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Multidisciplinary Design ProjectEngineering Dictionary

Version 0.0.2

February 15, 2006

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Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project

This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as partof the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kitsto aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out withsupport from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe.

For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk orcontact

Dr. Peter LongCambridge University Engineering DepartmentTrumpington Street,Cambridge.CB2 1PZ.

e-mail: [email protected]: +44 (0) 1223 332779

Prof. Alex SlocumMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Ave.Cambridge MA 02139-4307USA

e-mail: [email protected]: +1 617 253 0012

For information about the CMI initiative please seeCambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org

CMIUniversity of Cambridge10 Millers Yard,Mill Lane,Cambridge.CB2 1RQ.

tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891

CMI,Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Ave.Cambridge MA 02139-4307

USA

tel. +1 617 253 7732fax. +1 617 258 8539

.

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1 Introduction

This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi-neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a numberof existing glossaries together with a number of local additions.

Each reference has a standard layout

Transistor

[Elec]

Where [Elec]indicates the engineering area where the definition is used and the original source, see section 1.1.In a number of cases there are multiple definitions, these have been kept to indicate the variation in use even

within the same industry.The MDP project is very grateful to the compilers of the other collections for their kind permission to reuse

their data, but accepts responsibility for any errors or mistranscription. Links to some of the original datasources are given in section 1.1 and the users is urged to consult these if additional information is required.

1.1 Engineering Disciplines

Aerospace & thermodynamic engineering involves developing, designing, testing items related to aircraftpower generating systems.

[aeroth] - general

Agricultural & Food engineering involves every aspect of food production, processing, marketing, anddistribution.

Biomedicalengineering applies engineering principles and design to the biology and medical arena to improvehealth care and the lives of those with medical impairments. Bringing together knowledge from manyengineering disciplines and technical fields, biomedical engineers design medical instruments, devices, andsoftware; develop new procedures; conduct research; and solve clinical problems.

Chemical engineering applies principles of chemistry and physics to the design and production of materialsthat undergo chemical changes during their manufacture.

Civil & Structuralengineering involves planning, designing, and building a wide variety of structures and fa-cilities, including bridges, roads and highways, dams, high-rise buildings, airports, water treatment centers,industrial manufacturing and processing facilities, and sanitation plants.

[civilst] - general

[civil-1] - see http://urban.arch.virginia.edu/km6e/reference/glossary/struc-glossary.html

Computer & Softwareengineering involves the design, construction, and operation of computer systems.

[soft] - general

[soft1] - see http://www.apl.jwww.apl.jhu.edu

Control Systemsengineering involves the design and manufacture of instrumentation and ways to controldynamic processes automatically.

Electrical & Electronicengineering is the practical application of electricity. Covering the area from verylow power/voltage to high power and transmission systems.

[elec] - general

Environmentalengineering is the development of processes and infrastructure for the supply of water, thedisposal of waste, and the control of all kinds of pollution.

[enviro] - general

Geotechnical engineering uses the principles of mechanics to analyze and predict the behavior of earthmaterials in engineering situations.

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[geotech] - general

Instrumentalengineering

[instrum] - general

[instrum-1] - see http://www.omega.com

Manufacturing engineering includes all aspects of manufacturing operations, including the behavior andproperties of materials and materials processes; the design of products, equipment, and tooling neces-sary for their manufacture; management of manufacturing enterprises; and, the design and operation ofmanufacturing systems

Materials engineering focusses on materials design, testing and processing techniques (e.g. casting, rolling,welding)

[mat] - general

[mat-1] - see http://www.justinline.com/glossary

Mechanicalengineering applies the principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devices.

Perhaps the broadest of all engineering disciplines, mechanical engineering is generally combined into threebroad areas: energy, structures and motion in mechanical systems, and manufacturing.

[mech] - general

[mech-1] - materials related see http://www.tulane.edu/ bmitche/book/glossary.html

[mech-2] - Welding http://www.meg.co.uk

[mech-3] - Fasteners see http://www.boltscience.com

Mining engineering comprises all aspects of discovering, removing, and processing minerals from the earth.

Nuclear engineering involves the design, construction, and operation of nuclear power plants for power gen-eration, propulsion of nuclear submarines, the handling of nuclear fuels and the safe disposal of radioactivewastes.

[nuclear] - general

[nuclear-1] - see http://www.usanuclear

Petroleumengineering involves sustaining the flow of oil and gas, including discovery, recovery, storage, andtransportation of petroleum.

[petro] - general

[petro-1] - see http://www.statoil.com

Sanitary engineering is a branch of civil and environmental engineering that deals with sanitary issues affectingpublic health, such as safe drinking water and sewage disposal. Among other things, sanitary engineersdeal with preventing toxins and dangerous microorganisms from endangering the public in such systems.

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4GL Fourth generation language . [soft]

88open A consortium with the aim of creating amultivendor open computing environment basedon the Motorola 88000 RISC processor family[soft]

AB

AAP DTD A DTD document type for scientificdocuments, defined by the AAP [soft]

AAP The Association of American Publishers: en-gaged in standardisation efforts in documentpreparation. [soft]

ABI Application Binary Interface: the interface by

which an application program gains access to op-erating system and other services, designed topermit porting of compiled binary applicationsbetween systems with the same ABI. [soft]

abrasion a process where hard particles are forcedagainst and moved along a solid surface. [mat-1]

abrasivea hard and wear-resistant material (com-monly a ceramic) that is used to wear, grind, orcut away other material. [mat-1]

AbrasiveA hard and wear-resistant material that

is used to wear, grind or cut away othermaterial.[mech-1]

abrasive wheel a grinding wheel composed of anabrasive grit and bonding agent. [mat-1]

Abstract Class In object-oriented programming,a class designed only as a parent from whichsub-classes may be derived, but which is not it-self suitable for instantiation . Often used toabstract out incomplete sets of features whichmay then be shared by a group of sibling sub-classes which add different variations of the miss-ing pieces. [soft]

Abutment- In coal mining, (1) the weight of therocksabove a narrow roadway is transferred tothe solid coal along thesides, which act as abut-ments of the arch of strata spanning theroad-way; and (2) the weight of the rocks over a long-wall face istransferred to the front abutment,that is, the solid coal ahead ofthe face and theback abutment, that is, the settled packs behindtheface.[mining-1]

ACAApplication Control Architecture: DECs im-plementation of ORB [soft]

Acceleration A vector quantity equal to the ratethat velocity changes with time. [struc-1]

Access hatch An airtight door system that pre-serves the pressure integrity of a reactor contain-ment structure while allowing access to personneland equipment. [nuclear-1]

ACE Adaptive Communication Environment, a

C++ Wrapper Library for communications fromthe University of California at Irvine [soft]

ACEAdvanced Computing Environment: a consor-tium to agree on an open architecture based onthe MIPS R4000 chip. A computer architectureARCS will be defined, on which either OS/2 orOpen Desktop can be run [soft]

acida chemical substance that yields hydrogen ionswhen dissolved in water. [mat-1]

Acid deposition or acid rain Refers loosely to a

mixture ofwet and dry deposition (depositedmaterial) from the atmospherecontaining higherthan normal amount of nitric and sulfuri-cacids. The precursors or chemical forerunnersof acid rain formationresult from both naturalsources, such as volcanoes and decayingvegeta-tion, and man-made sources, primarily emissionsof sulfur andnitrogen oxides resulting from fossilfuel combustion.[mining-1]

Acid mine water - Mine water that contains freesulfuricacid, mainly due to the weathering of ironpyrites.[mining-1]

ACMAssociation for Computing Machinery [soft]

Acorn Nut A nut (so-called because of its shape)that has a domed top so that [mech-3]

acoustic emissiona measure of integrity of a ma-terial determined by sound emission when a ma-terial is stressed. [mat-1]

Acrobat A platform-independent text and imageformatter/viewer from Adobe Systems [soft]

acrylic synthetic resin made from acrylic acid or a

derivative thereof; acrylics possess the propertyof transparency and offer flame resistance. [mat-1]

ActisAn approach to integrated CASE by Apollo .[soft]

activated rosin flux mixture of rosin and smallamounts of organic-halide activators or organic-acid activators. [mat-1]

activation energy the energy required to initiatea reaction, such as diffusion. [mat-1]

Activation The process of making a radioisotopeby bombarding a stable element with neutronsor protons. [nuclear-1]

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activator substance that enhances the ability of aflux to remove oxides and other contaminantsfrom surfaces being joined. [mat-1]

Active DBMS A conventional or passive DBMScombined with a means of event detection and

condition monitoring. Event handling is oftenrule-based , as with an expert system . [soft]

Active fuel length The end-to-end dimension offuel material within a fuel element. [nuclear-1]

Active objectAn object that encompasses its ownthread of control. [soft]

Active workings - Any place in a minewhere miners arenormally required to work ortravel and which are ventilated andinspectedregularly.[mining-1]

ActiveX A software development kit from Mi-crosoft for develpment of Internet applicationsand content [soft]

Actor A term in Chorus denoting the unit of re-source allocation. [soft]

Actor In object-oriented programming, an objectwhich exists as a concurrent process. [soft]

ActraA multiprocessor Smalltalk project. [soft]

Ada A high-level computer language sponsored bythe US Department of Defense. It has a mul-titasking mechanism, and a number of featuresuseful for software engineering [soft]

