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![Page 1: Diffraction at DØ: Past, Present, and Future E Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington Future QCD Workshop May 20, 2004 Fermilab A1UA2U P2DP1D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf851a28abf838c879d3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Diffraction at DØ: Past, Present, and Future
E
Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington
Future QCD WorkshopMay 20, 2004Fermilab
A1U A2U
P2DP1D
P
Pbar
LMVC
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Diffraction/Color singlet exchange• Exchange of quantum numbers of the vacuum (no charge or color),
often referred to as Pomeron exchange• Experimental signatures:
• rapidity gap - absence of particles or energy above threshold in some region of rapidity in the detector• intact proton - p or p scattered at small angle from the beam
• Single Diffraction
• search for rapidity gap in forward regions of DØ• Luminosity Monitor• Calorimeter
• Elastic Scattering
• search for intact protons in beam pipe• Forward Proton Detector
proton track
rapidity gap
proton track
• either p or p intact
• p and p intact, with no momentum loss• no other particles produced
• Hard Diffraction (UA8), SD+high PT
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Learning about the Pomeron Learning about the Pomeron
• QCD is theory of strong interactions, but 40% of total cross section is attributable to Pomeron exchange -- not calculable and poorly understood
• Does it have partonic structure? Soft? Hard? Super-hard? Quark? Gluon? Is it universal -- same in ep and ? Is it the same with and without jet production?
• Answer questions in HEP tradition -- collide it with something that you understand to learn its structure
• Note: variables of diffraction are t (momentum transfer) and ~ M2 (fractional momentum loss) with FPD measure without FPD just measure
pp
2d
dtd
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Luminosity Monitor
North(η<0)
South(η>0)
pp
Luminosity Monitor (LM)
• Scintillating detector • 2.7 < |η| < 4.4• Charge from wedges on one side are summed: Detector is on/off on each side, North and South Run II LM
(Run I: nl0 = # tiles in L0 detector with signal 2.3 < || < 4.3)
(Run I L0)
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Calorimeter
FHEM CHLM
2.7
LMrange
4.4
Cells arranged in layers:• electromagnetic (EM)• fine hadronic (FH)• coarse hadronic (CH)
2.6
Esumrange
4.1 - 5.3
• Sum E of Cells in EM and FH layers above threshold:
EEM > 100 MeV EFH > 200 MeV
Liquid argon/uranium calorimeter
(Run I: ncal = # cal towers with energy above threshold)
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Hard Diffractive Jets
s = 1800 GeV
s = 630 GeV
Peak at zero multiplicity striking indication of rapidity gap (diffractive) signature in events with hard scattering (two jets with ET>12 GeV)
•Data gap fractions ~1%, higher for s=630 than 1800 GeV•Rates smaller than expectations based on HERA data•Process also studied at H1, Zeus, and CDF
Phys. Lett. B 531, 52 (2002)
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Hard Color-Singlet Exchange (Central Gap)
Count tracks and EM Calorimeter Towers in || < 1.0 jet
jet
(ET > 30 GeV, s = 1800 GeV)
Measured fraction (~1%) rises with initial quark content :Consistent with a soft color rearrangement model preferring initial quark statesInconsistent with two-gluon, photon, or U(1) models
Measure fraction of events due to color-singlet exchange
Phys. Lett. B 440 189 (1998)Cox&Forshaw + Ingleman&Enberg found ways to flatten BFKL prediction!
![Page 8: Diffraction at DØ: Past, Present, and Future E Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington Future QCD Workshop May 20, 2004 Fermilab A1UA2U P2DP1D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf851a28abf838c879d3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Why Study Diffractive W Boson?
![Page 9: Diffraction at DØ: Past, Present, and Future E Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington Future QCD Workshop May 20, 2004 Fermilab A1UA2U P2DP1D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf851a28abf838c879d3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Observation of Diffractive W/Z
Observed clear Diffractively produced W and Z boson signals
Events have typical W/Z characteristics Background from fake W/Z gives negligible change in gap
fractions
Sample Diffractive Probability Background All Fluctuates to Data Central W (1.08 + 0.19 - 0.17)% 7.7Forward W (0.64 + 0.18 - 0.16)% 5.3All W (0.89 + 0.19 – 0.17)% 7.5All Z (1.44 + 0.61 - 0.52)% 4.4
ncalnL0
Diffractive W and Z Boson Signals
Central electron W Forward electron W
All Z
ncalnL0
ncal
nL0
Phys. Lett. B 574, 169 (2003)
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DØ/CDF Diffractive W Boson ComparisonDØ/CDF Diffractive W Boson Comparison
CDF {PRL 78 2698 (1997)} measured RW = (1.15 ± 0.55)% for ||<1.1 where RW = Ratio of diffractive/non-diffractive W (a significance of 3.8)
This number is corrected for gap acceptance using MC giving 0.81 correction, so uncorrected value is (0.93 ± 0.44)% , consistent with our uncorrected data value:
We measured (1.08 +0.19 –0.17)% for ||<1.1
Uncorrected measurements agree, but corrections derived from MC do not…
Our measured(*) gap acceptance is (21 ± 4)%, so our corrected value is 5.1% !(*) : derived from POMPYT Monte Carlo
Comparison of other gap acceptances for central objects from CDF and DØ using 2-D methods adopted by both collaborations:DØ central jets 18% (q) 40%(g)CDF central B 22%(q) 37% overallCDF J/ 29%
It will be interesting to see Run II diffractive W boson results!
