Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand …...Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand...

37
Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture Park NM, Walker JTS, Shaw PW, Wallis DR July 2009 A report prepared for ERMA New Zealand Park NM, Walker JTS Plant & Food Research, Havelock North Shaw PW, Wallis DR Plant & Food Research, Nelson PFR SPTS No. 2810 PFR Client Report No: 32498 PFR Contract No: 23614

Transcript of Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand …...Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand...

Page 1: Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand …...Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture Park NM, Walker JTS, Shaw PW, Wallis DR July 2009 A report prepared for

Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture

Park NM, Walker JTS, Shaw PW, Wallis DR

July 2009

A report prepared for

ERMA New Zealand

Park NM, Walker JTS Plant & Food Research, Havelock North Shaw PW, Wallis DR Plant & Food Research, Nelson

PFR SPTS No. 2810 PFR Client Report No: 32498 PFR Contract No: 23614

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DISCLAIMER

Unless agreed otherwise, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited does not

give any prediction, warranty or assurance in relation to the accuracy of or fitness for any particular

use or application of, any information or scientific or other result contained in this report. Neither

Plant & Food Research nor any of its employees shall be liable for any cost (including legal costs),

claim, liability, loss, damage, injury or the like, which may be suffered or incurred as a direct or

indirect result of the reliance by any person on any information contained in this report.

This report has been prepared by The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food

Research Ltd (Plant & Food Research), which has its Head Office at 120 Mt

Albert Rd, Mt Albert, AUCKLAND. This report has been approved by:

Nicola Park

Research Scientist/Researcher

Date: 31 July 2009

Philippa Stevens

Group Leader, Bioprotection

Date: 31 July 2009

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Contents

Page

Executive Summary........................................................................................ 1

Introduction ..................................................................................................... 2

Methods .......................................................................................................... 2

Sources of Information for the ‘Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand:

2004’ Report ............................................................................................. 2

Dichlorvos and Trichlorfon Products Currently Registered in New Zealand

for Horticulture .......................................................................................... 3

Maximum Residue Levels on New Zealand Crops .................................. 7

Quarantine Requirements for Export Crops............................................. 9

Pesticide Resistance Management ........................................................ 10

Assessment of Control Options.............................................................. 11

Results and Discussion ................................................................................ 12

Persimmons............................................................................................ 12

Passionfruit............................................................................................. 14

Tamarillos ............................................................................................... 15

Berryfruits ............................................................................................... 17

Ornamentals and Cut Flower Production ............................................... 17

Glasshouse Vegetable Production ......................................................... 18

Mushrooms............................................................................................. 18

Field Vegetables..................................................................................... 19

Asparagus .............................................................................................. 19

Pasture and Cereals............................................................................... 20

Clover Seed and Vegetable Seed Production........................................ 20

Turf ......................................................................................................... 20

Fruit fly Surveillance Programme ........................................................... 21

Conclusions and Recommendations............................................................ 22

References ................................................................................................... 26

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... 28

Appendices ................................................................................................... 29

Appendix 1. Insecticide use in horticulture............................................. 29

Appendix 2. CODEX Maximum Residue Level (MRL) 2009 for dichlorvos

and trichlorfon......................................................................................... 30

Appendix 3. Summary of product application methods, label rates and use

................................................................................................................ 31

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 1

Executive Summary

Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture

Report to ERMA New Zealand

Park NM, Walker JTS, Shaw PW, Wallis DR. July 2009

ERMA New Zealand (Environmental Risk Management Authority) may perform

reassessments on substances for which there is evidence that the risks may not be

adequately managed by existing controls. The information in this report will be available for

inclusion in the ERMA New Zealand reassessment application of dichlorvos (CAS number

62-73-7) and trichlorfon (CAS number 52-68-6) being prepared by ERMA New Zealand for

public consultation.

Potential user sectors of dichlorvos and trichlorfon were identified from product label

registrations and results of the survey reported in Trends in Pesticide use in New Zealand

(2004). Scientific and technical experts working on each of the crops were contacted to

assess current use patterns, alternative pest control methods and any other crops to which

dichlorvos or trichlorfon might be applied. A national literature search was used to assist in

identifying and validating issues and likely solutions.

