Different Types of Geosynthetics and Their · t l t th to accelerate the pre-consolid ti lidation...
Transcript of Different Types of Geosynthetics and Their · t l t th to accelerate the pre-consolid ti lidation...
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GEOSYNTHETICS AND REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURESREINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES
Different Types of Different Types of Geosynthetics and Their
Applications
K. Rajagopal, ProfessorDepartment of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras, Chennaie-mail: gopalkr@iitm ac ine mail: [email protected]
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RECAP OF PREVIOUS LECTURERECAP OF PREVIOUS LECTURE
• Introduction• Introduction• Historical background• Early applications• Functions of geosynthetics• Functions of geosynthetics• Types of geosynthetics
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OUTLINE OF 2nd LECTUREOUTLINE OF 2 LECTURE
• TYPES of geosynthetics• TYPES of geosynthetics- - - - CONTINUED
• TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
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TYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS
• GeotextilesG id• Geogrids
• Geonets• Geomembranes• Pre-fabricated vertical drains (PVD)Pre fabricated vertical drains (PVD)• Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)
G ll (3 d fi t)• Geocells (3-d confinement)• Geocomposites & Geo-others
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GEONETSGEONETS• Geonets are also planar products• Consists of ribs in two directions• Apertures are of diamond shape• Ribs in the two directions are at different planes• Thickness of geonets is larger than that of g g
geogrids• Geonets are also referred to as geospacersg p
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TYPICAL GEONETS
Ribs at two Ribs at two horizontal planes
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GEONET APPLICATIONS
• Erosion control – ribs act as small check dams to slow down the surface runoff – decreases erosion potentialrunoff decreases erosion potential of waterD i l fl l• Drainage layers – water flows along the geonet because of large thickness
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Boulder net laid on Konkan railway line in Western ghats – functions as guide for loose boulders and vegetation support
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Laying of boulder net
Vegetation growth after two seasons
Courtesy: M/s Garware Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
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Anchor trench at the top of the slope 1m deep 0 5mthe slope, 1m deep, 0.5m wide, filled with soil
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GEOMEMBRANES
• Thick impervious plastic sheets• Thickness 5 mm to 3 mm approximately• Thickness .5 mm to 3 mm approximately• To contain liquids and gases
Ro gh s rface te t re Smooth do ble sided membraneRough surface texture Smooth – double sided membrane
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APPLICATIONS OF GEOMEMBRANESGEOMEMBRANES
• Landfill lining• Landfill lining• Canal lining• Tunnel lining
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Geomembrane in a landfillGeomembrane in a landfill
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Canal lining using geomembranes
geomembrane Anchor trenchConcrete lining of surface
g Anchor trench
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Tunnel lining for moisture t tiprotection
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Pre-fabricated vertical drainst l t th lid ti to accelerate the pre-consolidation
of soft clay soils
cT vt %)(UfT
dcT v
v 2 )(fT v
T = time factor
dTd
2
Tv = time factort = timecv = coefficient of
lid ti
cdT vt consolidation
d = drainage path lengthU% = degree of consolidationcv
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Reducing the flow path length to accelerate rate of consolidationaccelerate rate of consolidation
surcharge fill
Highly permeabledrainage drainage medium
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PVDs for pre-consolidationPVDs for pre consolidation
Corrugated plastic core for drainage
L
tt
Geotextile filter
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Pore water flows laterally
Connection arrangements for wick
Pore water flows laterally to the wick drains and is carried through the core
drain installation
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Installation of PVDs at a construction site – notice the ti f PVD ith th h l tconnection of PVD with the anchor plate
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PVD b i h d i t th dPVD being pushed into the ground21/52Types and Functions of Geosynthetics
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General view after installation of PVD’s at a siteGeneral view after installation of PVD s at a site22/52Types and Functions of Geosynthetics
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Geosynthetic Clay Liners
• Consist of a core of bentonite clayConsist of a core of bentonite clay sandwiched between layers of thick non-woven geotextileg
• Applied below and above geomembranelayers in landfillsy
• Self-repair mechanism• Bentonite expands when flid leaks throughBentonite expands when flid leaks through
punctured geomembrane – closes the gap
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Geosynthetic Clay Linery yGeotextile layers
dry bentonite ypowder
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GEOCELL – 3d confinement product
Iso-metric view of a
Plan view showing the mechanism of confinement
geocell layer
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Photograph of an expanded geocellPhotograph of an expanded geocell26/52Types and Functions of Geosynthetics
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AdvantagesAdvantages• Easy to transportEasy to transport• Any fill material can be used
All d fi t t il• All round confinement to soil• Semi-rigid layer (very stiff support)• Spreads loads over a large area• Excellent support even under cyclic loadsExcellent support even under cyclic loads.
