DIFAX Maps• DIFAX maps are weather maps generated by the

National Weather Service.• Before the Internet or AWIPS, these were the

basic weather analysis and forecast charts used by meteorologists.

• They were only available through a fax machine connected to a dedicated landline.

• The cost of the landline was very expensive and the special wet electro-conductive paper was expensive; thus only the FAA, NWS, and selective universities and TV stations had access to this information.

• The images were actually burned onto the special FAX paper by electrical currents in the FAX machine.

• The rotating helical blade in the fax machine which conducted the electricity to the paper was a deadly weapon:– It was as sharp as a razor and many a person

was sliced open by this blade while changing paper rolls or changing the blade itself.

• DIFAX maps, although gradually being phased out, are still available on the internet.

• These maps are still unique and contain information which is priceless for operational meteorologists.

• All students of meteorology & forecasting will benefit from knowledge of these maps and their interpretation.

• Essentially, if you understand how to interpret a black&white DIFAX chart, you should have no problem interpreting pretty colored charts from other sources.

DIFAX Map Descriptions

DIFAX maps fall under 2 general categories• Basic data and analysis products

– Plotted data– Analyses of basic variables

• Forecast products– (generally produced at NCEP)

We will concentrate on the first category.

Surface Charts• Analyzed charts issued every 3 hours (0000Z - 2100Z)

(http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/about_sfc.shtml)

• Data includes– hourly synoptic stations– ship reports– buoy reports

• (Maps may be found at the Hydrological Prediction Center) – http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfc2.shtml

• Plotted data example– http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/stationplot.shtml

Surface Charts (continued)• Isobar analysis:

– 4 mb increments labeled with tens and units digit (96, 00, 04, etc...)

– Lows and Highs labeled with L and H with the pressure value labeled nearby (in whole mb)

• Frontal Analysis– http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/fntcodes2.shtml

• Use:– Current depiction of surface weather features (most

valuable weather chart)

Plotted Data Only

• Plotted data is available hourly from the HPC– http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/sfc/sfcobs/sfcobs.shtml

Aviation Surface Analyses

• Contains analyzed surface charts and plots.– http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/avnsfc.shtml

• Plots show only the temperature, wind, cloud cover, current weather, and cloud ceiling.– http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/stationplot_awc.shtml

DIFAX Map Access:

• Many DIFAX maps are no longer available, however some of the more important maps are still being produced.

• They can be found at:– South Alabama Synoptic Page– www.southalabama.edu/meteorologyclub/synoptic/

National Weather Service:– http://weather.noaa.gov/fax/nwsfax.html

SUNY Albany– http://www.atmos.albany.edu/weather/difax.html

DIFAX Radar Composite Analysis

• Gridded from individual radars on a grid (grid spacing roughly 48 km at 60N) (see overhead)

• Entire grid box is assigned the largest value observed anywhere within the grid box (see overhead)

• Shading represents echo areas• Contours are incremented Level 1-3-5 on a

scale of 0-6. (VIP Levels)

• Echo Tops (tens & hundreds digit 540 truncated: 540=54,000 ft top)

• Echo bases (tens & hundreds digit 040 truncated: 040=4,000 ft base)

• NE = No Echos• NA = Not Available• Movement of Areas and Lines:

– Pennants From W at 45 kts

• Movement of Cells:– Arrows and speed 45

From the WSW at 45 kts

• Precipitation Type and Change of Intensity

R Rain

RW Rainshower

TRW Thunderstorm

S Snow

SW Snowshower

TSW Thunder-snowshower

ZR Freezing rain

+ New area/cell or increasing intensity

- Decreasing intensity

• Special Severe Weather Designations(Note: These are less common with Doppler radar network)

HOOK Hook echo (tornadic mesocyclone)

HAIL Radar-detected hail

LEWP Line Echo Wave Pattern (bow echoes)

WER Weak Echo Region

BWER Bounded Weak Echo Region (supercell mesocyclone)