AdaIC Ada Information Clearinghouse - More in-formation. [soft]

Adaline Name given by Widrow to ADAptive LIn-ear NEurons, that is neurons (seeMcCulloch-Pitts ) which learn using the Widrow-Huff DeltaRule (see also Madaline ). [soft]

ADAMO A data management system written atCERN based on the Entity-Relationship model

[soft]

Adaptable User Interface A toolkit from Ora-cle allowing applications to be written portablyfor different windowing systems. It provides onecall level interface along with a resource managerand editor across a range of standard GUI s,including Macintosh, Windows and the X Win-dow System . [soft]

Adaptive learning Learning in which a systemprograms itself by adjusting weights or strengthsuntil it produces the desired output. Same as

Hebbian . [soft]

AD/Cycle (AD = Application Development): a setof SAA -compatible IBM-sponsored products forprogram development, running on workstationsaccessing a central repository on a mainframe.The stages cover requirements, analysis and de-sign,production of the application, building andtesting, and maintenance. Technologies used in-clude code generators and knowledge based sys-tems, as well as languages and debuggers. [soft]

ADDD A Depository of Development Documents.A public domain Software Engineering Envi-ronment from GMD developed as part of theSTONE project [soft]

adhesion (1) the attractive force between adjacentsurfaces in a frictional contact; (2) the state inwhich two surfaces are held together by interfa-cial forces. [mat-1]

Adhesivea substance that bonds together the sur-faces of two other materials.[mech-1]

Adit- A nearly horizontal passage from the surfacebywhich a mine is entered and dewatered. Ablind horizontal opening intoa mountain, withonly one entrance.[mining-1]

ADL Assertion (or API) Definition Language. Aproject for Automatic Interface Test Generation[soft]

ADT Abstract Data Type: a class of data struc-

tures described by means of a set of operationsrather than by physical representation, such as aclass in object-oriented programming.. [soft]

Advanced Ceramic a value-added technical ce-ramic .[mech-1]

Advance - Mining in the same direction, or orderofsequence; first mining as distinguished fromretreat.[mining-1]

Aegis A CASE tool for project change management,part of the GNU software. [soft]

AENOR Asociacion Espanola de Normalizacion yCertificacion. The Spanish standards organisa-tion. [soft]

AEP Application environment profile . [soft]

Aerotight Nut it prevents contact with the exter-nal thread. [mech-3]

AES Application environment specification: a setof specifications from OSF for programming anduser interfaces, aimed at providing a consistentapplication environment on different hardwareplatforms. It includes O/S for the operating sys-

tem (user commands and program interfaces),U/E for the User Environment (Motif), and N/Sfor Network services. [soft]

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AFIPS American Federation of Information Pro-cessing Societies. [soft]

AFNOR Association Francaise pour la Normalisa-tion: the French national standards institute, amember of ISO . [soft]

AFS Andrew File System . [soft]

aging a change in the properties of certain metalsand alloys that occurs at ambient or moderatelyelevated temperatures after hot working, heattreatment, or a cold working operation. [mat-1]

AGL Atelier de Genie Logiciel: French for IPSE .[soft]

AGOCG Advisory Group on Computer Graphics.Advising UK Higher Education on Computer

Graphics, Visualization and Multimedia [soft]

Agreement State A state that has signed anagreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commis-sion under which the state regulates the use ofbyproduct, source, and small quantities of spe-cial nuclear material in that state. [nuclear-1]

AIA Application Integration Architecture: DECsopen standards specifications. [soft]

AI Artificial Intelligence . [soft]

AICA Associazione Italiana di Calcolo Automatico.[soft]

AIFFAudio IFF. A format developed by Apple forstoring high-quality sampled sound and musicalinstrument info; also used by SGI and severalprofessional audio packages. [soft]

Airborne radioactivity area A room, enclosure,or area in which airborne radioactive materials,composed wholly or partly of licensed material,exist in concentrations that (1) exceed the de-rived air concentration limits or (2) would resultin an individual present in the area without respi-ratory protection exceeding, during those hours,0.6 percent of the annual limit on intake or 12derived air concentration-hours [nuclear-1]

air-lockan intermediate enclosed chamber of a vac-uum or pressure system through which an objectmay be passed without materially changing thevacuum or pressure of the system. [mat-1]

Air sampling The collection of samples of air tomeasure the radioactivity or to detect the pres-ence of radioactive material, particulate matter,or chemical pollutants in the air. [nuclear-1]

Air Set Cement a cement that sets through lossof water.[mech-1]

Air split- The division of a current of air into twoormore parts.[mining-1]

Airway- Any passage through which air is carried.Alsoknown as an air course.[mining-1]

AIS Advanced Informatics Support project for ad-ministrative work at CERN [soft]

AIX Advanced Interactive eXecutive: IBMs ver-sion of UNIX , taken as the basis for the OSF[soft]

ALARA Acronym for as low as (is) reasonablyachievable. Means making every reasonable ef-fort to maintain exposures to ionizing radiationas far below the dose limits as practical, con-sistent with the purpose for which the licensedactivity is undertaken, taking into account the

state of technology, the economics of improve-ments in relation to state of technology, the eco-nomics of improvements in relation to benefits tothe public health and safety, and other societaland socioeconomic considerations, and in rela-tion to utilization of nuclear energy and licensedmaterials in the public interest [nuclear-1]

alclad composite wrought product comprised of analuminum alloy core having one or both sur-faces as metallurgically bonded aluminum oraluminum alloy coating that is anodic to thecore, and thus electrochemically protects the core

against corrosion. [mat-1]

Algol A high-level programming language devel-oped in the 1950s . [soft]

Algorithm A systematic procedure guaranteed toproduce a result after a finite number of steps.[soft]

alkali metal a metal in group IA of the peri-odic table that form strongly alkaline hydroxides(lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium,francium). [mat-1]

alkaline earth metal a metal in group IIA of theperiodic table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium,strontium, barium, radium). [mat-1]

allotriomorphic crystal a crystal having a nor-mal lattice structure, but with an imperfect out-ward shape due to the influence of its surroud-ings. [mat-1]

allotropythe possibility of existence of two or moredifferent crystal structures for a substance (gen-erally an elemental solid). [mat-1]

Allowance An intentional clearance between in-ternal or external thread and the design form of

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the thread when the thread form is on its maxi-mum metal condition. Not all classes of fit havean allowance. For metric threads the allowanceis called the fundamental deviation. [mech-3]

Alloy a metallic solid or liquid formed from

an intimate combination of two or moreelements.[mech-1]

alloya metallic substance that is composed of twoor more elements. [mat-1]

alpha ironthe body-centered cubic (BCC) form ofpure iron, stable below 910 C (1670 F). [mat-1]

Alpha particle A positively charged particleejected spontaneously from the nuclei of someradioactive elements. It is identical to a he-lium nucleus that has a mass number of 4 andan electrostatic charge of +2. It has low pene-trating power and a short range (a few centime-ters in air). The most energetic alpha particlewill generally fail to penetrate the dead layers ofcells covering the skin and can be easily stoppedby a sheet of paper. Alpha particles are haz-ardous when an alpha-emitting isotope is insidethe body. [nuclear-1]

Alternating Copolymera polymer , in which thedifferent mer units systematically alternate posi-tions along the molecular chain.[mech-1]

Alvey A funding programme for collaborative re-

search in the UK. [soft]

AMADEUSA PC client for Hyper-G . [soft]

ami Applications of Metrics in Industry (Assess,Analyze, Metricate, Improve). A method forsoftware project management and process im-provement [soft]

AmoebaA distributed operating system developedby A.Tanenbaum and others at Amsterdam [soft]

Amorphographythe branch of science concernedwith the determination of amorphous solid struc-

tures and their systemmatic classification (seealso crystallography ).[mech-1]

Amorphoushaving no long-range order.[mech-1]

amorphousnon-crystalline, without long-range or-der. [mat-1]

AMS Andrew Message System . [soft]

Anaerobic Adhesive An adhesive which hardensin the absence of air, such adhesives are oftenused as a thread locking medium. [mech-3]

analog circuit electrical circuit that provides a con-tinuous relationship between its input and out-put. [mat-1]

Analysis The part of the software development pro-cess concerned with defining the requirements forthe product. [soft]

ANDF Architecture-Neutral Distribution Format:an emerging OSF standard for software distribu-

tion. Programs are compiled into ANDF beforedistribution, and executables are produced fromit for the local target system. [soft]

Andrew File System The distributed file systemof the Andrew project , adopted by the OSF .[soft]

Andrew Message System A multimedia interfaceto electronic mail and bulletin boards, developedas part of the Andrew project [soft]

Andrew ProjectA distributed system project for

support of educational and research computingat Carnegie Mellon University [soft]

Andrew ToolkitA portable user interface toolkitdeveloped as part of the Andrew project , run-ning on the X Window System and distributedwith X11R5 . [soft]

Anemometer - Instrument for measuring airvelocity.[mining-1]

Angle Controlled Tightening A tightening pro-cedure in which a fastener is first tightened bya pre-selected torque (called the snug torque) so

that the clamped surfaces are pulled together,and then is further tightened by giving the nut anadditional measured rotation. Frequently boltsare tightened beyond their yield point by thismethod in order to ensure that a precise preloadis achieved. Bolts of short length can be elon-gated too much by this method and the bolt ma-terial must be sufficiently ductile to cater for theplastic deformation involved. Because of the boltbeing tightened beyond yield, its re-use is lim-ited. [mech-3]

