ISO 14001: 1996 INTERPRETATION GUIDE Rev.1

Page 17 of 1 DNV management manualOP [ss]-[ttt]-[n]

[Strategic area][date] Trung tm Chng nhn Ph hp Tiu chun - QUACERT

din gii tiu chun ISO 14001: 19961.Mc ch1

2.Phm vi p dng1

3.Ti liu tham khoTham kho1

4.Din gii tiu chun ISO 14001: 1996 1

4.1Yu cu chung2

4.2Chnh sch mi trng2

4.3Lp k hoch3

4.3.1Kha cnh mi trng3

4.3.2Cc yu cu php lut v cc yu cu khc4

4.3.3Mc tiu v ch tiu5

4.3.4Chng trnh qun l mi trng5

4.4Thc hin iu hnh6

4.4.1C cu v trch nhim6

4.4.2o to, nhn thc v nng lc6

4.4.3Thng tin lin lc7

4.4.4Ti liu h thng qun l mi trng7

4.4.5Kim sot ti liu7

4.4.6Kim sot hot ng8

4.4.7S chun b sn sng v p ng vi tnh trng khn cp 9

4.5Kim tra v Hnh ng khc phc10

4.5.1Gim st v o 10

4.5.2S khng ph hp, hnh ng khc phc v phng nga11

4.5.3H s12

4.5.4nh gi h thng qun l mi trng12

4.6Xem xt li ca lnh o13

5.Mi quan h vi EMAS14

1. Mc chBn Din gii tiu chun ISO 14001 c bin son nhm a ra cch hiu chung v cc yu cu ca tiu chun ISO 14001 cho nhng c nhn v n v s dng ISO 14001, c bn trong v bn ngoi QUACERT.

2. Phm vi p dngBn Din gii tiu chun ISO 14001:1996 c p dng cho tiu chun ISO 14001: 1996/ TCVN ISO 14001:1998, tiu chun h thng qun l mi trng v hng dn s dng. Ngoi ra, Din gii ny cng c th h tr cho vic hiu v Chng trnh qun l v nh gi sinh thi (EMAS).

3. Ti liu tham kho Ti liu o to chuyn gia nh gi h thng qun l mi trng.

Hng dn ca IAF v p dng ISO/IEC 66 cho cc t chc nh gi & Chng nhn/ng k H thng qun l mi trng (EMS)

Th tc 08 - JAS - ANZ

4. Din gii ISO 14001Ph lc A ca tiu chun ISO 14001 c xem nh l mt hng dn cho tiu chun ISO 14001 v l hng dn h tr cho Din gii ny. N khng c dng nh gi nhng n a ra cc ch dn c th i vi cc yu cu trong tiu chun.Bn Din gii ny a ra cc ch dn cho qu trnh nh gi. Chuyn gia nh gi khng c da vo Din gii ny a ra S khng ph hp, tr khi n c vin dn ti mt yu cu c th trong tiu chun. Tuy nhin, chuyn gia nh gi c th a ra cc im lu da trn bn din gii ny mang li li ch cho doanh nghip thng qua cc qu trnh ci tin.

Chuyn gia nh gi nn dng Ph lc A ca tiu chun ISO 14001 v Bn Din gii ca QUACERT khi tin hnh nh gi mt tnh hung c th trong qu trnh nh gi, khng c coi chng l nhng yu cu bt buc m ch l mt ti liu h tr trong qu trnh nh gi ti hin trng.

Mc d tiu chun ISO 14001 yu cu vic thit lp th tc trong 11 iu nh, nhng n c bit quan trng i vi iu 4.4.6 ( ngn nga s chch hng khi chnh sch mi trng, mc tiu, ch tiu mi trng) v iu 4.5.1 ( nh gi s ph hp). iu cn thit trong qu trnh nh gi l xc nh s sn c ca nhng th tc lp, c th bng cch phng vn v nh gi h s lin quan.

4.1Yu cu chungTrc khi chng nhn, h thng qun l mi trng nn c p dng trong khong thi gian nht nh sao cho t chc c bng chng. Trn thc t, iu ny c ngha l qu trnh nh gi ni b phi c hoch nh, cc chng trnh mi trng v th tc phi c thc hin v c th ch ra s hiu qu (ph hp vi yu cu ca php lut v ang c ci tin mc nht nht nh) v mt cuc hp ca lnh o c tin hnh. L do chnh ca yu cu ny l c h s nh gi h thng v y l mt yu cu chung ca tt c cc chng trnh chng nhn, v d theo yu cu ca IAF Guide 62.

4.2Chnh sch Mi trngTi liu cn c theo iu ny l Chnh sch mi trng ca t chc.

Lnh o cao nht c hiu l cp lnh o cao nht v chc nng iu hnh trong t chc, c th l lnh o cng ty, nhng i vi mt a im, phi bao gm cp lnh o c trch nhim iu hnh trn a im .

Lnh o cao nht phi xc nh v lp vn bn Chnh sch mi trng. Chnh sch ny c th l chnh sch ca t chc c quy m ln hn (tp on, tng cng ty) m t chc xin chng nhn l mt thnh vin. Tuy nhin, nu chnh sch khng c lin quan c th ti hot ng ca a im cn chng nhn th cn phi thit lp mt chnh sch ring bit ph hp vi chnh sch chung.