• Watch BoxesWS: Severe Thunderstorm Watch

WT: Tornado Watch

• Radar charts are issued nearly hourly– Distributed approximately 1 h after valid time– Data captured at 35 minutes after the hour

• Use– Indicates areal coverage, type, intensity and

movement of precipitation

Real-Time Radar and Satellite Links

• National Weather Service Doppler Radar– http://www.srh.noaa.gov/radar/national.html

• Geostationary Satellite Imagery:– http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/GOES/

Weather Depiction Chart• Primarily for Aviation-sensitive weather

conditions

• Issued every 3 hours at 01, 04, 07, 10, 13, 16, 19, & 21Z) >>> i.e. 1-hour after synoptic times

• Comprised of METAR, cloud, visibility, and current weather information.

• Fronts are from the previous hour.

• Plotting guide (see handout).

• IFR: Instrument Flight RulesCeiling < 1000 ft and or Visibility < 3 SM

• MVFR: Marginal Visible Flight Rules1000 ft < ceiling < 3000 ft

3 SM < visibility < 5 SM

• VFR:Visual Flight Rules

ceiling > 3000 ft

visibility > 5 SM

Maximum Temperature Chart

• Displays the highest temperatures recorded for the 12 hours prior to 00Z each day.

Time period: (d-1/12Z - d/00Z)

• Sometimes, the highest temperatures occur at times other than within this 12-hour window; these occurrences will not be reflected on this chart.– The most common “outside” occurrence of a maximum

temperature is heavily influenced by frontal passages.

Minimum Temperature Chart• Displays the lowest temperatures recorded for the

12 hours prior to 12Z each day.

Time period: (d/00Z - d/12Z)

• Sometimes, the lowest daily temperatures occur at times other than within this 12-hour window; these occurrences will not be reflected on this chart.– The most common “outside” occurrence of a minimum

temperature is during the winter shortly after 12Z.

– Frontal influence is also a big factor

Record High and Low Temperatures• Record high and low temperatures are noted on

the chart by the being replaced by a.• The type of record is given in the box (situated in

the Gulf of Mexico):HI vs LO

E: Equalled

EX: Exceeded

FM: Record for entire month

DA: Record for the day

AT: All-time record

SE: Record for so early in the year (summer/fall freeze, etc...)

SL: Record for so late in the year (spring/summer freeze, etc...)

Examples:

HIEXDA

LOEAT

LOEXSE

24 Hour Precipitation Chart

• Shows liquid-equivalent precipitation totals over a 24 hour period: (d-1/12Z - d/12Z)

• Precipitation is to the nearest hundredth of an inch.

• Inch digit is larger than digits to the right of the decimal.

• Additional precipitation totals are printed in the column to the right.

Observed Snow Cover Chart

• Seasonal chart (Sept - April)• Depicts snow cover at 12Z each day• Snow cover is in whole inches.• Recent accumulations (within the last 6 hours)

is depicted by blocked numbers to the right.• Example:

16 9

Upper Air Analysis Charts• Generated every 12 hours with 00Z and 12Z data (charts

are available on DIFAX 2 to 5 hours after this time).• Produced from the NAM Model analysis

– The NAM Model uses a first guess from the previous model run 6 or 12 hours earlier as a basis for constructing the analysis fields.

– Data is incorporated into the first-guess field and the analysis is created via Optimal Interpolation (OI) or 4-D Data Assimilation.

– Actual data is plotted on chart, but may not agree with the chart’s analyzed fields.

Upper Air Station Model

Decoding Heights850mb: 150 = 1500m

700mb: 300 = 3000m

500mb: 540 = 5400m

300mb: 900 = 9000m

250mb: 000 = 10,000m

Dewpoint DepressionT: -5 C DD: 12 C

Td = T – DD

Td = -17 C

DD < 5 C considered near Sat.