Angle of dip - The angle at which strata ormineraldeposits are inclined to the horizontalplane.[mining-1]

Angle of draw- In coal mine subsidence, this angleisassumed to bisect the angle between the verti-cal and the angle ofrepose of the material and is20o for flat seams. For dippingseams, the angleof break increases, being 35.8o from the vertical-for a 40o dip. The main break occurs over theseam at an angle fromthe vertical equal to halfthe dip.[mining-1]

Angle of repose- The maximum angle from hor-izontal atwhich a given material will rest on agiven surface without sliding orrolling.[mining-1]

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Anion A negatively charged ion. [nuclear-1]

anion a negatively charged non-metallic ion. [mat-1]

Anisotropic exhibiting different values of

a property in different crystallographicdirections.[mech-1]

anisotropy material characteristic of exhibiting dif-ferent values of a property in different crystallo-graphic directions. [mat-1]

ANL Argonne National Laboratory, USA [soft]

Anna A specification language from Stanford Uni-versity for formally specifying Ada programs. Ithas a Specification Analyzer and a ConsistencyChecking System. [soft]

Annealing a generic term used to denote a heattreatment wherein the microstructrure and, con-sequently, the properties of a material are al-tered. Frequently, refers to heat treatmentwhereby a cold-worked metal is softened by al-lowing it to recrystallize.[mech-1]

annealing a generic term used to denote a heattreatment where the microstructure and proper-ties of a material are altered; it frequently refersto a heat treatment where a previously cold-worked metal is softened by allowing it to re-crystallize. [mat-1]

Annealing A technique which can be applied toany minimization or learning process based onsuccessive update steps (either random or deter-ministic) where the update step length is propor-tional to an arbitrarily set parameter which canplay the role of a temperature. Then, in analogywith the annealing of metals, the temperature ismade high in the early stages of the process forfaster minimization or learning, then is reducedfor greater stability. [soft]

annealing twin a twin formed in a crystal during

recrystallization. [mat-1]

Annual limit on intake (ALI) The derived limitfor the amount of radioactive material taken intothe body of an adult worker by inhalation or in-gestion in a year. ALI is the smaller value ofintake of a given radionuclide in a year by thereference man that would result in a commit-ted effective dose equivalent of 5 rems (0.05 siev-ert) or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems(0.5 sievert) to any individual organ or tissue.[nuclear-1]

anode the electrode of an electrolyte cell at whichoxidation occurs; electrons flow away from theanode in the external circuit; it is usually at the

electrode that corrosion occurs and metal ionsenter solution. [mat-1]

anodic protectiona technique to reduce the cor-rosion rate of a metal by polarizing it into itspassive region, where dissolution rates are low.

[mat-1]

anodic reaction electrode reaction equivalent toa transfer of positive charge from the electronicto the ionic conductor; an anodic reaction is anoxidation process. [mat-1]

anodizingforming a conversion coating on a metalsurface by anodic oxidation; most often appliedto aluminum. [mat-1]

ANSA Advanced Network Systems Architecture:an architecture for distributed computer systems

based on a model developed as an Esprit project[soft]

ANSI American National Standards Institute, re-sponsible for approving U.S. standards in manyareas, including computers and communications.ANSI is a member of ISO - More information.[soft]

ANSI/SPARC Architecture A layered modelof database architecture comprising a physicalschema, a conceptual schema, and user views.[soft]

ANSI Z39.50See Z39.50 . [soft]

AnswerGardenA help desk software package fromMIT. [soft]

Anticipated transient without scram (ATWS)ATWS is one of the worst case accidents,consideration of which frequently motivates theNRC to take regulatory action. The accidentcould happen if the system that provides ahighly reliable means of shutting down the re-actor (scram system) fails to work during a re-actor event (anticipated transient). The types

of events considered are those used for designingthe plant. [nuclear-1]

Anticline - An upward fold or arch of rockstrata.[mining-1]

Antiferromagnetism a phenomenon observed insome materials in which complete magnetic mo-ment cancellation occurs as a result of antipar-allel coupling of adjacent atoms or ions. Themacroscopic solid possesses no net magneticmoment.[mech-1]

antiferromagnetism a phenomenon where com-plete magnetic moment cancellation occurs as aresult of antiparallel coupling of adjacent atoms

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or ions; the macroscopic solid possesses no netmagnetic moment. [mat-1]

Anti-Friction Coating AF coatings are dry lu-bricants consisting of suspensions of solid lubri-cants, such as graphite, PTFE or molydbenum

disulphide of small particle size in a binder. Suchcoatings can be applied to fastener threads to re-place metallic coatings such as zinc and cadmiumand offer maintenance free permanent lubrica-tion. By careful selection of the lubricants, AFcoatings can be designed to meet specific applica-tions. The coatings are permanently bonded tothe metal surface and provide a lubricating filmpreventing direct metal to metal contact. [mech-3]

Anti-Seize Compound An anti-seize compoundis used on the threads of fasteners in some appli-

cations. The purpose of the compound dependsupon the application. It can prevent galling ofmating surfaces - such compounds are frequentlyused with stainless steel fasteners to prevent thiseffect from occurring. In some applications itis used to improve corrosion resistance to al-low the parts to be subsequently dis-assembledThirdly, it can provide a barrier to water pene-tration since the threads are sealed by use of thecompound. [mech-3]

AOCE Apple Open Collaboration Environment. Aset of software for e-mail, directory services etc.[soft]

APA Application Portability Architecture: DECsplan for portable applications software. [soft]

apE A graphics package from the Ohio Supercom-puter Centre . [soft]

Apertos An object-oriented operating system fromSony Computer Science Laboratory [soft]

APIApplication Program Interface: a term for theinterface by which an application program gains

access to operating system and other services,defined at source-code level. [soft]

APL A Programming Language developed by Iver-son for mathematical applications. [soft]

Apollo Apollo Computer, now a division ofHewlett-Packard, also the name of a range ofworkstations manufactured by this company.[soft]

AppKit A set of objects used by the applicationbuilder for the NeXTstep environment. [soft]

Apple Apple Computer Inc, manufacturers of theMacintosh range of Personal Computers. [soft]

AppletalkThe proprietary local area network pro-tocol developed by Apple for their Macintoshrange of processors. Current implementationsexist on Localtalk and Ethertalk. [soft]

Applet A small application, often downloaded from

a remote server and run in a controlled environ-ment. Typically written in a language such asJava browser. [soft]

Applied forcesee external force. [struc-1]

APSE Ada Programming Support Environment.[soft]

Aquifer - A water-bearing bed of porous rock,oftensandstone.[mining-1]

ArcadiaA software engineering research project bya consortium of US universities [soft]

Archie An archive server database and query sys-tem operated by the McGill University School ofComputer Science. Services remote requests forinformation on software kept on archives world-wide and available via ftp [soft]

Arching - Fracture processes around a mineopening, leadingto stabilization by an archingeffect.[mining-1]

ARC(Previously ARCS) Advanced RISC Comput-ing Specification: the standard hardware archi-

tecture of ACE ., specifying the baseline hard-ware requirements to create ACE-compatiblesystems. [soft]

ARCS see ARC . [soft]

Area (of an airway) - Average width multipliedby averageheight of airway, expressed in squarefeet.[mining-1]

ArjunaA system for reliable distributed computingfrom the Computing Laboratory, University ofNewcastle upon Tyne. It supports atomic trans-actions on persistent objects. [soft]

ARL ASSET Reuse Library. [soft]

ARL Association of Research Libraries (NorthAmerica) - More information. [soft]

ARPANETU.S. Department of Defense (DARPA) wide area network. It became operational in1968 and was the forerunner of the Internet .[soft]

Artifex A CASE environment from ARTIS of Turinfor the development of large event-driven dis-

tributed systems. It has code-generation andrapid prototyping features [soft]

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Artificial Intelligence The subfield of computerscience concerned with the concepts and meth-ods of symbolic inference by computer, and thesymbolic representation of the knowledge to beused in making inferences - More information.[soft]

ASCII American Standard Code for InformationInterchange. [soft]

ASDL Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Lan-guage: developed as part of Esprit projectGRASPIN , as a basis for generating language-based editors and environments. It combinesan object-oriented type system, syntax-directedtranslation schemes and a target-language inter-face. [soft]

ASE Advanced Software Environment: an object-

oriented application support system from Nix-dorf. [soft]

ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit: anintegrated circuit designed to perform a partic-ular function by defining the interconnection ofa set of basic circuit building blocks drawn froma library provided by the circuit manufacturer.[soft]

ASIS Ada Semantic Interface Specification. An in-terface between an Ada library and any tool re-quiring information in it [soft]

ASIS Application Software Installation Server atCERN [soft]

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers:involved in CAD standardisation. [soft]

ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1: an ISO/CCITT standard for the description of data. Itis intended to facilitate the exchange of data be-tween application programs. [soft]

ASPECTAn IPSE developed by an Alvey to spec-ify the object-management system and tool in-

terface. [soft]

ASQAutomated Software Quality. The use of soft-ware tools, such as automated testing tools, toimprove software quality. [soft]

ASQCAmerican Society for Quality Control. [soft]

ASSET Asset Source for Software EngineeringTechnology. A programme to promote softwarereuse by the DoD - More information. [soft]