Trong trng hp T chc c nh gi c chnh sch ring th chnh sch ca tp on/ tng cng ty khng bt buc phi c coi nh ti liu ca h thng, nhng nn c sn 1 bn sao.

Bn cng b Chnh sch mi trng khng nht thit phi c ch k nu nh n c a vo trong 1 ti liu ban hnh chnh thc (chng hn S tay mi trng) nhng nn c thng tin r rng v ngy ban hnh ca n.

Cc cng b trong Chnh sch nn trnh gy hiu lm, chng hn, cng b khng c cht thi, sn phm thn thin vi mi trng v.v...Mc d bn thn iu ny khng phi l yu cu ca tiu chun, nhng iu quan trng l Chnh sch mi trng phi l mt ti liu ng tin cy, n khng c dng th hin mong mun c hot ng mi trng tt hn m l th hin nhng thc t ang tin ti. Nhng cng b nn c nh gi da trn nhng hot ng thc t m bo rng chng ph hp vi "bn cht, qui m v tc ng mi trng ca cc hot ng, sn phm v dch v ca t chc".

Trn thc t, thng thng chnh sch mi trng thng c nhng t nh chng ti cam kt ngn nga nhim. Mt dng khc c th th hin trong chnh sch, l nh ngha v ngn nga nhim c a ra trong 3.13 ca tiu chun. Mt cch khc cng c chp nhn, l s cam kt ngc li khng gy hi cho mi trng.

Sn sng cung cp c ngha l sn sng khi c yu cu, khng cn ch ng phn pht. Yu cu ti thiu l sn sng i vi cc bn hu quan v mi nhn vin. Cung cp Chnh sch mi trng cho cc bn hu quan c th l trch nhim hp l. Thc t l chnh sch v s sn sng ny khng cn thit phi a vo trong Chnh sch mi trng.

Khng nn mong i ngi lao ng s thut li ng nguyn vn v chnh sch mi trng nhng h c th by t s hiu bit ca h v biu hin ca chnh sch mi trng trong cng vic ca h v cch h gp phn t c chnh sch ny.

4.3Lp k hoch

4.3.1Kha cnh Mi trngiu ny yu cu phi c th tc nhm nhn bit cc kha cnh mi trng v xc nh r ngha ca chng.

Trong qu trnh xy dng h thng, mt cuc kho st ban u thc trng mi trng thng c thc hin c c s cn nhc mt cch h thng i cc kha cnh ca mi trng xut pht t cc hot ng, sn xut v dch v. Vic khng phi l yu cu bt buc, nhng d sao cng rt kh c th nhn bit c kha cnh nu khng thc hin mt vi hnh thc xem xt no . Trong hu ht cc trng hp, qu trnh nhn bit ton din cc kh cnh hay tc ng c xem nh tng ng vi kho st ban u thc trng mi trng.

Cc kha cnh cn quan tm n c ch ra trong Ph lc A ISO 14001. Cng cn ch rng, nhng tc ng da trn thit k v c s l lun (chng hn t vn) cng thng c xem xt.

Cc iu kin cn xem xt cch ra trong Phu lc A ISO 14001.

Khi c lin quan, cc kha cnh gin tip cng nn c xem xt, chng hn, nh cung cp, nh thu, khch hng, s dng ti nguyn, lng ging, ngi s dng v thi b sn phm.

Vic kim sot v tc ng ca cc kha cnh mi trng gin tip c th khc nhau rt nhiu tu thuc vo mc nh hng m t chc mong i i vi cc kha cnh ny. Cc tiu ch s dng cho vic nh gi cc kha cnh gin tip c th khc hoc c sa i t tiu ch dng nh gi ngha ca cc kha cnh trc tip.

Nu nh chnh sch chung ca tp on/ tng cng ty c a ra cam kt v duy tr hot ng hoc ci thin kha cnh mi trng no th kha cnh nn c th hin trong h thng qun l mi trng.

Kh c th hnh dung rng mt t chc li khng sn c nhng thng tin dng vn bn v cc kha cnh mi trng ngha, mc d khng c mt yu cu c th v iu . Mt yu cu r rng l h s cha cc thng tin phi c cp nht.

Mi s iu hnh, hot ng, sn phm v dch v c tin hnh bi t chc bao gm vic mua v thi b u nn c phn nh trong s nhn bit cc kha cnh ban u. Tuy nhin, mc ngha ca cc kha cnh l vic hon ton do t chc quyt nh, d vy, cng nn da trn mt phng php no (chng hn, mt kha cnh s c coi l c ngha khi lut php c yu cu kim sot). S khng c chp nhn nu mt kha cnh khng c coi l c ngha ch v t chc khng c kh nng kim sot, v cc mc tiu, ch tiu ca vn nn c t ra.

Nu nh khng c qui nh ca php lut ca a phng hoc cc quy nh ca php lut c th p dng, t chc cn nh gi mc ngha bng vic s dng cc kin thc chuyn mn v cc hnh thc xem xt khc.

Khng c phng php no l duy nht c khuyn khch hoc chp nhn cho vic xc nh v nh gi cc kha cnh. T chc s ton quyn quyt nh phng php p dng, v chuyn gia nh gi phi xc nh xem phng php c ng n v hp l khng.