850 mb Chart

• Isoheights (solid contours)– 30 m intervals with 1500 m (150 decameters)

reference line– contour labels in decameters– plotted heights are in meters (generally add 1 in

thousands digit)

• Isotherms (dashed contours)– 5oC intervals with 0oC reference line

850 mb Chart

• Uses:– Low Level Jets– Lower tropospheric temperature advection and

thermal profile (thermal ridges and troughs)– Lower tropospheric moisture advection and profiles

(moist and dry tongues)– Height changes

• Caution:– Sometimes underground near high terrain

Thermal Advection• Advection – Horizontal movement of some atmospheric

property (Temp, Moisure, Thickness, Vorticity), usually by the wind or atmospheric flow.

• Why is Thermal Advection important?– Helps identify the location and movement of fronts

– Helps in identifying regions of slantwise upward & downward vertical air motion (tied to isentropic lifting)

– Rapid moisture transport can provide additional instability for thunderstorm development.

700 mb Chart

• Isoheights (solid contours)– 30 m intervals with 3000 m (300 decameters)

reference line– contour labels in decameters– plotted heights are in meters (generally add 2 or

3 in thousands digit)

• Isotherms (dashed contours)– 5oC intervals with 0oC reference line

700 mb Chart• Uses:

– Elevated tropospheric moisture advection and profiles (elevated dry intrusions; moist tongues)

– Mid-tropospheric temperature advection and thermal profile (thermal ridges and troughs)

– Mid-level jets– Height changes

• Caution:– Sometimes near surface in higher terrain

500 mb Chart (North America)

• Isoheights (solid contours)– 60 m intervals with 5400 m (540 decameters)

reference line– contour labels in decameters– plotted heights are in decameters (add 0 in ones

digit for meters)

• Isotherms (dashed contours)– 5oC intervals with 0oC reference line

500 mb Chart (North America)

• Uses:– Wave pattern in the westerlies

• Identification of longwaves and shortwaves

– Height changes and wave motion– Approximate steering level for surface synoptic systems– Vertical and horizontal tilt of waves– Mid-tropospheric temperature advection and thermal

profile (warm and cold pools)– Mid-tropospheric moisture profiles

500 mb Chart (Hemispheric)

• Contains the same contours as the 500 mb North American analysis, except void of data plots

• Additional Uses:– Circumpolar vortex configuration

– Planetary wave number and pattern

– Wave identification

• Internet Address (Environment Canada):– http://weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/data/analysis/sai_50.gif

300 mb Analysis

• Isoheights (solid contours)– 120 m intervals with 9000 m (900 decameter)

reference line– contour labels in decameters– plotted heights are in decameters (add 0 in ones

digit for meters)

• Isotherms (dashed heavy contours)– 5oC intervals with -50oC reference line

300 mb Analysis

• Isotachs (light dashed contours)– 20 knot intervals with a 10 knot reference line– Stippled regions represent:

• 70-110 knot winds

• 150-190 knot winds

300 mb Analysis

• Uses:– Polar jet stream location/configuration/intensity

• The 4-quadrant jet/divergence relationship

– Upper-tropospheric wave pattern– Regions of Difluence and Confluence

(convection/severe weather)– Regions of upper-tropospheric vertical shear

(tropical cyclones)

250 mb Analysis

• Isoheights (solid contours)– 120 m intervals with 10,000 m (1000 decameter)

reference line– contour labels in decameters– plotted heights are in decameters (add 0 in ones

digit for meters, and possibly a 1 for the ten-thousands digit [if first plotted number is a 0])

• Isotherms (dashed heavy contours)– 5oC intervals with -50oC reference line

250 mb Analysis

• Isotachs (light dashed contours)– 20 knot intervals with a 10 knot reference line– Stippled regions represent:

• 70-110 knot winds

• 150-190 knot winds

250 mb Analysis

• Uses:– Sub-tropical jet stream location/configuration/intensity – the 4-quadrant jet/divergence relationship– Upper-tropospheric wave pattern– Regions of Difluence and Confluence

(convection/severe weather)– Regions of upper-tropospheric vertical shear (tropical

cyclones)– Tropopause folds and breaks