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Run II ImprovementsRun II Improvements
•Larger luminosity allows search for rare processes
•Integrated FPD allows accumulation of large hard diffractive data samples
•Measure , t over large kinematic range
•Higher ET jets allow smaller systematic errors
•Comparing measurements of HSD with track tag vs. gap tag yields new insight into process
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E
Soft Diffraction and Elastic Scattering: Inclusive Single Diffraction
Elastic scattering (t dependence)
Total Cross Section
Centauro Search
Inclusive double pomeron
Search for glueballs/exotics
Hard Diffraction: Diffractive jet
Diffractive b,c ,t , Higgs
Diffractive W/Z
Diffractive photon
Other hard diffractive topics
Double Pomeron + jets
Other Hard Double Pomeron topics
Rapidity Gaps: Central gaps+jets
Double pomeron with gaps
Gap tags vs. proton tags
Topics in RED were studied
with gaps only in Run I
<100 W boson events in Run I, >1000tagged events expected in Run II
DØ Run II Diffractive TopicsDØ Run II Diffractive Topics
In this talk highlight diffractive Z boson and elastic analysis
![Page 13: Diffraction at DØ: Past, Present, and Future E Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington Future QCD Workshop May 20, 2004 Fermilab A1UA2U P2DP1D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf851a28abf838c879d3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Search for diffractive Z→μμ
DØ Run II preliminarySummer 2003
• Inclusive Z→μμ sample well understood:
• 2 muons, pT > 15GeV, opposite charge• at least one muon isolated in tracker and calorimeter• anti-cosmics cuts based on tracks:
• displacement wrt beam• acolinearity of two tracks
• RunI publication ”Observation of diffractively produced W and Z bosons in pp Collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV”, Phys. Lett. B 574, 169 (2003) Nine single diffractive Z→e+e- events. No result in muon channel.
• RunII: first search for forward rapidity gaps in Z→μ+μ- events
Mμμ (GeV)
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cosmics shape expected frominclusive sample
WORK IN PROGRESS
First Step Towards Gap: LM Only
• Separate the Z sample into four groups according to LM on/off:
• Expect worst cosmic ray contamination in sample with both sides of LM off• no evidence of overwhelming cosmics background in LM off samplesNo
GAP
GAPSouth
GAPNorth
TwoGAPs
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Calorimeter Energy Sum
Areas are normalised to 1
empty events
physics samples
• Compare 'empty event' sample with physics samples:
• Empty event sample: random trigger. Veto LM signals and primary vertex, i.e. mostly empty bunch crossings• Physics samples: minimum bias (coincidence in LM), jet and Z→μμ events
Log(energy sum) on North side:
10 GeV • Esum cut of 10GeV was chosen for current study
• Final value will be optimised using full data sample
• Use energy sum to distinguish proton break-up from empty calorimeter:
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Z Mass of Rapidity Gap Candidates
• Invariant mass confirms that these are all Drell-Yan/Z events• Will be able to compare Z boson kinematics (pT, pz, rapidity)
89.8 ± 0.1 GeV 89.6 ± 1.0 GeV
89.3 ± 2.0 GeV90.2 ± 1.3 GeV
WORK IN PROGRESS
• Add Esum<10 GeV requirement to gap samples:
Gap North &Gap Southcombined
NoGAP
OneGAP
GAPSouth
GAPNorth
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17
Diffractive Z→μμ candidate
outgoing proton side
outgoing anti-proton side
muon
muon
muon
muon
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18
Z→μμ with rapidity gaps: Summary
• Preliminary definition of rapidity gap at DØ Run II
• Study of Z→μ+μ- events with a rapidity gap signature (little or no energy detected in the forward direction)
• Current status: • Evidence of Z events with a rapidity gap signature• Quantitative studies of gap definition, backgrounds, efficiency in progress (effects could be large)• No interpretation in terms of diffractive physics possible yet
• Plans:
• Measurement of the fraction of diffractively produced Z events• Diffractive W→μν, W/Z→electrons, jets and other channels • Use tracks from Forward Proton Detector
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Forward Proton Detector
Forward Proton Detector (FPD)
• Quadrupole Spectrometers• surround the beam: up, down, in, out• use quadrupole magnets (focus beam)
- a series of momentum spectrometers that make use of accelerator magnets in conjunction with position detectors along the beam line
• Dipole Spectrometer• inside the beam ring in the horizontal plane• use dipole magnet (bends beam)
• also shown here: separators (bring beams together for collisions)
A total of 9 spectrometers composed of 18 Roman Pots
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Quadrupole ( p or )p
Dipole ( only)p
MX (G
eV)
450
400
350
280
200
GeV2
GeV2
450
400
350
20
200
MX (G
eV)
Geo
met
ric
A
ccep
tan
ceAcceptanceAcceptance
Dipole acceptance better at low |t|, large Cross section dominated by low |t| Combination of Q+D gives doubletagged events, elastics, better alignment, complementary acceptance
Actual acceptance more limited due to higher than expected halo backgrounds
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All 6 castles with 18 Roman pots comprising the FPD were constructed in Brazil, installed in the Tevatron in fall of 2000, and have been functioning as designed.