Nhn bit cc kha cnh mi trng v xc nh xem chng c phi l kha cnh c ngha hay khng khng phi l hot ng ch thc hin mt ln. Nhn thc v tc ng ca chng i vi mi trng ngy cng tng ln, do , th t u tin c th thay i. Cc kha cnh v tc ng mi trng nn c phn tch da khi c s thay i hoc s i mi hot ng, sn phm v dch v.

Ngay c khi l mt t chc thuc loi tt nht v mt mi trng th t chc cng nn xc nh mt cch tng i kha cnh no l c ngha nht v s dng lm nn tng cho h thng qun l mi trng. V th khng c t chc no khng c kha cnh mi trng ngha.

4.3.2YU Cu php lut v cc yu cu khciu ny yu cu phi c th tc nhm nhn bit v truy cp cc qui nh php lut v cc yu cu khc v mi trng.

Cc yu cu m tiu chun cp l nhng yu cu c lin quan n cc hot ng, sn phm, dch v ca t chc. Do , mt danh mc cc quy nh ca php lut c th l cha nu t chc thiu nng lc hiu ni dung v kh nng p dng cc vn bn lut php trong t chc. T chc nn xc nh c th cc yu cu (chng hn nh giy php, ng k, u quyn, iu khon ca d n, cc tho thun vi cc c quan cng quyn a phng, cc hip hi cng nghip) v ch ra ni no cn p dng (v d, mt bng ma trn ch ra vic lu gi ni b cc h s, yu cu v tn xut bo co n cc bn hu quan theo yu cu ca tng vn bn php quy). Khng cn thit phi lu gi h s v vic ban hnh cc quy nh. Mt t chc nh gn ch cn lu gi bn sao nhng yu cu m t chc cn p dng. Cng cn phi lm r rng lm th no cp nht c h s.

T chc nn c mt th tc m bo cc yu cu xc nh c cp nht.

T chc cng phi xem xt cc yu cu khc ngoi lut nh m bo rng t chc xem xt cc quy phm thc hnh c lin quan v tho c cng nghip v cam kt thc hin chng mt cch thch hp.

T chc cng phi hiu c lm th no cc yu cu c lin quan c th p dng c vo cc hot ng ca mnh.

Nu t chc tha nhn quy phm thc hnh hoc quy phm thc hnh ang c tp on /tng cng ty thc hin th t chc phi xc nh cc yu cu cn thc hin v cch thc hin cc yu cu . Nu t chc mi tha nhn quy phm thc hnh th phi c bng chng v s hoch nh thc hin chng mt cch thch hp, chng hn c mc tiu, ch tiu thch hp.

1.1.1 4.3.31.1.2 Mc tiu v ch tiuVn bn cn c theo yu cu ca iu ny l cc bn mc tiu, ch tiu mi trng ca t chc.

Khi cc kha cnh mi trng c xc nh, bc tip theo l sp xp th t u tin cc bin php ci tin lin tc i vi cc kha cnh mi trng ny thng qua vic thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu.

Cc mc tiu v ch tiu ca t chc nn c pht trin da trn th t cc hot ng, u tin l vic xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng, tip theo l thit lp tiu ch xc nh c cc kha cnh mi trng c ngha. Sau t chc nn xy dng cc mc tiu, ch tiu mi trng da vo nhm cc kha cnh mi trng c ngha, lm nn tng cho vic ci tin lin tc. Tuy nhin, khng nht thit l mi kha cnh mi trng phi thit lp mt mc tiu mi trng m n c th c kim sot thng qua cc phng tin khc v d nh th tc kim sot iu hnh.

Cc mc tiu c th l nhng hoch nh di hn, n c th di hn c chu k chng nhn.

Mc tiu c th c chia thnh cc ch tiu gn vi nhng thay i c th c lin quan trong khong thi gian no .

Mc tiu thng gn vi s ci thin no , nhng i khi cng khng phi l s ci thin trc tip v hot ng mi trng, mc d n l mc ch cui cng. C mt vi loi mc tiu nh:

- S ci thin trong hot ng mi trng

S ci thin trong vic kim sot mi trng

S ci thin kin thc v thng tin ( c c s ci thin hn v hot ng hoc kim sot mi trng sau ny)

L tng nht l cc ch tiu phi m bo cc yu t sau: c th, o lng c, c th thc hin c, nh hng c kt qu v c gii hn thi gian.

Mt s t chc ch thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu phn nh s ph hp vi cc yu cu ca lut php. Tuy tiu chun khng cm iu , nhng, tu vo cc yu t thc t lin quan, t chc nn hng ti s ci tin lin tc i vi t nht mt lnh vc ca h thng qun l mi trng trong chu k chng nhn. Ci tin hot ng thc t nn l mc tiu ca h thng qun l mi trng.

4.3.4chng trnh Qun l mi trng. Vn bn cn c theo yu cu ca iu ny l cc chng trnh mi trng.

T chc phi c chng trnh mi trng hin hnh c th p dng trong phm vi chng nhn

Khng nht thit phi c mt chng trnh tng th m nhiu chng trnh nh cho cc lnh vc hay d n khc nhau cng c th chp nhn c, min l c bng chng v s gim st mt cch thch hp cc chng trnh . Kh c th nh gi c cch thc gim st s tin b chung nu khng xem xt tng th mt s c tnh.

iu quan trng l T chc c th chng minh rng mi hot ng mi hocnhng thay i trong hot ng (k c thit k sn phm mi) u c xem xt v nh gi nu chng c kha cnh kha cnh mi trng c ngha.