Assumptions (for IPEs, IPEEs, and PRAs)In the context of PRAs, assumptions are those

parts of the mathematical models that the an-alyst expects will hold true for the range of so-lutions used for making decisions. Without as-sumptions, even the most powerful computersmay not be able to provide useful solutions forthe models. [nuclear-1]

Atactic a type of polymer chain configurationwherein side groups are randomly poitionedon one side of the polymer backbone or theother.[mech-1]

atactica type of polymer chain configuration whereside groups are randomly positioned on one sideof the chain or the other. [mat-1]

AtFS Attributed File System: the basis of theShape VC toolkit. Cooperative work withinprojects is supported by a status model con-trolling visibility of version objects, locking, andlong transactions for synchronizing concurrentupdates. The concept of object attributes pro-vides a basis for storing management informationwith versions and passing this information be-tween individual tools. This mechanism is usefulfor building integrated environments from a setof unrelated tools. [soft]

Athena Project Athena: a distributed systemproject for support of educational and researchcomputing at MIT . Much of the software devel-oped is now in wider use, especially the X Win-

dow System [soft]Atherton Atherton Technology developed the Soft-

ware BackPlane framework. Their AthertonTool Integration Services were the basis for theATIS standard. [soft]

ATIS A Tools Integration Standard: an object-oriented interface to a set of services that allowsthe saving, accessing, and managing of informa-tion in a common repository . Developed byAtherton Technology and DEC, based on an ex-tended version of the Software BackPlane , nowproposed as an industry standard. [soft]

ATK The Andrew Toolkit [soft]

ATM Adobe Type Manager. [soft]

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A transmis-sion system for telecommunications [soft]

Atomic Energy Commission Federal agency cre-ated in 1946 to manage the development, use,and control of nuclear energy for military andcivilian applications. Abolished by the EnergyReorganization Act of 1974 and succeeded by theEnergy Research and Development Administra-

tion (now part of the U.S. Department of En-ergy) and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis-sion. [nuclear-1]

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Atomic energy Energy released in nuclear reac-tions. Of particular interest is the energy re-leased when a neutron initiates the breaking upor fissioning of an atoms nucleus into smallerpieces (fission) or when two nuclei are joinedtogether under millions of degrees of heat (fu-sion). It is more correctly called nuclear energy.[nuclear-1]

Atomic numberThe number of positively chargedprotons in the nucleus of an atom. [nuclear-1]

atomic packing factor (APF)the fraction of thevolume of a unit cell that is occupied by hardsphere atoms or ions. [mat-1]

atom percent (at%) concentration specificationon the basis of the number of moles (or atoms)of a particular element relative to the total num-

ber of moles (or atoms) of all elements within analloy. [mat-1]

AtomThe smallest particle of an element that can-not be divided or broken up by chemical means.It consists of a central core of protons and neu-trons, called the nucleus. Electrons revolve inorbits in the region surrounding the nucleus.[nuclear-1]

AttenuationThe process by which the number ofparticles or photons entering a body of matter isreduced by absorption and scattered radiation.

[nuclear-1]

AUE Andrew User Environment. Part of the An-drew project [soft]

Auger - A rotary drill that uses a screw de-vice topenetrate, break, and then transport thedrilled material(coal). [mining-1]

AUIAdaptable User Interface from Oracle . [soft]

AUIS Andrew user Interface System [soft]

austenite face-centered cubic iron; also iron and

steel alloys that have the FCC crystal structure.[mat-1]

Austenite face-centered cubic iron; also iron andsteel alloys that have the FCC structure.[mech-1]

austenitizing forming austenite by heating a fer-rous alloy above its upper critical temperature- to within the austenite phase region from thephase diagram. [mat-1]

AutoCAD A CAD software package for mechanicalengineering marketed by Autodesk Inc. [soft]

Autolok Nut A torque prevailing nut of anall metal construction. Covered by UK patent1180842 the nut is marketed by GKN Screws andFasteners Limited. [mech-3]

Auxiliary feedwater Backup water supply used

during nuclear plant startup and shutdown tosupply water to the steam generators during ac-cident conditions for removing decay heat fromthe reactor. [nuclear-1]

Auxiliary operations- All activities supportive ofbut notcontributing directly to mining.[mining-1]

Auxiliary ventilation - Portion of main ventilat-ing currentdirected to face of dead end entry bymeans of an auxiliary fan andtubing.[mining-1]

Average planar linear heat generation rate(APLGHR) The average value of the linearheat generation rate of all the control rods atany given horizontal plane along a fuel bundle.[nuclear-1]

AVL Abstract Visualization Language in the Tecateproject. [soft]

AVS Application Visualisation System: a portablemodular UNIX -based graphics package sup-ported by a consortium of vendors includingConvex, DEC, IBM, HP, SET Technologies,Stardent and WaveTracer [soft]

AWK A pattern scanning and processing languagenamed after its authors: Aho, Weinberger andKernighan. [soft]

aXeA text editor for the X-Window-System . [soft]

Axial forceA system of internal forces whose resul-tant is a force acting along the longitudinal axisof a structural member or assembly. [struc-1]

Azimuth - A surveying term that references theanglemeasured clockwise from any meridian (the

established line ofreference). The bearing is usedto designate direction. The bearing ofa line is theacute horizontal angle between the meridian andtheline. [mining-1]

Bachman Proposed a style of Entity-Relationshipmodeling which differs from the original Chenproposals. [soft]

Backfill Mine waste or rock used to support theroof aftercoal removal.[mining-1]

Background radiation Radiation from cosmicsources; naturally occurring radioactive materi-als, including radon (except as a decay productof source or special nuclear material) and global

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fallout as it exists in the environment from thetesting of nuclear explosive devices. It does notinclude radiation from source, byproduct, or spe-cial nuclear materials regulated by the NuclearRegulatory Commission. The typically quotedaverage individual exposure from background ra-diation is 360 millirems per year. [nuclear-1]

Back-propagation An important algorithm forlearning in feed-forward networks which makesuse of a mathematical trick when the networkis simulated on a digital computer, yielding injust two traversals of the network (once forward,and once back) both the difference between thedesired and actual output, and the derivativesof this difference with respect to the connectionweights. [soft]

Back - The roof or upper part in any underground

miningcavity.[mining-1]

Backus Naur A formal language for syntax speci-fication. [soft]

B A Formal method of program design - More in-formation. [soft]

Bainitea Fe-C composition consisting of a fine dis-persion of cementite . It is an austenitic trans-formation product that forms at temperaturesbetween those at which pearlite and martensitetransformations occur.[mech-1]

bainitean austenitic transformation product foundin some steels and cast irons; it forms attemperatures between those at which pearliteand martensite transformations occur; the mi-crostructure consists of alpha-ferrite and a finedispersion of cementite. [mat-1]

BambooA trusted third-party authentication sys-tem from the University of Iowa, similar to Ker-beros - More information. [soft]

Band Gap Energy for semiconductors and insu-lators, the energies that lie between the valenceand conduction bands.[mech-1]

band gap energy for semiconductors and insula-tors, the energies that lie between the valenceand conduction bands; for intrinsic materialselectrons are forbidden to have energies withinthis range. [mat-1]

Barren - Said of rock or vein material contain-ing nominerals of value, and of strata withoutcoal, or containing coal inseams too thin to beworkable.[mining-1]

Barricading - Enclosing part of a mine to preventinflow ofnoxious gasses from a mine fire or anexplosion.[mining-1]

Barrier - Something that bars or keeps out. Bar-rier pillarsare solid blocks of coal left between twomines or sections of a mineto prevent accidentsdue to inrushes of water, gas, or from explosion-sor a mine fire.[mining-1]

Baseline See Released version . [soft]

BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruc-tion Code: a programming language, usually in-terpreted, suitable for simple applications. [soft]

Basic Thread Profile This is the theoretical pro-file of external and internal threads with no man-ufacturing tolerance applied. [mech-3]

bauxite an ore of aluminum consisting of moder-ately pure hydrated alumina -Al2O32H2O. [mat-1]

Bayesian estimation A mathematical formula-tion, using Bayes theorem, by which the like-lihood of an event can be estimated taking ex-plicit consideration of certain contextual features(such as amount of data, nature of decision, etc.).[nuclear-1]

Bayesian prior A way to express the context ofa Bayesian estimation in which initial data areupdated as new data become available. [nuclear-1]

BBN Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.,of Cambridge,

Massachusetts, was awarded the original con-tract to build the ARPANET and has been ex-tensively involved in Internet development. Itis responsible for managing NNSC, CSNET, andNEARnet. [soft]

BCS Binary Compatibility Standard: the ABI of88open . [soft]

BCS British Computer Society. [soft]

BEA Basic programming Environment forinteractive-graphical Applications, fromSiemens-Nixdorf. [soft]

Beam - A bar or straight girder used to supporta span ofroof between two support props orwalls.[mining-1]

Beam building - The creation of a strong, inflex-ible beamby bolting or otherwise fastening to-gether several weaker layers. Incoal mining thisis the intended basis for roof bolting.[mining-1]

Bearing A surveying term used to designate di-rection. Thebearing of a line is the acute hor-izontal angle between the meridianand the line.