Trichlorfon (sold as TrifonTM

) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate that is registered for use

on a range of field crops and pasture. Little TrifonTM

is used in New Zealand with only some

minor use for the control of porina in Southland pasture and possibly in turf management.

As a result of its low level of use, it is likely TrifonTM

will be voluntarily withdrawn from market.

Dichlorvos is an inexpensive but effective broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide

registered for use on a wide range of horticultural crops in New Zealand. The main

horticultural sectors currently using dichlorvos are cut flowers particularly orchid production,

glasshouse vegetables, field vegetables, persimmon, tamarillo, passionfruit, berryfruit,

postharvest fumigation of asparagus and it is used in fruit fly surveillance traps. However,

there is also occasional use on other crops, such as vegetable seed production and

ornamentals, and potential use in grain and food storage silos and warehouses.

Dichlorvos has superior efficacy across a wide range of pests, proven cost effectiveness,

excellent penetration (semi-fumigant action) and rapid knockdown. Its short residual effect

means it can be used close to harvest, while its broad-spectrum activity provides a useful

option when growers are faced with new pests or unexpected or late season pest build-ups.

These properties also make it ideal for pre-harvest and postharvest disinfestation where

needed to meet quarantine regulations. The unique properties associated with dichlorvos

means most of its uses are for specific purposes for which there are few if any alternatives.

For further information please contact:

Nicola Park or Jim Walker

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd

Plant & Food Research Hawke’s Bay

Private Bag 1401

Havelock North

Hastings 4157

NEW ZEALAND

Tel: +64-6-975 8880

Fax: +64-6-975 8881

Email [email protected]

Email [email protected]

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Introduction

ERMA New Zealand (Environmental Risk Management Authority) may perform

reassessments on substances for which there is evidence that the risks may not be

adequately managed by the existing controls. In September 2008, a Committee of the

Authority decided there were grounds for the reassessment of dichlorvos and its

formulations and trichlorfos and its formulations (ERMA NZ 2008). The information in this

report will be available for inclusion in the ERMA New Zealand reassessment application.

Methods

In 2004, a survey was undertaken to provide up-to-date data on pesticide use in New

Zealand: outcomes were reported in Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004

(Manktelow et al. 2005). ERMA New Zealand contacted some authors of the pesticide

trends report to undertake an assessment of the current use of dichlorvos and trichlorfon in

horticulture. The scope was to identify which horticulture sectors currently use dichlorvos

and trichlorfon, what were the likely impacts on pest management for those sectors if these

agrichemicals were no longer available, and to identify if there were other pest control

options for these sectors to replace dichlorvos and trichlorfon.

To identify which sectors were using dichlorvos and trichlorfon, a list was drawn up of

sectors that were identified as dichlorvos and trichlorfon users in the Manktelow et al. (2005)

report and of crops that were covered by the label claims of products registered for use in

New Zealand containing the active ingredients dichlorvos or trichlorfon. Scientific and

technical experts working on each of the crops were contacted to assess current use

patterns for dichlorvos and trichlorfon and to identify alternative pest control methods. They

were also asked if they knew of any other crops to which dichlorvos and trichlorfon might be

applied. A national and international literature search was used to assist in identifying and

validating issues and likely solutions.

Sources of Information for the ‘Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004’ Report

The New Zealand Association for Animal Health and Crop Protection (AGCARM) was the

principal source of information for the national sales data presented in the ‘Trends in

Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004’ report. Participants in the AGCARM survey provided

voluntary annual data on sales of pesticides by kilograms of active ingredient (a.i.), with data

grouped into various categories (Manktelow et al. 2005).

While the AGCARM data represented the most comprehensive survey of pesticide sales in

New Zealand, the data did not allow specific uses to be determined. Specific use patterns

were obtained directly from sectors where possible, but there were some significant uses

that could not be covered because of inability to collect data. Key omissions relating to

pesticide use were in urban and recreational areas and for minor crops, where few if any

pesticides have label claims and crop-specific data were generally not available.