Cc d n trong mt t chc chuyn thc hin d n (chng hn cc nh thu xy dng) phi c coi nh l hot ng pht trin. Cn c bit ch i vi cc chng trnh thng xuyn thay i, nu thy rng khng th kim tra tin thc hin mc tiu so vi mc tiu ra. Phi lm r chng trnh qun l mi trng nh th no cho php theo di s pht trin da vo cc ch tiu v mc tiu.

4.4Thc hin v iu hnh

4.4.1C Cu v trch nhimVn bn cn c ca iu ny l vn bn v vai tr, trch nhim v quyn hn cho cc v tr cn thit (bao gm c i din lnh o)

Phi c ti liu m t r trch nhim quyn hn c nhn i vi hot ng chung v mt s cc hot ng mi trng c th cc cp ca t chc. Ti liu ny c th l bt k dng no, chng hn bn m t cng vic, bn m t nhim v, th tc... mc d bn m t cng vic ca tng ngi c th khng m t y cc hot dng mi trng tt c cc cp.

Cc bn m t cng vic c nhn nn c din gii sao cho mi ngi nhn thc c phm vi, trch nhim v quyn hn trong v tr ca h ng thi hiu v quyn t do v quyn hn ca h trong vic sng to.

Ngun lc bao gm con ngi, thit b v cc qu trnh qun l nh lp k hoch (k c kim tra, th nghim, xc minh) v duy tr cng nh truy cp h s mi trng.

i din lnh o khng nht thit phi l nhn vin ca t chc, v cng khng nht thit phi thuc hng ng lnh o, tuy nhin, trch nhim ca h phi c xc nh v lp thnh vn bn.

4.4.2o to, nhn thc v nng lcTh tc cn c theo yu cu ca iu ny l nhn bit nhu cu o to, hnh thnh nhn thc v mi trng v cc thng tin c th v kha cnh mi trng.

T chc phi xc nh s gio dc, o to v kinh nghim cn thit i vi nhng ngi m cng vic h ang m nhn c gy nn nhng tc ng mi trng c ngha (h c th l cc nh cung ng hay cc nh thu). iu ny thng c m t trong bn m t cng vic mt cch chi tit ring hay tng qut.

T chc phi nn xc nh nhu cu v o to, v nhng o to cn thit phi c chp nhn. Lu rng yu cu ny khng ch gii hn trong nhn vin ca t chc. C nhng trng hp m vic o to khng c o to (ngi mi, hay ngi chuyn t ni khc n), khi k hoch o to cho nhng ngi ny phi c thi hn hp l v phi c bng chng . Vic gim st nhng ngi cha nng lc cn c hoch nh v ghi nhn bng chng.

Mt s bng chng ca vic o to nh chng ch, danh sch cc hc vin, li xc nhn v kt qu kim tra cn phi sn c. Mt s hnh thc khc v bng chng o to ti ch hoc km cp cng cn c khi c th.

T chc cng phi thit lp cc yu cu v nng lc cc nh thu hot ng trn a bn khi lm vic cho t chc. iu ny cng c th l mt phn ca vic la chn v nh gi nh thu. Nu cng vic ca nh thu lin quan n kha cnh mi trng c ngha th yu cu ca t chc phi c thng tin n cc cp thch hp.

Chng trnh o to nhn thc phi c thc hin, t nht l i vi cc c nhn c th to nn cc tc ng mi trng, nhng khng nht thit cho tt c mi nhn vin, mc d phi tha nhn rng tt nht l lm cho mi ngi u nhn thc c v h thng qun l mi trng.

Cc c nhn phi nhn thc c v kha cnh mi trng ca t chc, cc mc tiu v h thng. iu ny khng cn phi thng qua cc bui hc chnh thc, cc hnh thccng c th c thc hin mt cch c hiu qu, chng hn thng bo trn bng, t tin ni b, trang web ni b, email v.v...

Phi c mt qu trnh truyn t cc yu cu ca php lut c lin quan ti mi ngi cn thit h nhn thc v hiu v chng.C th thc hin vic ny thng qua cc yu cu trong th tc iu hnh hoc hot ng gim st.

Am hiu cc th tc v k nng lin quan ti cc nhim v c th l mt phn ca vic chng trnh o to v nhn thc. Nu c nhn khng biu l s am hiu cc th tc , hng dn, ch dn cn thit cho cng vic ca h, th s khng ph hp so vi iu ny ca tiu chun thng c a ra.

Nhng nhn vin thc hin nhim v quan trng v mi trng phi th hin cc bng chng v nng lc ca h.

4.4.3thng tin lin lcTh tc cn c theo iu ny l nhm trao i thng tin ni b, nhn, x l v tr li cc thng tin lin quan ti cc bn hu quan bn ngoi.

Mc trao i thng tin vi bn ngoi l tu thuc vo t chc. Ti thiu l thng tin v kha cnh mi trng c ngha theo yu cu ca quy nh php lut. Cc khiu ni lun phi c gii quyt. Tuy nhin mc trao i thng tin phi c quyt nh v ghi nhn li. iu ny khng nht thit phi a ra quyt nh l thc hin, thc ra c th l quyt nh khng thc hin, ch n gin l quyt nh p ng mi thng tin t bn ngoi.