The meridian is an established line ofreference.Azimuths are angles measured clockwise fromanymeridian.[mining-1]

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Bearing plate- A plate used to distribute a givenload.In roof bolting, the plate used between thebolt head and theroof.[mining-1]

Bearing Stress The surface pressure acting on ajoint face directly as a result of the force applied

by a fastener. [mech-3]

Becquerel (Bq) The unit of radioactive decayequal to 1 disintegration per second. 37 billion(3.7 x 1010 ) becquerels = 1 curie (Ci). [nuclear-1]

Bed - A stratum of coal or other sedimentary de-posit. [mining-1]

Bedrock A C++ class library for Macintosh userinterface portability. [soft]

Belt conveyor - A looped belt on which coal or oth-

ermaterials can be carried and which is generallyconstructed offlame-resistant material or of rein-forced rubber or rubber-likesubstance.[mining-1]

Belt idler - A roller, usually of cylindrical shape,whichis supported on a frame and which, in turn,supports or guides aconveyor belt. Idlers arenot powered but turn by contact with themovingbelt.[mining-1]

Belt take-up - A belt pulley, generally under a con-veyorbelt and inby the drive pulley, kept understrong tension parallel tothe belt line. Its pur-

pose is to automatically compensate for anyslackin the belting created by start-up, etc.[mining-1]

BenchmarkA standard set of programs which canbe run on different platforms to compare perfor-mance [soft]

Bench - One of to or more divisions of a coal seam-separated by slate or formed by the process ofcutting the coal.[mining-1]

Bending moment A system of internal forceswhose resultant is a moment. This term is most

commonly used to refer to internal forces inbeams. [struc-1]

Beneficiation - The treatment of mined material,making itmore concentrated or richer. [mining-1]

Bento A multi-vendor initiative allowing files tocontain typed parts, to allow standard access be-tween parts of a compound document indepen-dent of the file system. [soft]

Berkeley UNIX see BSD . [soft]

Berm - A pile or mound of material capable of re-

straining avehicle.[mining-1]

BETA An object-oriented language and associatedprogramming environment from Mjolner Infor-matics, Aarhus [soft]

Beta particle A charged particle emitted from anucleus during radioactive decay, with a mass

equal to 1/1837 that of a proton. A negativelycharged beta particle is identical to an electron.A positively charged beta particle is called apositron. Large amounts of beta radiation maycause skin burns, and beta emitters are harm-ful if they enter the body. Beta particles maybe stopped by thin sheets of metal or plastic.[nuclear-1]

Beyond design-basis accidentsThis term is usedas a technical way to discuss accident sequencesthat are possible but were not fully considered inthe design process because they were judged to

be too unlikely. As the regulatory process strivesto be as thorough as possible, beyond design-basis accident sequences are analyzed to fullyunderstand the capability of a design. [nuclear-1]

BHT Budget Holders Toolkit (at CERN ) - Moreinformation. [soft]

Bifunctional Monomera monomer unit that hastwo active bonding positions.[mech-1]

Bihexagon Head A bolt or screw whose cross

section of its head is in the shape of a 12 pointedstar. [mech-3]

Binder - A streak of impurity in a coalseam.[mining-1]

Binding energyThe minimum energy required toseparate a nucleus into its component neutronsand protons. [nuclear-1]

Bioassay The determination of kinds, quantities,or concentrations and, in some cases, locations ofradioactive material in the human body, whetherby direct measurement (in vivo counting) or byanalysis and evaluation of materials excretedor removed (in vitro) from the human body.[nuclear-1]

Biological half-lifeThe time required for a biolog-ical system, such as that of a human, to elimi-nate, by natural processes, half of the amount ofa substance (such as a radioactive material) thathas entered it. [nuclear-1]

Biological shield A mass of absorbing materialplaced around a reactor or radioactive source toreduce the radiation to a level safe for humans.[nuclear-1]

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BITNET An academic and research network con-necting approximately 2500 computers, oftenIBM mainframes. It provides interactive elec-tronic mail, and file transfer services via a store-and-forward technique based on IBM NJE proto-cols. BITNET and Internet traffic are exchangedvia several gateway hosts. It is now operated byCREN . [soft]

Bit - The hardened and strengthened device at theend of adrill rod that transmits the energy ofbreakage to the rock. The sizeof the bit deter-mines the size of the hole. A bit may be eitherde-tachable from or integral with its supporting drillrod.[mining-1]

Bituminous coal A middle rank coal (betweensubbituminousand anthracite) formed by addi-tional pressure and heat onlignite. Usually has

a high Btu value and may be referred to assoftcoal.[mining-1]

Black Bolts And Nuts The word black refersto the comparatively wider tolerances employedand not necessarily to the colour of the surfacefinish of the fastener. [mech-3]

Black damp - A term generally applied to carbondioxide.Strictly speaking, it is a mixture of car-bon dioxide and nitrogen. Itis also applied to anatmosphere depleted of oxygen, rather thanhav-ing an excess of carbon dioxide.[mining-1]

Blasting agent- Any material consisting of a mix-ture of afuel and an oxidizer. [mining-1]

Blasting cap - A detonator containing a chargeofdetonating compound, which is ignited by elec-tric current or the sparkof a fuse. Used for deto-nating explosives.[mining-1]

Blasting circuit- Electric circuits used to fire elec-tricdetonators or to ignite an igniter cord bymeans of an electricstarter.[mining-1]

Bleeder or bleeder entries - Special air coursesdevelopedand maintained as part of the mineventilation system and designed tocontinuouslymove air-methane mixtures emitted by the gobor at theactive face away from the active work-ings and into mine-return aircourses. Alt: Ex-haust ventilation lateral.[mining-1]

block copolymer a linear copolymer in which iden-tical mer units are clustered in blocks along themolecular chain. [mat-1]

Block Copolymer a linear copolymer unitsare clustered in blocks along the molecularchain.[mech-1]

BMP Bitmap format (for Windows ) - More infor-mation. [soft]

BNFBackus-Naur Form. [soft]

BOCS Berard Object and Class Specifier, an

Object-oriented from Berard Software Engineer-ing. [soft]

Body-centered Cubic (BCC) a common crystalstructure that contains atoms located at the cor-ners of a cubic cell and one atom at the cell centerposition.[mech-1]

body-centered cubic (BCC) within the cubicunit cell atoms are located at corner and centercell positions [mat-1]

Body force An external force acting throughoutthe mass of a body. Gravity is a body force. An

inertial force is a body force. [struc-1]

Boehm B. Proposed the COCOMO technique forevaluating the cost of a software project. [soft]

Bohr Magneton[mech-1]

Boiling water reactor (BWR) A reactor in whichwater, used as both coolant and moderator, isallowed to boil in the core. The resulting steamcan be used directly to drive a turbine and elec-trical generator, thereby producing electricity.[nuclear-1]

Bolt A bolt is the term used for a threaded fastener,with a head, designed to be used in conjunctionwith a nut. [mech-3]

Bolt torque - The turning force in foot-poundsapplied to aroof bolt to achieve an installedtension.[mining-1]

Boltzmanns Constant The gas constant permolecule: 1.381x1023 J/atom K; 1.381x1016

erg/atom K; or 8.63x105 eV/atom K.[mech-1]

BoMBill of Materials. [soft]

BON Better Object Notation. Used in the EspritBusiness Classes project [soft]

bonding energy the energy required to separatetwo atoms that are chemically bonded to eachother. [mat-1]

Bonding Energythe energy required to separatetwo atoms that are chemically bonded to eachother.[mech-1]

Bone seekerA radioisotope that tends to accumu-late in the bones when it is introduced into thebody. An example is strontium-90, which be-haves chemically like calcium. [nuclear-1]

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Bookreader DECs CD-ROM-based online docu-mentation browser. [soft]

Bookviewer A hypertext documentation systemfrom Oracle based on Oracle Toolkit . It allowsthe user to create private links and bookmarks,

and to make multimedia annotations. [soft]

BOOM Berard Object-Oriented Methodology [soft]

Borehole - Any deep or long drill-hole, usually as-sociatedwith a diamond drill.[mining-1]

BOS A data management system written at DESYand used in some HEP programs. [soft]

Boss - Any member of the managerial ranks whois directlyin charge of miners (e.g., shift-boss,face-boss, fire-boss,etc.).[mining-1]

Bottom - Floor or underlying surface of anundergroundexcavation.[mining-1]

Bourne shell A common UNIX - More information.[soft]

Box-type magazine- A small, portable magazineused tostore limited quantities of explosives ordetonators for short periodsof time at locationsin the mine which are convenient to the blast-ingsites at which they will be used.[mining-1]

BPM Business Process Modelling. [soft]

BPR Business Process Reengineering. [soft]

Braggs Lawa relationship that stipulates the con-dition for diffraction by a set of crystallographicplanes.[mech-1]

Branched Polymera polymer having a molecularstructure of secondary chains that extend fromthe primary chains.[mech-1]

branched polymera polymer having a molecularstructure of secondary chains that extend fromthe primary main chains. [mat-1]

Brass a copper-rich copper-zinc alloy.[mech-1]

brasscopper (Cu) based alloy with zinc (Zn) as themain alloying element. [mat-1]

Brattice or brattice cloth - Fire-resistant fab-ric orplastic partition used in a mine passageto confine the air and forceit into the workingplace. Also termed line brattice, line can-vas,or line curtain.[mining-1]

Bravais Lattice[mech-1]