Unfortunately, the pesticide classification system used by AGCARM differs from the Food

and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) grouping, which means the data are not consistent with

international reporting. Other sources of national pesticide use included a summary of sales

values compiled by a market analysis company AC Nielsen Ltd (a survey discontinued in

2002) and Statistics New Zealand, which collects data on quantities of pesticide imported

from New Zealand Customs Service records, noting that these data do not include New

Zealand-manufactured product (Manktelow et al. 2005).

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To address some of the inconsistencies and omissions in the available national pesticide

use data, information was also gathered on the quantities of pesticides (insecticides,

fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators) used in 69 sectors within the horticultural,

arable, forestry and pastoral industries. The data were collected through various means

including industry spray diary databases, published information and personal

communications from either scientists/consultants closely involved with a sector, or sector

contacts. Pesticide use in the different sectors was then estimated relative to the known

land areas of each sector. Estimates for insecticide use in New Zealand are shown in

Appendix 1 (Manktelow et al. 2005).

Of the data sources used in the ‘Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004’ report, only

the data from the sectors grouped the data down to an active ingredient (a.i) level. From the

pesticide use estimates of the sectors in 2004, six sector groups were identified as users of

dichlorvos. These sectors were blueberry, tamarillo, passionfruit, persimmon, asparagus

and nerines/peonies/Sandersonia (Table 1). No use of trichlorfon was reported (Manktelow

et al. 2005).

Table 1. 2004 sector-based dichlorvos use estimates in New Zealand (Manktelow et al. 2005).

Sector

Area

(total

national ha)

Low use total

tonnes a.i/year

(national)

High use total

tonnes a.i/year

(national)

Asparagus 2015 0.02 0.02

Blueberries 430 0.17 0.17

Nerines/Paeonies/

Sandersonia 50 0.01 0.01

Passionfruit 70 0.07 0.42

Persimmons 282 0.32 1.29

Tamarillos 270 0.54 2.16

Dichlorvos and Trichlorfon Products Currently Registered in New Zealand for Horticulture

There are four products containing the active ingredient dichlorvos and one product

containing trichlorfon currently registered in New Zealand shown on the New Zealand and

Food Safety Authority Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines (ACVM) Database

(NZFSA 2009). Dichlorvos is a volatile organophosphate insecticide and trichlorfon is also

an organophosphate insecticide. The product names and registration details are listed in

Table 2. The active ingredient content, formulation type and approximate retail price of each

of the products are listed in Table 3. Typical use patterns and application methods are

summarised in Appendix 3.

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Table 2. Registered products in New Zealand containing dichlorvos or trichlorfon (NZFSA

2009).

Product

Name

Registration

Number

Active

Ingredient Registrant

Registration

Date

NuvosTM

P001132 dichlorvos Orion Crop Protection Ltd 14 March

1968

Divap® P006080 dichlorvos United Phosphorous Ltd.

Distributed by Adria New

Zealand Ltd

7 June 2002

ArmourCrop-

Insecticide

(DDVP)

P005877 dichlorvos BOC Limited 31 January

2002

DDVP

Insecticide

Strip

P007362 dichlorvos Biosecurity New Zealand.

Manufactured by

Agrisense-BCS Ltd, United

Kingdom

12 October

2005

TrifonTM

P004686 trichlorfon Tapuae Partnership.

Manufactured by Zelam Ltd

(formerly Taranaki NuChem

Limited) New Zealand

1 June 1994

Table 3. Active ingredient content, formulation type and retail cost of dichlorvos and trichlorfon products (NZFSA 2009 and product labels).

Product Name Active

Ingredient

Active

Ingredient

Content

Formulation

Type

Container

Size Retail Price

NuvosTM

dichlorvos 1000

g/litre

emulsifiable

concentrate

1 litre

5 litre

$75.79 + GST

$309.10 + GST

Divap® dichlorvos 1140

g/litre

emulsifiable

concentrate

5 litre $250 + GST

ArmourCrop-

Insecticide

(DDVP)

Insectigas®

dichlorvos 50 g/kg aerosol 7 kg and

35 kg net

7kg $187.49 +

GST

$19.20 + GST

cylinder deposit

Handgun

$529.98 + GST

to purchase

Handgun $55.72

+ GST per

month

DDVP

Insecticide

Strip

dichlorvos 188 g/kg vapour

releasing

strip

5 strips

each 2.6

g

Not available for

retail sale.