Cc knh thng tin phi r rng v c thit lp nhm cho php cc thng tin c trao i t mi hng, chng hn bo co qun l, phn hi t ca hng, bo co phn tch cc n v chc nng v.v...Thng tin ni b c th bao gm in thoi, radio gia cc cp khc nhau trong t chc.

Phn hi cc thng tin lin quan khng ch lin quan n khiu ni.

Trao i thng tin lin quan c th l bng ming, in t hay thng qua cc phng tin thng tin i chng nh bo ch, tp ch v.v....

Thng tin ni b c th c trao i di nhiu hnh thc v khng hn ch, c th bng loa phng thanh gia cc b phn hay cc c nhn.

4.4.4Ti liu ca h thng qun l mi trngTi liu cn c l mt s tay mi trng hoc bn m t h thng

Tiu chun khng yu cu bt buc phi c s tay mi trng.

M t cc yu t ct li bao gm c vic m t phng php tip cn ca t chc ti cc yu t .

Nu cc h thng khc ang s dng, nh h thng qun l cht lng, p ng mt hoc nhiu yu cu ca tiu chun ny th phi vin dn r rng v tr ca chng.

4.4.5Kim sot ti liuTh tc cn c kim sot tt c cc ti liu theo yu cu ca tiu chun. Tuy nhin nu t chc thc hin mi iu ca tiu chun bng mt th tc mi th tc iu phi c kim sot, bt k l bt buc hay khng bt buc theo yu cu tiu chun.

Mi ti liu thng miu t l mt phn ca h thng qun l mi trng.

Ti liu bn ngoi, nh ch dn tc nghip, th tuc bo dng, kim tra, hiu chun cng cn c kim sot.

Ti liu cng c th dng vn bn hay dng in t, nu dng in t th kim sot phi m bo loi tr cc s sut nh thay i khng c php, xo hoc thm vo mt cch v tnh cc ti liu trong h thng qun l mi trng.

Cch nhn bit cc ti liu li thi cn c xc nh v hng dn. iu ny khng nht thit l hng dn dng vn bn m ch cn nhng ngi nhn hoc s dng ti liu,h s hiu r quy nh.

4.4.6Kim sot iu hnhTh tc cn c theo yu cu ca ca iu ny nhm kim sot cc tnh hung m nu khng c th tc c th dn ti vic chch hng vi chnh sch v mc tiu, ch tiu mi trng lin quan ti khia cnh mi trng c ngha xc nh ca hng ho hay dch v do t chc cung cp.

Cc ti liu cn c theo yu cu ca iu ny l cc th tc kim sot iu hnh.

Vic kim sot iu hnh phi c p dng cho mi kha cnh mi trng c ngha, ch khng ch cc kha cnh c mc tiu, nhm duy tr hot ng .

Mc a) l mt trong nhng khu vc m tiu chun yu cu phi thit lp th tc dng vn bn. Mc d yu cu ny ch cp ti cc th tc lin quan vi kha cnh mi trng c ngha xc nh, v ch nhng ni s thiu th tc c th pht sinh tc ng mi trng, nhng t chc ton quyn quyt nh nh th no l th tc lin quan cn phi c.

Th tc phi cp n cc qu trnh hon chnh c lin quan n cc kha cnh mi trng c ngha, ch khng nht thit ch c cc qu trnh x l cht thi.

Yu cu ca mc a c xem xt v din gii cn thn trong t chc.

Cc vn c th cn cp trong th tc l:- Xem xt hp ng

- Kim sot thit k lin quan n sn xut v sn phm- Mua hng (mt phn c yu cu trong mc c)- nh gi thu ph - Kim sot qu trnh- Xp d,lu kho, bao gi, bo qun v giao hng- Dch v k thut- Hiu chun cc dng c o lng

- Duy tr hnh ng khc phc v phng nga

- Hot ng v sinh

- Thu gom, lu kho, xp d v vn chuyn rc thi.

y khng phi l mt danh mc hon chnh, nhng n ch ra cc th tc v cc hot ng thc t m t chc c th xem xt mc cn thit khi thit lp cc vn bn.

Ni dung th tc cn c nhng thng tin cho php ngi s dng thc hin v kim sot cc qu trnh m t v chun b h s cn thit.

Nu vic qun l mi trng bao gm trong h thng qun l cht lng hin hnh, th iu quan trng l cc chuyn gia nh gi phi nhn bit c cc th tc kim sot iu hnh c lin quan ti kha cnh mi trng ngha, m khng nht thit phi nh gi cc th tc lin quan n cht lng sn phm tr khi hai th tc ny lin kt cht ch vi nhau.

Cc th tc v yu cu i vi nh cung ng v nh thu phi c truyn t ti h. Mc d tiu chun ch cp ti vic thng tin, nhng vic thc hin chnh xc cc th tc ny phi c kim tra theo yu cu ca cc mc ca iu 4.5.

Mc c), khi tiu chun cp n cc kha cnh mi trng ngha "c th nhn bit ", th n lin kt vi vic nh gi cc kha cnh gin tip.

T chc khng nht thit phi gi bng cu hi cho tt c nh cung cp, mc d nhiu t chc lm vy. iu quan trng hn l t chc phi tin hnh nh gi thch hp nhng nh thu quan trng ca h thng qun l mi trng v tp trung vo nhng g c th thc hin c i vi h.

i vi cc nh thu ti ch c th nh hng ti hot ng mi trng ca t chc, T chc phi c cch thc kim sot m bo duy tr hot ng mi trng ca mnh. Cch thc kim sot ny c th bao gm, v d, th tc chn la ban u, xc nh cch kim sot ti ch, xc nh kh nng ca nh thu c th v /hoc nh gi hp ng.