A2 Quadrupole castle installed in the beam line.
Castle StatusCastle Status
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FPD Detector Design
6 planes per detector in 3 frames and a trigger scintillator
U and V at 45 degrees to X, 90 degrees to each other
U and V planes have 20 fibers, X planes have 16 fibers
Planes in a frame offset by ~2/3 fiber
Each channel filled with four fibers
2 detectors in a spectrometer
0.8 mm
3.2 mm
1 mm
17
.39 m
m
17.39 mm
UU’
XX’
VV’
Trigger
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Detector ConstructionDetector ConstructionAt the University of Texas, Arlington (UTA), scintillating and optical fibers were spliced and inserted into the detector frames.
The cartridge bottom containing the detector is installed in the Roman pot and then the cartridge top with PMT’s is attached.
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• 20 detectors built over a 2+ year period at UTA.
• In 2001-2002, 10 of the 18 Roman pots were instrumented with detectors.
• Funds to add detectors to the remainder of the pots have recently been obtained from NSF (should acknowledge funding from UTA REP, Texas ARP, DOE, and Fermilab as well).
• During the shutdown (Sep-Nov. 2003), the final eight detectors and associated readout electronics were installed. All 18 pots are routinely inserted near the beam.
A2 Quadrupole castle withall four detectors installed
Detector StatusDetector Status
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Elastic Scattering
A2U A1U
P2DP1D
p
pp
P
• Measure dN/dt for elastic scattering using partially instrumented FPD:
• Quadrupole acceptance: • t > 0.8 GeV2 (requires sufficient scattering angle to leave beam)• all ξ (no longitudinal momentum loss necessary)
• proton side: • quadrupole ‘down’ spectrometer• full detector read-out
• antiproton side: • quadrupole ‘up’ spectrometer• trigger only
• Elastic scattering: ξ = 0
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After alignment and multiplicity cuts (to remove background from halo spray):
Events are peaked at zero, as expected, with a resolution of = 0.019
Elastic Data DistributionsElastic Data Distributions
dN/dtdN/dt=p/p
Acceptanceloss Residual halo
contamination
The fit shows the bins that will be considered for corrected dN/dt
![Page 27: Diffraction at DØ: Past, Present, and Future E Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington Future QCD Workshop May 20, 2004 Fermilab A1UA2U P2DP1D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf851a28abf838c879d3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Preliminary Elastic Scattering Results
• The dσ/dt data collected by different experiments at different energies
• A factor of 10-2 must be applied to each curve
• New DØ dN/dt distribution has been normalized by E710 data
• Compare slope with model: Block et al, Phys. Rev. D41, pp 978, 1990.
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What’s Getting Done Now
Seven Ph.D. students in diffractive group based at Fermilab+2 remote Analyses in progress on
Large samples of SD and DPE jet events with gaps, some of which with FPD tracks
W/Z +gap and/or track (electron and muon channels) J/ψ +gap data (χc )
Analyses attempt to measure diffractive structure as f(ξ,t) in many channels Search for exclusive production in double pomeron to jets or χc
Updating expectations based on current experience Improving trigger capabilites to allow selection of double track events in
global trigger list Working on halo background reduction Quadrupole detector commissioning
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What Else Will Likely Get Done
Special run to map out |t| down to 0.1-0.2 and perhaps measure total cross section (when detectors fully commissioned)
Inclusive double pomeron/glueball searches, (when trigger is ready)
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A Measurement of the Total Cross Section?
inelelt
nT NNdt
dN
1
1
16
02
With beam injection lattice:
MC
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Uncertainty on the measurement of _TOT due to extrapolation to t=0 (50000 elastic events):
Position |t|_range Slope _T(mb)
8 0.05<|t|<0.5 16.91±0.08 0.67
9 0.12<|t|<0.5 16.74±0.12 1.42
10 0.16<|t|<0.5 16.98±0.17 2.29
11 0.20<|t|<0.5 17.10±0.17 2.46
This error is only due to error in extrapolation. Still need to include error in the measurement of N inelastic
Extrapolation Error
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What GTeV Could/Should Do in Diffraction
focus on double pomeron topics best possible acceptance for low+high mass diffractive measurements in regions of phase space without
acceptance in Run II, or where statistics insufficient
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Summary
Early FPD stand-alone analysis shows that detectors work,
will result in elastic dN/dt publication (already 1 Ph.D.)
FPD now integrated into DØ readout (detectors still work)
Commissioning of FPD and trigger in progress
FPD should provide diffractive structure results in many topics
and establish (or not) exclusive double pomeron production
Tune in next year for first integrated FPD physics results
Many double pomeron topics should be pursued further