Brazing a metal joining technique that uses amolten filler metal alloy having a melting tem-perature greater than about 425 C.[mech-1]

brazing a metal joining technique that uses amolten filler metal alloy having a melting tem-perature greater than about 425 degrees C (800F). [mat-1]

Breakaway Torque The torque necessary to put

into reverse rotation a bolt that has not beentightened. [mech-3]

Break line- The line that roughly follows the rearedgesof coal pillars that are being mined. Theline along which the roof ofa coal mine is ex-pected to break.[mining-1]

Breakloose Torque The torque required to effectreverse rotation when a pre-stressed threaded as-sembly is loosened. [mech-3]

Breakthrough - A passage for ventilation that is

cutthrough the pillars between rooms.[mining-1]Breeder A reactor that produces more nuclear

fuel than it consumes. A fertile material,such as uranium-238, when bombarded by neu-trons, is transformed into a fissile material, suchas plutonium-239, which can be used as fuel.[nuclear-1]

Bridge carrier - A rubber-tire-mounted mobileconveyor,about 10 meters long, used as an in-termediate unit to create a systemof articulatedconveyors between a mining machine and a roomor entryconveyor.[mining-1]

Bridge conveyor- A short conveyor hung from theboom ofmining or lading machine or haulage sys-tem with the other end attachedto a receiving binthat dollies along a frame supported by the roomorentry conveyor, tailpiece. Thus, as the ma-chine boom moves, the bridgeconveyor keeps it inconstant connection with the tailpiece.[mining-1]

Brinell hardness test a test for determining thehardness of a material by forcing a hard steel orcarbide ball of specified diameter into it undera specified load; the result is expressed as theBrinell hardness number. [mat-1]

British Standard Brass A specialist thread formbased upon the Whitworth thread and consist-ing of 26 threads per inch whatever the threaddiameter. [mech-3]

British thermal unit (Btu) The amount of heatrequired to change the temperature of one poundof water one degree Fahrenheit at sea level.[nuclear-1]

Brittle A brittle structure or material exhibits

low ductility, meaning that it exhibits very lit-tle inelastic deformation before complete failure.[struc-1]

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brittle crack propagation a very sudden propa-gation of a crack with the absorption of no en-ergy except that stored elastically in the body.[mat-1]

Brittle Fracturefracture that occur by rapid crack

propagation and without appreciable macro-scopic deformation.[mech-1]

brittle fractureseparation of a solid with little orno macroscopic plastic deformation; fracture oc-curs by rapid crack propagation with less expen-diture of energy than for ductile fracture; brittletensile fractures have a bright, granular appear-ance and exhibit little or no necking; typical frac-ture mode of a glass or ceramic. [mat-1]

brittleness the tendency of a material to fracturewithout first undergoing significant plastic defor-

mation. [mat-1]

Bronzea copper-rich copper-tin alloy.[mech-1]

bronzecopper (Cu) based alloy with tin (Sn) as themain alloying element. [mat-1]

Brow- A low place in the roof of a mine, givingin-sufficient headroom.[mining-1]

Browser A tool for navigating around hypertextdocuments. [soft]

Brushing - Digging up the bottom or tak-

ing down the top togive more headroom inroadways.[mining-1]

BSD Berkeley Source Distribution: the versions ofUNIX developed and distributed by the Univer-sity of California at Berkeley. Many commer-cial UNIX implementations such as SunOS andDynix are derived from it. [soft]

Bsf British Standard Fine. A thread form basedupon the British Standard Whitworth form butwith a finer thread (more threads per inch fora given diameter). This thread form was first

introduced in 1908, the thread form is specifiedin BS 84: 1956. [mech-3]

BSI British Standards Institution: a member of ISO. [soft]

BSP methodA CASE method from IBM . [soft]

Bsw British Standard Whitworth. A thread formdeveloped by Sir Joseph Whitworth in 1841.The thread form has rounded roots and crests,the thread form is specified in BS 84: 1956.This thread form was superceded by the Unifiedthread in 1948 and then the metric thread form.[mech-3]

Btu British thermal unit. A measure of the energyrequiredto raise the temperature of one pound ofwater one degreeFahrenheit.[mining-1]

Bug dust - The fine particles of coal or other ma-terialresulting form the boring or cutting of the

coal face by drill ormachine.[mining-1]

Bump (or burst) - A violent dislocationof the mineworkings which is attributed tosevere stresses in the rocksurrounding theworkings.[mining-1]

Bump Thread A modified thread profile patentedand trade mark of the Bosco Tool Inc. Thethread form has a small projection at the pitchdiameter that eliminates the clearance from thethread assembly on both flanks. By doing this itis claimed that resistance to vibration loosening

is significantly improved. [mech-3]

Burgers Vectora vector that denotes the magni-tude and direction of lattice distortion associatedwith a dislocation.[mech-1]

Burgers vector (b)a vector that denotes the mag-nitude and direction of lattice distortion associ-ated with a dislocation. [mat-1]

Butt cleat - A short, poorly defined vertical cleav-ageplane in a coal seam, usually at right anglesto the long facecleat.[mining-1]

Butt entry- A coal mining term that has differentmeaningsin different locations. It can be syn-onymous with panel entry, submainentry, or inits older sense it refers to an entry that is buttontothe coal cleavage (that is, at right angles tothe face).[mining-1]

ByproductByproduct is (1) any radioactive mate-rial (except special nuclear material) yielded in,or made radioactive by, exposure to the radia-tion incident to the process of producing or usingspecial nuclear material (as in a reactor); and (2)the tailings or wastes produced by the extractionor concentration of uranium or thorium from ore[nuclear-1]

ByteA data unit of several bits smaller than a com-puter word: usually 8 bits. [soft]

CD

Cache A small fast memory holding recently-accessed data, designed to speed up further ac-

cess. [soft]

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CACIA company marketing SIMSCRIPT , MOD-SIM , and other simulation software products.[soft]

CACMCommunications of the ACM . [soft]

CAD/CAM Computer Aided Design/ComputerAided Manufacturing (see CAD ) [soft]

CAD Computer Aided Design: usually applied tothat part of CAE which has to do with the draw-ing or physical layout steps of engineering design.[soft]

CADD Computer Aided Detector Design: a projectto develop standards and methods to allow coop-eration between HEP detector designers workingin different institutes [soft]

Cadmium Electroplating Coating of threaded

fasteners with cadmium can provide the partswith excellent corrosion resistance. The appear-ance of the coating is bright silver or yellow ifsubsequently passivated. The friction values as-sociated with this coating are also comparativelylow. A chromate conversion coating is frequentlyapplied to the surface to improve corrosion re-sistance. Cadmium is not now frequently usedbecause of the environmental and worker healthproblems associated with the coating process andshould not be used in applications above 250C orwhen contact with food is possible. [mech-3]

CADREA software engineering vendor in the US.[soft]

CAE Common Applications Environment ofX/Open , based on POSIX . [soft]

CAEComputer Aided Engineering: a technique forusing computers to help with all phases of engi-neering design work. As CAD , but also involvingthe conceptual and analytical design steps. [soft]

Cage - In a mine shaft, the device, similar to anelevatorcar, that is used for hoisting personnel

and materials.[mining-1]

CAIComputer Aided Instruction. [soft]

CAIS-ACommon APSE Interface Set: DoD-STD-1838A. [soft]

CAISCommon APSE Interface Specification. [soft]

CAiSE Conference on Advanced Information Sys-tems Engineering. [soft]

CAJUN CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using Net-works. A project at Nottigham University More

information. [soft]

C A language developed in conjunction with theUNIX operating system at AT&T Bell Labora-tories by D.Ritchie and now an ANSI standard.It has grown popular due to its simplicity, ef-ficiency, and flexibility. C programs are ofteneasily adapted to new environments - More in-formation. [soft]

Calcination a high-temperature reaction wherebyone solid material dissociates to form a gas andanother solid.[mech-1]

Calibration The adjustment, as necessary, of ameasuring device such that it responds withinthe required range and accuracy to known val-ues of input. [nuclear-1]

Calorific value- The quantity of heat that can be-liberated from one pound of coal or oil measured

in BTUs.[mining-1]

CALS Computer-Aided Acquisition and LogisticsSupport: a DoD standard for electronic exchangeof data with commercial suppliers [soft]

Caml A functional programming language in thestyle of ML [soft]

C++ An extension to the C language developedprimarily by B.Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Labora-tories: it supports object-oriented programmingamong other enhancements [soft]

Cannel coal - A massive, non-caking block coalwith a fine,even grain and a conchoidal fracturewhich has a high percentage ofhydrogen, burnswith a long, yellow flame, and is extremely easytoignite.[mining-1]

Canopy - A protective covering of a cab on aminingmachine.[mining-1]

Capability The maximum load that a generatingstation can carry under specified conditions for agiven period of time without exceeding approvedlimits of temperature and stress. [nuclear-1]

Capacitancethe charge-storage ability of a capaci-tor, defined as the magnitude of charge stored oneither plate divided by the applied voltage.[mech-1]

capacitance the charge-storing ability of a capac-itor, defined as the magnitude of charge storedon either plate divided by the applied voltage.[mat-1]

Capacity factor (gross) The ratio of the grosselectricity generated, for the time considered, to

the energy that could have been generated atcontinuous full-power operation during the sameperiod. [nuclear-1]

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Capacity factor (net) The ratio of the net elec-tricity generated, for the time considered, to theenergy that could have been generated at con-tinuous full-power operation during the same pe-riod. [nuclear-1]