1.1.3 4.4.7S chun b sn sng v p ng vi tnh trng khn cp

Th tc yu cu phi xc nh r s tim n v ng ph vi cc s c v cc tnh trng khn cp, ngn nga v gim nh nhng tc ng mi trng c lin quan.

Vic xc nh cc tnh trng khn cp v /hoc s c tim n phi c bt u t vic nh gi cc kha cnh mi trng ngha trong cc tnh trng khn cp . Ni cch khc, vic xc nh s tim n ca cc s c phi ni kt vi vic xc nh ban u v nh gi cc kha cnh mi trng ngha.

Chng hn, cc tnh hung sau cn c lu :

Ho hon bao gm tc ng mi trng t nc cu ho v x l cc vt liu b chy

Thit hi do khng c bin php ngn chn r r

Thin tai thi tit

R r hi c

Thit hi t ngun cung ng nh in, nc lm lnh, v.v....

Nu th tc khn cp cp n mt s cc nhn vin mi trng v ngi c thm quyn mi trng, th n phi c cp nht.

Th tc khn cp khng phi ch cp n an ton v vic ng ph tc th m cng phi a ra vn gim nh v khc phc mi trng nhim khi thch hp (tuy nhin, trc khi bn cht ca hin tng nhim c xc nh th vic xc nh cng c v k thut gim nh tc ng l rt kh thc hin).

Thng l nhn vin bo v l nhng ngi u tin i mt vi tnh trng khn cp, v th, t chc phi m bo rng h nhn thc c cc tc ng tim n ng k nht.

i vi nhng a bn khng ring bit, phi c s xem xt v thng tin vi cc t chc/ c nhn trn cng a bn.

Tt nht l phi m bo rng C quan dch v khn cp a phng bit n k hoch khn cp ca t chc, trong trng hp t chc c cc kho cht ho cht ln, th C quan cu ho phi c bit loi ho cht ang lu tr.

Vic din tp c th khng thc hin c trong thc t, mc ti thiu l, cc th tc thng tin lin lc v th tc ng ph khi chy n hoc chy trn phi c din tp.

4.5Kim tra v hnh ng khc phc

4.5.1Gim st v oYu cu trong iu ny l gim st v o lng cc c trng ch cht ca cc hot ng v cc qu trnh c th c tc ng ng k ln mi trng, bao gm d liu theo di kt qu thc hin, gim st vic t c mc tiu, ch tiu, nh k nh gi s ph hp vi lut php v cc quy nh v mi trng lin quan.

Ti liu yu cu trong iu ny l cc th tc theo di v o lng, th tc nh gi s ph hp vi yu cu lut php.

Theo di l nh gi lin tc vic thc hin theo thi gian

o lng l kim tra c tnh tc th v ri rc mc chp nhn ca cc thng s

Vic theo di thng c th da trn kt qu o, chng hn, "gim st thit b" c hiu l gim st kh nng o lng ca thit b (v d nh thc o, my o,...). Tuy nhin vic theo di cng c th lin quan n vic o to, cc s khng ph hp v.v...

Tt c cc thit b theo di lin quan n vic cung cp cc loi thng tin cp trn phi c hiu chun. Vic hiu chun tu thuc vo mc chnh xc yu cu, nhng tt nht l thc hin cho cc thit b thit yu lin quan ti cc kha cnh mi trng ngha. V d: trong cc thit b cung cp thng tin hu dng, thit b xc nhn s ph hp vi yu cu lut php cn phi c hiu chun, cn nhng thit b khc c th c s dung ch cung cp thng tin.

T chc chng nhn khng th i hi gim st mt thng s mi trng nm ngoi yu cu ca lut nh. Tuy nhin t chc cng cn xem xt cc c trng ch cht v phng thc gim st chng. V d i vi tnh hung chuyn gia nh gi pht hin mt ng c ca my git khng c gim st v cc kt qu bn ngoi cho thy s khng ph hp ca cht thi. Khi t chc phi th hin nhng d nh nhm cung cp lng tin vo s ph hp. T chc phi c trch nhim xc inh cch thc v tn xut gim st thch hp, da trn cc kt qu o cht thi trc .

Hot ng gim st v o lng phi c thc hin theo th tc vn bn ho. T chc cn chng t rng mt qu trnh logic c tun th trn c s c ch n vic xc nh "cc c trng ch yu". Mt v d v "cc c trng ch yu" cng c th l yu cu php l, nhng cc kh nng khc cng cn c xem xt.

Gim st v o lng t nht bao gm:

Gim st vic kim sot qu trnh

Kim tra s ph hp vi cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng

Theo di cc hot ng mi trng

Kim tra tin ca cc k hoch mi trng

kim tra hiu lc ca hot ng o to

o lng cc thng s php l

Nu chnh quyn c ban hnh giy php hay giy ng k, thng l t chc phi thng bo vi chnh quyn v s chp hnh ca mnh. Nu c yu cu th vic t chc khng thng bo vi chnh quyn s l mt im khng ph hp.

