Diet and Health
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Transcript of Diet and Health
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diet and HealthDiet and Health
Chapter 18
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Nutrition and Infectious Nutrition and Infectious DiseasesDiseases
Nutrition cannot directly prevent or cure infectious diseases Good nutrition can strengthen body’s
defenses Poor nutrition weakens the immune system
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
The Immune SystemThe Immune System
Body’s first line of defense Skin, mucous membranes, GI tract
Antigens Examples
Two types of white blood cells Phagocytes Lymphocytes
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
The Immune SystemThe Immune System
Phagocytes Scavengers of immune system First to arrive at the scene of an invader Phagocytosis
Engulf and digest antigen Secrete cytokines
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
The Immune SystemThe Immune System
Lymphocytes – B-cells Rapidly divide and produce antibodies
Travel through bloodstream to site of infection
Stick to surfaces of antigensMake it easy for phagocytes to ingest
Antibodies react selectivelyRetain a memory
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
The Immune SystemThe Immune System
Lymphocytes – T-cells Travel directly to invasion site Recognize antigens on surface of phagocyte
cellsT-cells multiply in responseRelease chemicals to destroy antigen
Signal to slow down immune response Highly specific Organ transplants
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Nutrition and ImmunityNutrition and Immunity
Immune system responds to subtle changes in nutrition status Synergistic downward spiral
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) Impaired immunity
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies & excesses Diminish immune response
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Nutrition and ImmunityNutrition and Immunity
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Effects of PEM on the Effects of PEM on the Body’s Defense SystemsBody’s Defense Systems
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Develops into acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) Transmitted by direct contact with body fluids
No cure Prevention is best course
Nutrition benefits for HIV/AIDS patients Food safety is critical
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Inflammation and Chronic Inflammation and Chronic DiseasesDiseases
Immune system response to infection or injury Acute inflammation
Phagocytes engulf microbesRelease of oxidative products to kill microbes Inflammation fights off infection and
promotes recovery Chronic inflammation
Harmful
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Nutrition and Chronic Nutrition and Chronic DiseasesDiseases
Leading causes of death in U.S. Relationship with diet
Chronic diseases Interrelationships among chronic diseases Numerous disease associations with various
nutrients Multiple risk factors for each chronic disease
Modifiable risk factorsNonmodifiable risk factors
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Ten Leading Causes of Ten Leading Causes of Death in the U.S.Death in the U.S.
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Interrelationships among Interrelationships among Chronic DiseasesChronic Diseases
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Risk Factors and Chronic Risk Factors and Chronic DiseasesDiseases
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Major causes of death around the world Family history Lifestyle factors Coronary heart disease (CHD) is most
common formUsually caused by atherosclerosis
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis development Accumulation of fatty streaks along inner
arterial wallsStreaks enlarge and hardenEncasement in fibrous connective tissue
Plaques stiffen arteries and narrow passagesWell-developed plaques by age 30
Dietary factors
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis development Inflammation
Damage to cells lining the blood vessels elicits inflammatory response
Immune system sends in macrophagesLDL cholesterol becomes trapped and
engulfed by macrophagesMacrophages swell; eventually become cells
of plaque
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis development Inflammation
AneurysmC-reactive protein (CRP)Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) or
LP-PLA(2) Plaques
Plaque stability – rupture
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis development Blood clots
Platelets and other factors form blood clotsProstaglandins and thromboxanes Omega-3 fatty acids
Blood pressurePlaques increase pressureAtherosclerosis is a self-accelerating process
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis development The results
Heart attackTransient ischemic attack (TIA)
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Risk Factors for Coronary Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Heart Disease (CHD)
By middle age, most adults have at least one risk factor
Regular screening and early detection
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Risk Factors for Coronary Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Heart Disease (CHD)
Age, gender, and family history Nonmodifiable risk factors
Older vs. younger peopleMen vs. womenEarly CHD in immediate family members
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Risk Factors for Coronary Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Heart Disease (CHD)
High LDL and low HDL cholesterol Total cholesterol LDL – most atherogenic lipoproteins
Plaque instability Inflammatory process
HDL indicate a reduced risk of atherosclerosis
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Standards for CHD Risk Standards for CHD Risk FactorsFactors
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Risk Factors for Coronary Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Heart Disease (CHD)
High blood pressure (hypertension) Relationship with heart disease risk holds
true for men, women, young, and old Injures artery walls Accelerates plaque formation
Diabetes Increases risk of death from CHD
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Risk Factors for Coronary Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Heart Disease (CHD)
Obesity and physical inactivity Increase risk for CHD
High LDL, low HDL, hypertension, & diabetes
Cigarette smoking Smoking damages the heart directly Toxins in cigarette smoke damages vessels
Atherogenic diet Elevates LDL cholesterol
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Risk Factors for Coronary Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Heart Disease (CHD)
Other risk factors Elevated triglycerides
VLDLMeasurement of triglycerides
Metabolic syndrome Cluster of health risks Markers of inflammation and thrombosis
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Recommendations for Recommendations for Reducing CHD RiskReducing CHD Risk
Screening Cholesterol screening
Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceridesTwo measurements at least 1 week apart
Intervention Lifestyle changes