Cap- A miners safety helmet. Also, a highly sensi-tive,encapsulated explosive that is used to deto-nate larger but lesssensitive explosives.[mining-1]

Cap block- A flat piece of wood inserted betweenthe topof the prop and the roof to provide bear-ing support.[mining-1]

CApHConventions for the Application of HyTime. An activity of the GCA [soft]

CAQ Computer Aided Quality. [soft]

Car - A railway wagon, especially any of the wag-

ons adaptedto carrying coal, ore, and wasteunderground.[mining-1]

Carbide bit - More correctly, cemented tungstencarbide. Acutting or drilling bit for rock orcoal, made by fusing an insert ofmolded tung-sten carbide to the cutting edge of a steel bitshank.[mining-1]

carbon steelsteel which owes its properties chieflyto various percentages of carbon without sub-stantial amounts of other alloying elements; alsoknown as ordinary, straight carbon, or plain car-

bon steel. [mat-1]

Carburizing the process by which the surfacecarbon concentration of a ferrous alloy isincreased by diffusion from the surroundingenvironment.[mech-1]

CARDS Central Archive for Reusable DefenseSoftware of the DoD . [soft]

Car-dump - The mechanism for unloading a loadedcar.[mining-1]

CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering: atechnique for using computers to help with thesystematic analysis, design, implementation andmaintenance of software. Adopting the CASEapproach to building and maintaining systemsinvolves software tools and training for the de-velopers who will use them. [soft]

CASE [soft]

CASE frameworkA set of products and conven-tions that allow CASE tools to be integrated intoa coherent environment. [soft]

CASE tools Software tools to help in the appli-cation of CASE methods to a software project.[soft]

Cask A heavily shielded container used to storeand/or ship radioactive materials. Lead andsteel are common materials used in the manu-facture of casks. [nuclear-1]

Cast - A directed throw; in strip-mining, the over-

burden iscast from the coal to the previouslymined area.[mining-1]

CASTComputer Aided Software Testing. [soft]

castinggeneric term referring to a process where afluid material (usually a molten alloy) is made toflow into a shaped mold cavity where it solidifies;this method is used to produce complex compo-nent shapes and properties difficult to achieveotherwise. [mat-1]

cast iron a ferrous alloy; the carbon content is

greater than the maximum solubility in austeniteat the eutectic temperature. [mat-1]

Cast Iron a ferrous alloy with carbon content be-tween 2 and 4.5 wt%.[mech-1]

CATE Computer Aided Test Engineering: CASEmethods applied to electronics testing and linkedto CAE [soft]

Cathodic Protection a means of corrosion preven-tion whereby electrons are supplied to the struc-ture to be protected from an external source suchas anoother more reactive metal or a dc power

supply.[mech-1]

CationA positively charged ion. [nuclear-1]

cationa positively charged metallic ion. [mat-1]

CAUSE An international (mainly North American)nonprofit association for managing and using in-formation technology in higher education - Moreinformation. [soft]

cb C Beautifier . [soft]

C Beautifier A tool for tidying the syntax of C

source code. [soft]

CBTComputer-Based Training. [soft]

CCI Common Client Interface for Mosaic [soft]

CCITT A committee of the ITU responsible formaking technical recommendations about tele-phone and data communication systems forPTTs and suppliers. Plenary sessions are heldevery four years to adopt new standards. [soft]

CCL Common Command Language. A standardfor bibliographic information retrieval systems.[soft]

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CCS Common Communication Services: the stan-dard program interface to networks in SAA .[soft]

CDA Compound Document Architecture: DECsset of standards for compound document cre-

ation, storage, retrieval, interchange and manip-ulation. [soft]

CDCControl Data Corporation [soft]

CDD/Plus DECs CASE . [soft]

CDE C Development environment from IDE [soft]

CDE Common Desktop Environment. A Desktopmanager - More information. [soft]

CDFCommon Data Format. A library and toolkitfor multi-dimensional data sets [soft]

CDIF CASE Data Interchange Format: an emerg-ing standard.for interchange of data betweenCASE tools [soft]

CDMContent Data Model. An SGML -based DoDspecification for interactive manuals. [soft]

CEBAF Continuous Electron Beam Facility inNewport News, VA USA - More information.[soft]

Cecil An ob ject-oriented language from WashingtonUniversity intended to support rapid construc-

tion of high-quality, extensible software [soft]

CE Concurrent Engineering . [soft]

Cement a substance that can be used to build to-gether aggregates of sand or stone into a cohesivestructure. May be a single compound or a mix-ture. May be hydraulic set .[mech-1]

cementite iron carbide. [mat-1]

Cementiteiron carbide (Fe3C).[mech-1]

CEN Conseil Europeen pour la Normalisation: a

body coordinating standardisation activities inthe EEC and EFTA. countries. [soft]

CENELEC CEN -electricite. [soft]

Center of GravityThe location of the resultant ofgravity forces on an object or objects [struc-1]

CentroidSimilar to the concept of center of grav-ity, except that it applies to a two dimensionalshape rather than an object. For a given shape,the centroid location corresponds to the center ofgravity for a thin flat plate of that shape, made

from a homogeneous material. [struc-1]

CERA Concurrent Engineering : Research and Ap-plications. An international journal - More infor-mation. [soft]

ceramic a compound of metallic and nonmetallicelements, for which the interatomic bonding is

predominantly ionic. [mat-1]

Ceramic inorganic, nonmetalllic products forwhich the interatomic bonding is predominantlyionic.[mech-1]

CERC Concurrent Engineering Research Center,West Virginia University [soft]

Cermeta composite materials.[mech-1]

CERNLIB The CERN Program Library [soft]

CERN The European Laboratory for Particle

Physics. [soft]

CERTComputer Emergency Response Team. NowCERT Coordination Center, works with the In-ternet community on security problems [soft]

Certified - Describes a person who has passed anex-amination to do a required job.[mining-1]

CFI CAD Framework Initiative. A consortiumworking on interface standards for integratingCAD tools and data. [soft]

CFOOTCorporate Facilitators of Object-Oriented

Technology. [soft]

CGIA (French) software engineering vendor in theUS. [soft]

CGI Common Gateway Interface. A standard forrunning external programs under a WWW orsimilar information server - More information.[soft]

CGM Computer Graphics Metafile: a standard fileformat for storage and communication of graphi-cal information, widely used on personal comput-

ers and accepted by desktop publishing systems.(ANSI/ISO [soft]

Chain conveyor - A conveyor on which the ma-terial is movedalong solid pans (troughs) by theaction of scraper crossbars attachedto poweredchains.[mining-1]

Chain pillar - The pillar of coal left to pro-tect thegangway or entry and the parallelairways.[mining-1]

Chain reaction A reaction that initiates its ownrepetition. In a fission chain reaction, a fission-able nucleus absorbs a neutron and fissions spon-taneously, releasing additional neutrons. These,

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in turn, can be absorbed by other fissionable nu-clei, releasing still more neutrons. A fission chainreaction is self-sustaining when the number ofneutrons released in a given time equals or ex-ceeds the number of neutrons lost by absorptionin nonfissionable material or by escape from thesystem. [nuclear-1]

Change Management A consistent set of tech-niques that aid in evolution, composition andpolicy management of the design and implemen-tation of an object or system. [soft]

Charged particleAn ion. An elementary particlecarrying a positive or negative electric charge.[nuclear-1]

Charm A portable object-oriented parallel pro-gramming system from University of Illinois

[soft]

Charpy testan impact test in which a V-notched,keyhole-notched, or U-notched specimen, sup-ported at both ends horizontally, is struck be-hind the notch by a striker mounted at the lowerend of a pendulum; the energy that is absorbedin fracture is calculated from the height to whichthe striker would have risen had there been nospecimen and the height to which it actually risesafter fracture of the specimen. [mat-1]

Check curtain - Sheet of brattice cloth hung

across anairway to control the passage of the aircurrent.[mining-1]

Chemical recombinationFollowing an ionizationevent, the positively and negatively charged ionpairs may or may not realign themselves to formthe same chemical substance they formed beforeionization. Thus, chemical recombination couldchange the chemical composition of the materialbombarded by ionizing radiation. [nuclear-1]

Chemical Set Cement a cement that sets throughreaction or precipitation. Often subjected

to a high temperature during manufacture oruse.[mech-1]

Chen Peter Chen developed the Entity-Relationship model. [soft]

CHEOPS A satellite-based batch data dissemina-tion project between CERN and member stateinstitutes. [soft]

Child version A version of a version. See changemanagement . [soft]

CHILL CCITT High-Level Language. A real-time

language used in telecommunications. [soft]

Chock - Large hydraulic jacks used to supportroof inlongwall and shortwall mining systems.[mining-1]

Choices An object-oriented operating system fromUniversity of Illinois [soft]

Chorus A distributed operating system developedat INRIA . [soft]

CIAC Computer Incident Advisory Capability ofthe US DoE [soft]

CIC Committee on Institutional Cooperation. Anacademic consortium of American Universities[soft]

CICERO Control Information system Conceptsbased on Encapsulated Real-time Objects. ACERN DRDC proposal . [soft]

CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing (on the In-ternet ) [soft]

CIL Component Integration Laboratories. An effortto create a common framework for interoperabil-ity between applications on desktop platforms,formed by Apple, IBM, Novell, Oracle, Taligent,WordPerfect, and Xerox [soft]

CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing. [soft]

circuit interconnections of electrical elements anddevices that perform a desired electrical function.