TrifonTM

trichlorfon 500 g/litre emulsifiable

concentrate

5 litre $110 + GST

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 5

Dichlorvos and trichlorfon crop registrations and product rates

The products containing dichlorvos and trichlorfon registered for use in New Zealand

horticulture are registered for use on a wide range of crops and insect pests, the details of

which are shown in Table 4 for ArmourCrop-Insecticide (DDVP), Insectigas® and DDVP

Insecticide Strips, Table 5 for NuvosTM and Divap®, and Table 6 for TrifonTM. Dichlorvos also

has public health uses for the indoor and outdoor control of pests such as flies, cockroaches,

ants and food storage pests such as flour beetles and grain weevils. However, this report

will focus on the horticultural uses of dichlorvos only.

According to their product labels, all trichlorfon and dichlorvos products must be tracked and

must be under the control of a registered Approved Handler as specified in the Hazardous

Substances and New Organisms Act 2001. An Approved Handler is a person who is

competent and certified to handle hazardous substances and who is aware of their legal

obligations with respect to the purchase, transport, safe use, storage and appropriate

disposal agrichemicals (ERMA NZ 2004).

Table 4. ArmourCrop-Insecticide (DDVP) and DDVP Insecticide Strip crop registrations and product rates (NZFSA 2009, BOC 2007, BOC 2009).

Product

Horticultural

Crop

Recommended

Use

Insect Pest Product Rate and

application method

ArmourCrop-

Insecticide

(DDVP)

Greenhouse

Capsicum

Aphids 2.5 g/m2 of greenhouse

volume applied as a fog

through a dose system

designed and built by BOC

Ltd for each greenhouse

Insectigas® Stored product

facilities (e.g.

warehouses,

silos, farm

machinery and

storage bins)

Stored products moths

and flour beetles,

flying and crawling

insects

70 second spray (200 g) into

air space

Insectigas® Greenhouse Aphids, spider mites,

whiteflies, thrips and

caterpillars

200 g spray into air space.

Portable cylinders connected

to fixed pipework in

greenhouse or fumigation

chamber, connected to hand

held spray guns or a release

timer on top of the cylinder.

No mixing of concentrate

required.

DDVP

Insecticide

Strip

Fruit fly

surveillance

programme

For use only by

approved operators for

the fruit fly surveillance

programme

One 2.6-g strip in the base of

purpose-designed fruit fly trap

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Table 5. NuvosTM

and Divap® crop registrations (Novachem 2009 and NZFSA 2009).