Physical activity, dietary changes, lose weight, reduce exposure to cigarette smoke
Medications
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
HypertensionHypertension
Systolic and diastolic pressure with risk of death from CVD
Physiological factors of hypertension Cardiac output
Heart rate or blood volume increases Peripheral resistance
Diameters of arterioles Regulated by nervous system & hormones
Kidneys
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
HypertensionHypertension
Risk factors Aging Genetics Obesity Salt sensitivity Alcohol
Treatment Weight control Physical activity DASH diet
Lowers LDL & total cholesterol
Salt/sodium intake Drug therapy
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Incidence has risen dramatically Prediabetes
Sixth among leading causes of death Underlies or contributes to several other
major diseases Heart disease is leading cause of diabetes-
related deaths
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Prevalence of Diabetes Prevalence of Diabetes among Adults in the among Adults in the
United StatesUnited States
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Diabetes development Characteristics
High blood glucose concentrationsDisordered insulin metabolism
Two main typesType 1Type 2
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Features of Type 1 and Features of Type 1 and Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Type 1 diabetes Less common type
Autoimmune disorder Pancreas loses ability to synthesize insulin Commonly occurs in childhood &
adolescence Energy metabolism changes
May threaten survival Need insulin injections or external pump
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes Most prevalent form of diabetes
Exact cause is unknownRisk factors
Insulin resistanceHyperinsulinemiaAmount of insulin is insufficient to
compensate for diminished effect in cells Chronic inflammation
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Complications Acute Chronic
Conversion of glucose to sugar alcoholsLoss of circulation and nerve function InfectionsDiseases of large blood vesselsDiseases of small blood vesselsDiseases of the nerves
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Metabolic Consequences Metabolic Consequences of Untreated Diabetesof Untreated Diabetes
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Recommendations for diabetes Total carbohydrate intake Carbohydrate sources
Fiber and sugarGlycemic index
Dietary fat Protein
Kidney function
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Recommendations for diabetes Alcohol
Moderation Type 1 diabetes
Adjust insulin to accommodate meals, physical activity, and health status
Nutrition therapy Type 2 diabetes
Diet and regular moderate physical activity
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
CancerCancer
Second leading cause of death in U.S. Development of cancer – carcinogenesis
Mutations in genes that control cell division Effects of mutations
As tumor develops, a network of blood vessels develops
Metastasis Causes
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cancer DevelopmentCancer Development
Normal cells
Mutagens alter the DNA in a cell and induce abnormal cell division.
Promoters enhance the development of abnormal cells, resulting in formation of a tumor.
The cancerous tumor releases cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system (metastasis).
Malignant cellsNormal cells
Stepped Art
Initiation PromotionFurther tumor development
Fig. 18-6, p. 626
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
CancerCancer
Development of cancer – carcinogenesis Environmental factors
Sun, water, air pollution, and smokingObesityExposure to estrogen
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
CancerCancer
Development of cancer – carcinogenesis Dietary factors – cancer initiators
Alcohol and tobacco useCooking meats at high temperaturesGrilling meatsDiets high in red meats & processed meatsPresence of acrylamide
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Cancer Cancer
Development of cancer – carcinogenesis Dietary factors – cancer promoters
Types of fat in diet Dietary factors – antipromoters
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Factors Associated with Factors Associated with Cancer at Specific SitesCancer at Specific Sites
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
CancerCancer
Recommendations for reducing cancer risks Fruit and vegetable intake
Phytochemical protective benefits Rich sources of fiber
Fruits, vegetables, legumes, & whole grains Maintenance of healthy body weight Physical activity
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Recommendations for Recommendations for Chronic DiseasesChronic Diseases
Comparison with Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Healthy Eating Pyramid Links between diet and health
Weight control Diet Individualized recommendations
Human genome
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Dietary Guidelines & Dietary Guidelines & Recommendations for Chronic Recommendations for Chronic
Diseases ComparedDiseases Compared
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
The Healthy Eating The Healthy Eating PyramidPyramid
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Highlight 18Highlight 18
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Defining Complementary Defining Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Alternative Medicine
(CAM)(CAM) Insufficient evidence regarding safety Variety of approaches, philosophies, &
treatments Alternative Complementary
Integrative medicine
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Sound Research, Loud Sound Research, Loud ControversyControversy
Scientific evidence is lacking Safety and effectiveness
Sound research – the questions Does treatment offer better results than
doing nothing or giving a placebo? Do the benefits clearly outweigh the risks?
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Sound Research, Loud Sound Research, Loud ControversyControversy
Placebo effect Placebo brings about healing effect in people
who believe they are receiving the treatment Risks versus benefits
Ideally, benefits with little or no riskSome therapies are innocuous
Benefits with significant, unknown, or debatable risks
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Nutrition-Related Nutrition-Related Alternative TherapiesAlternative Therapies
Use of foods, vitamin and mineral supplements, and herbs to prevent & treat illness
Foods Examples
Vitamin and mineral supplements Can be either conventional or alternative
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
Nutrition-Related Nutrition-Related Alternative TherapiesAlternative Therapies
Herbal remedies Beneficial compounds from wild species Herbal precautions
“Natural” does not mean safe or beneficialNot regulated or evaluated by the FDALack of consumer information regarding
herbal preparations
Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12th Edition
The Consumer’s The Consumer’s PerspectivePerspective
Use of alternative therapies In line with beliefs about health and life
Alternative therapies are most often used in addition to conventional therapies
Important to inform physician of alternative therapy use