[mat-1]

CISCase Integration Services: a committee formedto discuss CASE tool integration standards re-lated to ATIS . [soft]

CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer. [soft]

CISI A French software house. [soft]

CIX Commercial Internet eXchange. A non-profittrade association of Public Data Internetworkservice providers - More information. [soft]

Cladding The thin-walled metal tube that formsthe outer jacket of a nuclear fuel rod. It pre-vents corrosion of the fuel by the coolant andthe release of fission products into the coolant.Aluminum, stainless steel, and zirconium alloysare common cladding materials. [nuclear-1]

Clamping Force The compressive force which afastener exerts on the joint. [mech-3]

ClassA language developed by the Andrew Project: one of the first attempts to add ob ject-orientedfeatures to C . [soft]

Class library A library of reusable classes for usewith an object-oriented programming system -More information. [soft]

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Class Of Fit The Class of Fit is a measure of thedegree of fit between mating internal and exter-nal threads. Three main Classes of Fit are de-fined for metric screw threads : FINE: This hasa tolerance class of 5H for internal threads and4h for external threads. MEDIUM: This has atolerance class of 6H for internal threads and 6gfor external threads. COARSE: This has a tol-erance class of 7H for internal threads and 8g forexternal threads. For Unified threads, a similardesignation as for metric threads is used. Thethread classes used are 1A, 2A and 3A for ex-ternal threads and 1B, 2B and 3B for internalthreads. Cleveloc Nut [mech-3]

Class-Relation Method A design technique basedon the concepts of object-oriented programmingand the Entity-Relationship model from the

French company Softeam. [soft]Class The prototype for an object in an object-

oriented language; analogous to a derived typein a procedural language. [soft]

Clay vein- A body of clay-like material that fills avoidin a coal bed.[mining-1]

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 A com-prehensive set ofamendments to the federal lawgoverning the nations air quality. TheCleanAir Act was originally passed in 1970 to ad-dress significant airpollution problems in our

cities. The 1990 amendments broadened and-strengthened the original law to address specificproblems such asacid deposition, urban smog,hazardous air pollutants andstratospheric ozonedepletion.[mining-1]

Clean Coal Technologies A number of innovative,newtechnologies designed to use coal in a moreefficient andcost-effective manner while enhanc-ing environmentalprotection. Several promisingtechnologies include: fluidized-bedcombustion,integrated gasification combined cycle, lime-stoneinjection multi-stage burner, enhanced fluegas desulfurization (orscrubbing), coal lique-faction and coal gasification.[mining-1]

Cleanroom A software development approachaimed at producing software with the minimumnumber of errors [soft]

Cleanup system A system used for continuouslyfiltering and demineralizing a reactor coolantsystem to reduce contamination levels and tominimize corrosion. [nuclear-1]

Cleat - The vertical cleavage of coal seams. The

main setof joints along which coal breaks whenmined.[mining-1]

cleavage transcrystalline fracture along specificcrystallographic planes; usually associated withlow-energy fracture; may exhibit river patternsand/or tongues. [mat-1]

Cleveloc Nut A torque prevailing nut of all metal

construction. The collar of the nut is elliptical incross section and it is this that provides the flexi-ble locking element. The nut is pre-lubricated toreduce the tightening torque. Cleveloc is a reg-istered trade name of Forest Fasteners. [mech-3]

CLHEP A C++ class library for high energyphysics applications - More information. [soft]

ClientA system or process that requests a servicefrom another system or process. [soft]

CLOS Common Lisp Object System: an object-

oriented language derived from Common Lisp[soft]

CLP Constraint Logic Programming. [soft]

CL See Common Lisp . [soft]

CLUAn object-oriented programming language de-veloped at MIT by Liskov et al. [soft]

CLXThe Common Lisp interface to the X WindowSystem , equivalent to Xlib . [soft]

CMAConcert Multithread Architecture from DEC. [soft]

CM Configuration Management. [soft]

CML Chemical Markup Language. A means forinterchanging chemical information, based onSGML [soft]

CMM Capability Maturity Model for software de-velopment organisations, from SEI [soft]

CMSA code management system from DEC. [soft]

CMVC Configuration Management Version Con-trol from IBM. [soft]

CMZA portable interactive code management sys-tem from CodeME S.A.R.L in use in the high-energy physics community. [soft]

CNETCentre national dEtudes des Telecommuni-cations: the French national telecommunicationsresearch centre at Lannion. [soft]

CNI Coalition for Networked Information. Pro-motes the creation of and access to informationresources in networked environments in order toenrich scholarship and enhance intellectual pro-

ductivity - More information. [soft]

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CNRI Corporation for National Research Initia-tives, Reston, VA. A US research and devel-opment organisation in information processingtechnology [soft]

Coal - A solid, brittle, more or less distinctly

stratifiedcombustible carbonaceous rock, formedby partial to completedecomposition of vege-tation; varies in color from dark brown toblack;not fusible without decomposition and veryinsoluble.[mining-1]

Coal dust - Particles of coal that can pass a No.20sieve.[mining-1]

Coal Gasification The conversion of coal into agaseousfuel.[mining-1]

Coal mine - An area of land and all structures,

facilities,machinery, tools, equipment, shafts,slopes, tunnels, excavations, andother property,real or personal, placed upon, under, or abovethesurface of such land by any person, used in ex-tracting coal from itsnatural deposits in the earthby any means or method, and the work ofprepar-ing the coal so extracted, including coal prepara-tionfacilities. British term is colliery.[mining-1]

Coal reserves - Measured tonnages of coal thathave beencalculated to occur in a coal seamwithin a particular property.[mining-1]

Coal washing The process of separating undesir-ablematerials from coal based on differences indensities. Pyritic sulfur,or sulfur combined withiron, is heavier and sinks in water; coal islighterand floats.[mining-1]

Coastdown An action that permits the reactorpower level to decrease gradually as the fuel inthe core is depleted. [nuclear-1]

COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language:an early and widely-used programming languagefor business applications. [soft]

COCOMO Constructive Cost Model: a method forevaluating the cost of a software package pro-posed by B.Boehm, Software Engineering Eco-nomics Prentice-Hall 1987 [soft]

CODA An object-oriented data-acquisition systemat CEBAF [soft]

Codds First Normal Form see Normal Form .[soft]

CodeCenter A proprietary software development

environment for C programs, offering an inte-grated toolkit for developing, testing, debuggingand maintainance (formerly Saber-C) [soft]

Code Management A source code managementsystem helps program developers keep track ofversion history, releases, parallel versions etc.There are several in popular use [soft]

Coefficient Of Friction A dimensionless number

representing the ratio of the friction force to nor-mal force. Typically for threaded connections itis between 0.10 to 0,18 but can vary significantlydepending upon the materials used and whethera lubricant has been used. [mech-3]

CognitechA French software house specialising inArtificial Intelligence. [soft]

COHESION DECs CASE environment. [soft]

Coke A hard, dry carbon substance produced byheating coalto a very high temperature in theabsence of air.[mining-1]

Cold shutdown The term used to define a reac-tor coolant system at atmospheric pressure andat a temperature below 200 degrees Fahrenheitfollowing a reactor cooldown. [nuclear-1]

cold working plastic deformation of a metal at atemperature below that at which it recrystallizes;increasing the amount of cold work causes thedislocation density to rise in the material, mak-ing it more difficult to plastically deform the ma-terial and eventually cause brittle fracture. [mat-1]

Cold Working the plastic deformation at a temper-ature below that at which it recrystallizes.[mech-1]

Collage A synchronous collaborative data analysistool for use over the Internet - More information.[soft]

Collar - The term applied to the timbering or con-cretearound the mouth or top of a shaft. Thebeginning point of a shaft ordrill hole at the sur-face. [mining-1]

Collective dose The sum of the individual doses re-ceived in a given period by a specified populationfrom exposure to a specified source of radiation.[nuclear-1]

Colliery - British name for coal mine.[mining-1]

columnar structure coarse structure of parallelcolumns of grains caused by highly directional so-lidification of molten metal resulting from sharpthermal gradients. [mat-1]

Column flotationA precombustion coal cleaning

technologyin which coal particles attach to airbubbles rising in a verticalcolumn. The coal isthen removed at the top of the column.[mining-1]

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COM Common Ob ject Model. An open architec-ture from DEC and Microsoft, allowing interop-eration between ObjectBroker - More informa-tion. [soft]

COMIS a COMpilation and Interpretation System.

A FORTRAN interpreter use by the PAW sys-tem [soft]

COMMA Common Object-oriented MethodologyMetamodel Architecture from OPEN [soft]

Commingling A term used to describe the unde-sirable practice of mixing fasteners from differentbatches that are the same size and grade in thesame container. [mech-3]

Comminution- The breaking, crushing, or grind-ing of coal,ore, or rock.[mining-1]

Committed dose equivalent This is the dose tosome specific organ or tissue that is received froman intake of radioactive material by an individualduring the 50-year period following the intake[nuclear-1]

Committed effective dose equivalentThe com-mitted dose equivalent for a given organ multi-plied by a weighting factor [nuclear-1]

Common LispAn ANSI standard version of Lisp. [soft]

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