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APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
• Erosion controlErosion control• Steep slopes and retaining walls
S b b t• Sub-base support• Road bases
R il t k• Railway tracks• Container yards
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Use of geocells for construction of unpaved road Factory
P ti f dStapling to join Stretching of the geocell layerPreparation of groundS ap g o jodifferent geocells
Stretching of the geocell layer
Stone aggregate filled in geocell pockets Compaction by a 10 tonne rollerStone aggregate filled in geocell pockets Compaction by a 10 tonne roller
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Geocells used for construction of a steep slope
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Vegetation taking root through geocell pockets
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IITM students standing on a geocell supported soil
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Typical Container yard – heavy loads, usually constructed on soft marine clays near the shorey
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Typical mud wave formation in container yards due to heavy l d d t l ft b d illoads and extremely soft subgrade soil
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Geotextile separator being laid on the ground surface at a container yard
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Geocell layer laid on the geotextile separator and filled with stone aggregate
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Container yard 3 years after geocell treatmenttreatment
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Some more pictures of the same yard
Perfectly level surface – minor damage in paver blocksy g p
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Polymeric erosion control mats
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GeocompositesC bi ti f t diff t t f• Combination of two different types of geosynthetics to take advantage of each
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Geo-others• Geodrains• Lightweight fillsLightweight fills• Geopipes
G t til b & il l ti• Geotextile bags & soil encapsulation• Gabions• Geosynthetic Encased Stone Columns• Many others – left to the imagination ofMany others left to the imagination of
engineers
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Drainage boards for use in Retaining WallsDrainage boards for use in Retaining Walls
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Light-weight fill cum drainage medium
Thi k di d f l t b dThick medium made of polystyrene beads43/52
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Gabions filled with stones
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Gabions filled with sand bags
SAND FILLED GEOBAGS PLACEMENT OF GEOBAGS
TYING OF ROPE GABIONS FINAL VIEW45/52
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Light-weight drainage medium
Made of used rubberMade of used rubber tyres and other industrial wastes
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Bearing capacity enhanced byEncased Stone Column
Bearing capacity enhanced by
Passive
Geosynthetic Additi l
Passive pressure
+ yencasementAdditional
confinement
Stone column
Sectional plan
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Construction of Encased Stone ColumnConstruction of Encased Stone Column
Al i t l (2005)Alexiew et al. (2005)48/52Types and Functions of Geosynthetics
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Courtesy:Dipl.-Ing. Holger Pohlmann
Naue Fasertechnik GmbH & Co. KG
P dPresent study
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Load settlement curve for stone columns encased in non-woven geotextileencased in non woven geotextile
0 100 200 300 400Pressure (kPa)
0
10
ESC - 50 mmESC - 75 mm
10
20t (m
m) ESC - 100 mm
OSC - 50 mmOSC - 75 mmOSC - 100 mm
30
ettle
men Clay
40
50
Se
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Latest TrendsLatest Trends
• Vacuum consolidation• Vacuum consolidation• Encased stone columns• Electro Kinetic geosynthetics
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