Khi s khng ph hp vi lut nh r rng th t chc phi bit r v s khng ph hp ny (ngha l nhn thc mt cch y ), phi m phn vi cc nh chc trch c lin quan v thc hin k hoch t n s ph hp, nu khng th mt im khng ph hp s c a ra.

Trong mi trng hp, t chc nn ghi li mi s vi phm i vi yu cu lut php v xut, thc hin cc hnh ng khc phc, phng nga thch hp. S khng ph hp c ghi nhn nhng h thng khng c hnh ng khc phc, phng nga th vn s c thng bo cho lnh o cao nht ca t chc ng thi mt im khng ph hp s c a ra. Tnh nghim trng ca im khng ph hp ny ph thuc vo vic c bng chng rng h thng c kh nng nhn bit c s khng ph hp v thc hin tt hnh ng khc phc hoc bng chng chng t chc nng ca h thng ny khng c duy tr.

im nhn mnh c bit l vic a ra cc th tc dng vn bn cho vic nh gi s tun th yu cu php lut v mi trng. iu ny khc bit vi vic gim st/o nh k cht thi cn c kim sot bi cc giy php. Nhiu t chc thc hin yu cu ny trong cuc nh gi ni b v lu h s kt qu. Nn ch rng s quc gia, nh M chng hn, cc vn nhy cm cn c kim tra thc t. l phng php thng thng nht c khuyn co, nhng phng php khc cng c th c chp nhn xc nh s khng ph hp so vi yu cu ca php lut, l nh gi cc th tc gim st nh k v cc hnh ng thch hp c tin hnh.

4.5.2S khng ph hp, hnh ng khc phc v phng ngaTh tc yu cu trong iu ny l nhm xc nh trch nhim v quyn hn trong vic x l v iu tra s khng ph hp, tin hnh cc hot ng nhm gim nh cc tc ng, xut v hon tt hnh ng khc phc v phng nga.

Hnh ng khc phc l hnh ng c tin hnh nhm loi b nguyn nhn s khng ph hp, nhng sai st, tnh trng khng mong mun ang tn ti nhm trnh s ti din v l hnh ng i ph.

Hnh ng phng nga l hnh ng c a ra nhm loi b nguyn nhn ca s khng ph hp, nhng sai li hay cc tnh trng khng mong mun tim n nhm ngn nga s khng ph hp tim n xy ra v l hnh ng ch ng.

Hot ng gim nh l cc hnh ng c thc hin ngay nhm gim hay hn ch cc tc ng mi trng gy nn bi s khng ph hp ang tn ti.

Nu c th, s khng ph hp phi c xem xt cng vi sai li h thng ca h thng qun l mi trng. Chng hn nh s khng ph hp v duy tr hay kim tra nh k, v d thit b o lng qu hn hiu chun, r g thng ho cht, ... iu quan trng l T chc hiu nguyn nhn ca s khng ph hp v mi trng (trong cuc nh gi v trong hot ng bnh thng).

V d v cc yu t cn c xem xt khi thit lp v duy tr th tc hnh ng khc phc bao gm:

a) Nhn bit nguyn nhn ca s khng ph hp

b) Nhn bit v thc hin hnh ng khc phc v bin php gim nh cn thit

c) Thc hin hoc thay i cch kim sot cn thit trnh ti din s khng ph hp

d) Lu h s tt c cc thay i trong th tc bt ngun t hnh ng khc phc

V d v cc yu t cn c xem xt khi thit lp v duy tr th tc hnh ng phng nga bao gm:

a) S dng ngun thng tin thch hp (bo co nh gi, h s, khiu ni)

b) Nhn bit cc vn cn c hnh ng phng nga

c) xut v thc hin hnh ng phng nga

d) Lu h s tt c cc thay i trong th tc bt ngun t hnh ng phng nga

4.5.3H sTh tc yu cu trong iu ny l nhm nhn bit, bo qun v hu b cc h s v mi trng. Nu h s c lu tr dng in t, yu cu phi c th tc bo mt an ton.

Nhiu h s khng c ch ra c th trong ISO 14001. Tuy nhin, nhiu yu cu trong tiu chun ny cho thy yu cu v h s vn c th hin theo mt cch din t tng t. H s cn sn c minh chng v cc hot ng din ra.

H s c th l mt b d liu chng t mc hot ng mi trng trong h thng qun l mi trng

V d: Cc h s trong ISO 14001 c th bao gm cc ni dung sau (xem thm ph lc A):

iu H s

4.3.1 Xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng c ngha

4.3.2 Xc nh cc yu cu php l v cc yu cu khc

4.4.2 Xc nh nhu cu o to

4.4.2 H s o to

4.4.2 H s o to nhn thc

4.4.3 Thng tin lin lc i-n cc t chc c lin quan (bao gm c cc c quan chc nng)

4.4.4 Quyt nh v vic thng tiin v cc kha cnh mi trng

4.4.6 Thng tin v sn xut v cc qu trnh

4.4.6 Thng tin v sn phm

4.4.6 H s bo tr thit b

4.6.6 H s cc nh cung ng v cc nh thu ph

4.6.7 Th nghim th tc ng ph vi tnh trng khn cp

4.5.1 Hiu chun thit b gim st

4.5.2 S khng ph hp v hnh ng khc phc, phng nga

4.5.2 Cc bo co v s c v ri ro

4.5.3 Thi gian lu gi h s

4.5.4 K hoch v chng trnh nh gi

4.5.4 Bo co nh gi

4.6 Tn xut xem xt ca lnh o, ni dung v kt qu

4.5.4nh gi h thng mi trngCc th tc yu cu trong iu ny l th tc v nh gi, bao gm: phm vi, tn sut, phng php lun, trch nhim v cc yu cu v thc hin nh gi v lp bo co nh gi.

