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Loughborough University Institutional Repository
Diesel engine 2-stroke versus 4-stroke cycle design in rail
traction
This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author.
Additional Information:
• Two-stroke cycle and four-stroke cycle diesel engines are in use in rail trac- tion with four-stroke cycle design dominating the field. Cycle simulation by computer programmes have shown that the conventional two-stroke cycle is inferior to its four-stroke cycle counterpart in combustion effi- ciency and thermal loading. Research at Sulzer Brothers Ltd., to decide on the choice of cycle for production of a high power locomotive engine concluded that. conventional two-stroke cycle engine is not suitable for locomotive application. A report by Ricardo Ltd., based on a survey of engines in current production for traction application suggested that there are potentials in two-stroke cycle design . This research project is concerned with comparison of two well proven locomotive engines, one of two-stroke cycle and the other of four-stroke cycle. Performance, mechan- ical loading, thermal loading and vibration were chosen as parameters to be investigated to provide information about the status of the two cycles in relation to lower range, fuel consumption, reliability and durability, with a view to assist the users of locomotive engines to make the correct choice. Results and analysis of these findings are presented.
• A Master's Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Philosophy of Loughborough University.
Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14389
Publisher: c© E.B.Mohammed Nabag
Please cite the published version.
https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14389
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This item was submitted to Loughborough University as an MPhil thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository
(https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions.
For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/
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LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
LIBRARY AUTHOR/FILING TITLE
N~Q.AG- £ ~ M ---------- ------- __ __ J.. ______________ __________ ,
-- -- - - -- -- - --- -------------- -- -- --- ----- - - --"-- --- ACCESSION/COPY NO.
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11 P,~ OAN 3 INKS
NLESS P~-e:;ALLE
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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
DIESEL ENGINE 2-STROKE VERSUS 4-STROKE
CYCLE DESIGN IN RAIL TRACTION
by
E.B.Mohammed Nabag
S~pervisor: Dr.S.D.Haddad
Director of Research: Professor F.D. Hales
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements of the award of de~ree of
Master' of Philospuhy ..
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, LOUGHBOROUGH 1983
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DEDICATION
In memory of my father, mother, brother and Un cle.
To .my wife Noor, my sons, Khali.d, Abu Bkr and Omer.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Synopsis i
Acknowledgement ii
Chapter 1 Introduction, Summary of Thesis, Chapters
and Ge neral Review of Reference 1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A short summary of thesis chapters and a
general review of references
References
Chapter 2 Two stroke Vs Four stroke in Rail Traction
2.1. Introduction
2.2. P1'edicti,ve studies
2.2.1.Power output
2.2.5.Thermal loading
2.2.2.1. Aggregate heat transfer
2.2.2.2. Piston heat flow
2.2.2.3. Thermal stress criteria
2.2.2.4. Thermal stress
2.2.3. Turbocharged, compound and gas generation
arrangements
2.2.4. Indi~ated thermal efficiency
2.2.5. Comparison of engine types on basis of
power and thermal load , .
. 2.2.5.1. Fixed boost pressure ra ti,o and power
2.2.5.2. Fixed thermal load and power
2.2.5.3. Fixed bore and power
2.3. Test results from experimental engines
(Sulzer experience)
2.3.1. Comparison between 2-st1'o1
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2.3.1.1. Comparing fuel consumption and
acceleration characteristics 27
2.3.1.2. Considering the thermal loading 29
2.3.1. Conclusions ~n the field of application
for 2 and 4 stroke cycle trunk
piston engines 29
2.3.2.1. ~vo stroke cycle 30
2.3.2.2. Four stroke cycle 30
2.4. Comparison of performance and design of
engines in current production 39
1. Thermal loading 40
2. Brake mean effective pressure 40
3. Piston speed 40
4. Specific weight and specific volume 41
Design factors
1. Pistons 42
2. Cylinder heads 42
Conclusions 45
References 46
Chapter 3. History! Development and Enhancement
of Design of Traction Diesel Eng!~
within General Motors and Ruston Diesels. 76
3. A. General Motors Corporation. 76
3.1. Evolution' of GM Series 567 Diesel Engine
3.1.1. Turbocharging
3.2. M6del 645 engine series 3.9.1. Fe,atures 9f hbdel 645 Engines 3.2.1.1. l?iston 3.2.1.2. Piston l~ings'
3.2.1..3. Cylinder liner 3.2.1. 4. Cy linCie]; -head
3.3. Features o:f Model 6-15EB engines.
76
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95 95
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97 97
98
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3.3.1.
3.3.1.1.
3.3.1::·2.
3.3.1.3.
3.3.2.
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2.
3.3.2.3.
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.1.1.
3.4.1.2.
Performance - related design features 98
Unit fuel injector 98
Turbocharger 99
Fuel Consumption 101
Reliabili ty - related design features 101
Silver wrist pin bearing 101
Cylinder liner 103
Cylinder head 104
Model F and F3A diesel engines la;
Model F3A engine performance objectives la;
Me chanical requirements for the model
F3A rating
Model F3A engine features
3.4.1.2.1. Fire ring piston
103
107
107
3.4.1.2.2. Rocking pin and bearing, cylinder liner
and cylinder hea~.
3.4.1.3.
3.4.1.4.
3.4.1.5.
3.4.1.6.
Turbocharger
Crankcase
Camshaft and rocker arm assembly
Engine performance
3.4.1.6.1. Improved cylinder scavenging
3.4.1.6.2. Improved fuel economy.
3.5. Model. 645EC and 645FB engines
3.5.1.
3.5.2.
3.5.2.1.
3.5.2.2.
3.5.2.3.
Structural design features
Performance features
Turbocharger
Fire ring piston
Model FB and EC engine performance.
3.5.2.3.1. Improved cylinder scavenging
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108
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110
llO
III
ll2
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ll4
ll4
ll4
ll5
ll5
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3.5.2.3.2. Model F
3.5.2.3.3. Model FA
3.5.2.3.4. Model Fb
3.6.
3.6.1.
3.B.
3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
3.1.4.
3.1.5.
3.1. 6.
3.1. 7.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.2.1.
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.3.
3.2.2.4.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.2.1.
3.3.2.2.
The locomotive,and the engine
New diese 1 electric locomotive technology
Ruston Diesels Ltd.,
Background to the,English Electric V/RK
Mark 3.
Design Philosophy
Performance improvement
Design development
Serviceabili ty
Related matters
Performance of prototype
Endurance of the prototype
Development of analytical aspects of
diesel engine design
Introduction
Engj_ne performance and heat transfer
Turbodynamic model
Turbocharging model
geat release model
Fuel injection model
Deve lopmen t of Ruston 254 nun bore RK
Performance trend ' .... . -~ ... ,
Engine performance prediction
8RKC engine
12 RKC engine
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124
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127
128
129
132
132
133
133
134
135
137
139
139
139
140
142
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3.3.3.
3.3.4.
3.3.5.
3.3.6.
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.4.3.
3.4.3.1.
3.4.3.2.
3.4.3.3.
3.4.4.
3;4.4.1.
3.4.4.2
Chapter 4.
4.1. .
4.2.
Turbocharger efficiency
Compression ratio
Engine reliability
Finite element analysis and engine loading
143
144
144
144
RK engi ne.opera ting experience on Bri tish Rai 1 146
Selection of the prototype and test 147
User requirement, design modifications
and reliability
Performance assessment
First prototype 12 cylinder engine
12 cylinder