac& for the

*iolent o*erthro- of the

Digested Phil

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