Khng c yu cu no trong ISO 14001 yu cu vic tun th theo cc yu cu ca cc tiu chun ISO 14010, 14011, 14012. Tuy nhin , Din n cng nhn quc t IAF yu cu cc cng ty s dng ISO 14010, 14011, 14012 khi thit lp hot ng nh gi ca h nu nh h mun c chng nhn. iu ny c ngha rng cc t chc chng nhn phi kim tra cc tiu chun ny c c s dng nh l mt hng dn hay khng, ni cch khc rng t chc c tun theo tinh thn ca cc tiu chun trn khng. T chc phi c kh nng t nh gi c s sai khc ln so vi mc ch ca cc tiu chun ny. c bit l tiu ch nng lc cho cc chuyn gia nh gi mi trng ni b phi c cn nhc mt cch thch hp.

Vo thi im chng nhn, h thng nh gi ni b cn phi hot ng y v phi c cho thy l c hiu qu. iu ny c ngha l t nht mt cuc nh gi phi c hon thin theo th tc v bng chng ca vic theo di tip theo phi c th hin. i vi cuc chng nhn nhiu a im, tt c cc a im cn thit phi p ng yu cu ny.

Khng c mt yu cu no ni r v tn sut nh gi mt iu khon c th. Khi hng dn, chng trnh nh gi v qun l sinh thi EMAS- yu cu mt vng nh gi y trong 3 nm hoc thng xuyn hn ph thuc vo bn cht v phc tp ca cc hot ng. Thng thng, chu k chp nhn c l 1 ln/nm tr khi t chc c nhng qu trnh cho php tn sut thp hn. Tuy nhin, cc kha cnh c ngha phi c nh gi t nht 1ln/nm v ton b h thng phi c nh gi vo chu k .

Tn sut nh gi ca cc cuc nh gi khc nhau phi phn nh s cn nhc tm quan trng ca hot ng lin quan n mi trng v kt qu ca cc cuc nh gi trc, c biyt l sau khi h thng kh hon thin.

Bo co nh gi v cc ti liu h tr (nh k hoch nh gi) phi ch r rng cc vn mi trng c nh gi v ch ra c mc p ng ca cc vn ny.

V d v cc iu cn bao gm trong mt k hoch nh gi c th c xc nh trong Ph lc A ca ISO 14001.

4.6Xem xt ca ban lnh o t nht mt ln xem xt ca ban lnh o phi c hon thnh trc khi chng nhn, ngay c khi th tc nh gi ni b ca t chc c xc nh ngy hp xem xt sau ngy nh gi chng nhn, v h thng ch mi c p dng trong mt giai on nht nh (Yu cu ca Din n cng nhn quc t IAF).

Thng tin cn thit cho cuc xem xt ca lnh o l cc thng tin c lin quan ti chc nng ca H thng qun l mi trng v cc thng tin ny phi, v d, bao gm cc thng tin c xc nh trong Ph lc A ca ISO14001. Cc loi khc ca thng tin c th bao gm:

Phn nn t cc bn hu quan;

Bo co tin ca cc chng trnh mi trng v vic thc hin mc tiu, ch tiu;

Cc bo co khng ph hp, cc s c v tai nn;

Kt qu hoc thng k v hot ng gim st v o

Thng tin vi cc cp c thm quyn.

Thng tin nn c coi trng i vi xem xt ca lnh o l tnh trng thay i, v d

S thay i theo k hoch v phng tin sn xut, qu trnh, sn phm;

S thay i sp din ra v php lut mi trng, chnh sch mi trng;

Thay i thi hoc quan im ca i th cnh tranh hoc cc bn hu quan;

S pht trin mi trong cng ngh

S tin trin trong nhn thc v cc kha cnh v tc ng mi trng.

Xem xt ca lnh o khng nht thit l mt cuc hp ring bit m c th tin hnh cng cc ni dung khc .

Bo co hot ng m ch dng cho vic xem xt ca lnh o phi c thc hin theo mt cch nh k thch hp tu vo s phc tp, tnh quan trng ca cc thay i ca h thng qun l mi trng. Tn sut ti thiu mong i thng thng l 1 ln trong 1 nm, tr khi c s thay i ca H thng qun l mi trng.

Nhng ch cp n trong cuc xem xt ca lnh o v kt qu (quyt nh) phi c lu h s.

Mi lin h vi EMASVo thi im hin ti, ISO 14001 c tha nhn l tng ng vi h thng qun l c ghi trong Chng trnh nh gi v Qun l sinh thi- EMAS. Do , din gii ny ca QUACERT c th c s dng cho vic kim tra xc nhn EMAS. Tuy nhin, din gii ny khng cung cp bt k hng dn no trong vic xc minh nhng tuyn b v mi trng theo yu cu ca EMAS.

Ln sot xt u tin ca EMAS, vo nm 1999, mang li s ci tin tnh tng thch vi ISO 14001, v th din gii ny s c th p dng c trc tip vo EMAS t thi im .

Din gii tiu chun ISO 14001 12.8.2002

i