DIFFERENTLY COLOURED ANIMALS IN PERSPECTIVE
Transcript of DIFFERENTLY COLOURED ANIMALS IN PERSPECTIVE
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DIFFERENTLY COLOURED ANIMALSIN PERSPECTIVE
“Endless forms most beautiful”(Darwin/Prof. Sean Carrol)
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Differently coloured animals in perspective“Endless forms most beautiful” (Darwin/Prof. Sean Carrol)
PART 1: GENETICBACKGROUND
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Where the amino acid can be incor-rectly or inaccurately duplicated/copied = mutation
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The variation between organisms is caused by small changes of the DNA molecule during replication, called mutations.
Mutation in DNA occurs at a ‘low’ level in nature, but given the number of replications that take place in germ cells, it is apparent that mutations are commonplace in nature (see later).
Mutations function at the level of the gene and are most frequently small changes that may have no or limited effects on the functioning of the organism (mutations do not cause ‘monsters’, which the loose use of the word ‘mutants’ implies to the uninformed).
Serious mutations involving many base pairs are rare, but when present usually cause anatomical, functional or metabolic problems that affect the health or wellbeing of the animal.
WHAT IS VARIATION/MUTATION?
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Mutations in DNA occur at different rates in various parts of the DNA. The frequency of mutations has been scientifically calculated for some traits, and
Areas of mutation vary in different species:
HOW COMMON ARE MUTATIONS?
ESTIMATED MUTATION RATESCharacteristics
Resulting from Gene MutationMutations per
1,000,000 GametesHuman: • Hemophilia • Albinism • Colour blindness
322828
Fruit fly • White eyes • Eyeless • Yellow body colour
2960120
Corn: • Waxy (pollen lacks starch) • Sugary endosperm (seed contains
sugar instead of starch) • Purple kernels
0.012.4
10
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Sexual reproduction: Let us look at these numbers another way:
Say there is ONLY 1 inaccurate copy in 1 billion meiotic divisions and duplications.
1 male (man) produces 1 billion sperm cells per day (varies per species)Almost 4 billion men on the earth.
Say, conservatively, that ½ are able to produce sperm and mate:
• = 2 billion men producing 1 billion sperm per day • = 2 000 000 000 x 1 000 000 000 gametes (sperm cells per day) • At 1 inaccurate copy per billion meiotic divisions:
= 2 000 000 000 (2 billion) expected ‘mistakes’ per day in the human population of the world
Rare? No!This is the basis of sex and evolution – without it we would not be here!
BACKGROUND ORIENTATION
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Sexual reproduction:
Sexual reproduction is the basis of evolution:
• Because it is not perfect. • Because inaccurate copies occur (mutations/alleles).
Sexual reproduction and mutations are thus the basis of all species and the process of speciation.
Without sexual reproduction, without mistakes in the process, without mutations forming new alleles, none of us would be here in all our glorious difference.
BACKGROUND ORIENTATION
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PeopleWhich of us is normal, abnormal, aberrant, a mutant, or a ‘gedroggie’?
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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PeopleWhich of us has no recessive genes?
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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PlantsWe pay more for them and name them after our heroes, e.g. Nelson Mandela
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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BirdsTourists pay a lot and travel thousands of kilometres to see them!
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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VegetablesWe pay more for them AND we eat them!
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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InsectsColour variations are all around us and change to meet the circumstances!
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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Mammals: LionBooks are written on ‘saving the white lion’, differently coloured animals.
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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Mammals: CheetahThousands of people from all over the world visitAnn van Dyk’s De Wildt cheetah sanctuary to see this colour variant.Ann van Dyk has been honoured for her role in preserving the king cheetah.
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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Evolution is dynamic: Climate change is realNo-one knows what precise challenges we will face.Some of today’s alleles, which seem to have no specific advantage/disadvantage, may be the ones that save a species.
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOSYSTEMS/VEGETATIONVegetation under full glacial conditions20 000 - 16 000 14C.
T.E. Steele: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.Vertebrate Records/Late Pleistocene of Africa (page 3144)2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Present potential vegetation
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Mammals: Rock pocket miceWhen circumstances change, the ‘abnormal’ become ‘normal’ and SURVIVE.
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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Mammals: Melanistic leopard (Java) and serval (horn of Africa) survive viral epidemics better.The essence of evolution
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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COLOUR VARIANTS IN HISTORYSan paintings
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COLOUR VARIANTS IN HISTORY
The golden gemsbuck – 1906
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RAAD VAN KURATORE
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Richard Dawkins: the ‘tyranny of the discontinuous mind’:
Our ‘boxed’/categorised education rules out the continuum of evolution and speciation.
Definition of a species: can only be logically based on biological criteria = Biological Species Concept (BSC).
Otherwise it is based on opinion or ‘scientific thinking’, with ‘lumpers’ and ‘splitters’ often causing disagreement between scientists.
Evolution is an ever-changing, dynamic, biological process.
Climate change is happening and will drive the process faster and faster.
Fences, roads, urban sprawl prevent natural movement, migration and ‘free sex’. This will create a lack of diversity and decrease the opportunity of a species to survive.
BACKGROUND ORIENTATION
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Richard Dawkins: the ‘discontinuous mind’ in The Ancestor’s Tale • Salamander, Ensatina spp. in the Central Valley of California. • European seagulls, (herring gulls and lesser black-backed gulls).
Man-made boxes, e.g. subspecies and normal ranges,ignore the ‘tyranny of the discontinuous mind’.
THE RESULTS – LOOK AROUND YOU
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THANK YOU
TO A NEW BIGGER, BRIGHTER AND MORE PRODUCTIVE FUTURE