Horticultural

Crop Regn Insect Pest

Product

Rates for

Nuvos

Product

Rates for

Divap

Water Rates from

Product Label

Clover seed

crops

Clover case

bearer moths

150-220 ml/ha 130-190 ml/ha 110-170 litres water

Brassica Aphids,

caterpillars

350-750 ml/ha 300-650 ml/ha 220-450 litres

water/ha

Cereals Aphids,

caterpillars

350-750 ml/ha 300-650 ml/ha 220-450 litres

water/ha

Vegetables Aphids,

caterpillars,

mites

500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100

litres

440-700 ml/ha

or

50 ml/100

litres

Boom spray: 220-

240 litres water/ha

Mist blower: 60

litres water/ha

Handgun: apply to

runoff

Tamarillo Aphids,

caterpillar,

whitefly

100 ml/100

litres

90 ml/100

litres

Not stated

Passionfruit Aphids,

caterpillar,

whitefly

100 ml/100

litres

90 ml/100

litres

Not stated

Persimmon Caterpillars

Latania scale

100 ml/100

litres

90 ml/100

litres

Not stated

Berryfruit Aphids,

caterpillars,

mites

500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100

litres

440-700 ml/ha

or

50 ml/100

litres

Boom spray: 220-

240 litres water/ha

Mist blower: 60

litres water/ha

Handgun: apply to

runoff

Ornamentals Aphids,

caterpillars,

mites

500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100

litres

440-700 ml/ha

or

50 ml/100

litres

Boom spray: 220-

240 litres water/ha

Mist blower: 60

litres water/ha

Handgun: apply to

runoff

Glasshouses Aphids, mites,

whiteflies, thrips,

phorid & scarid

flies, caterpillars

5 ml/litre/100

metres3 or 25

ml/ 5 litres

4 ml/litre/100

metres3 or 20

ml/ 5 litres

Apply as a fog

Mushroom

houses

Aphids, mites,

whiteflies, thrips,

phorid & scarid

flies, caterpillars

5 ml/litre/100

metres3 or 25

ml/ 5 litres

4 ml/litre/100

metres3 or 20

ml/ 5 litres

Apply as a fog

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Table 6. TrifonTM

crop registration and product rates (Novachem 2009 and NZFSA 2009).

Horticultural

Crop

Registration

Insect Pest Product Rates

Pasture Army caterpillar

Porina

1.8 – 2.4 litres/ha for Army Caterpillar

2.1 – 2.4 litres/ha for Porina

Grass Seed Army caterpillar 1.8 – 2.4 litres/ha

Cereal Army caterpillar 1.8 – 2.4 litres/ha

Crops Army caterpillar 1.8 – 2.4 litres/ha

Maize Corn earworm 1.8 – 2.4 litres/ha

Sweetcorn Corn earworm 1.8 – 2.4 litres/ha

Brassica

Cutworm

Diamond-back

Moth

White Butterfly

2.4 – 3.6 litres/ha for Cutworm

1.8 – 2.4 litres/ha for Diamond-back Moth

and White Butterfly

Tomatoes

Cutworm

Green Vegetable

Bug

Tomato Fruit Worm

2.4 – 3.6 litres/ha

Beans Green Vegetable

Bug 2.4 – 3.6 litres/ha

While outside the scope of this report, it is noted that there may be a renewed interest in the

only other trichlorfon registered product in New Zealand, Neguvon® 98%. Neguvon® is a

veterinary product registered for the control of mites on chickens and pigs. Malathion 50EC

has been used for the control of mites on chickens; however, because of the recent

voluntary withdrawal of Malathion from the New Zealand market, there may be some interest

in using Neguvon® as an alternate (pers. comm.)

Maximum Residue Levels on New Zealand Crops

Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for pesticides are established in most countries to

safeguard consumer health and to promote Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) in the use of

agricultural compounds. MRLs vary from country to country depending on the pesticides

available, the crops being treated and the way the pesticides are used. Food producers must

comply with the MRLs of the countries they export to as a condition of market access

(NZFSA 2008).

The New Zealand (Maximum Residue Limits of Agricultural Compounds) Food Standards

2008 are set by the NZFSA. Schedule 1 of the standard sets the maximum residue limits

(MRL) of agricultural compounds that are permitted in New Zealand food. If the compound

is not specified in the schedule, or not specified in relation to the food type or class in

question, residues must not exceed a default value of 0.1 mg/kg. Imported food must also

comply with the standard or contain residues of agricultural compounds no greater than the

MRLs specified for that food in the current edition of the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius

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Commission publication Pesticide Residues in Food (NZFSA 2008). The Codex

Alimentarius Commission was created in 1963 by FAO and the World Health Organisation

(WHO) to develop food standards, guidelines and related texts such as codes of practice

under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme (CODEX 2009). There are no

CODEX MRLs set for trichlorfon and for horticultural crops there are CODEX MRLs only set

for cereals and grains and mushrooms (Appendix 2).

To ensure MRLs are met, withholding periods are listed on product labels. A withholding

period (also known as pre-harvest interval) is the time required between the final application

of that product and harvest, to ensure spray residues will have decayed sufficiently to enable

MRLs to be met. This period is usually expressed as days from harvest, or can be a set

date or crop growth stage in the season, and often varies between crops. Export crop pre-

harvest intervals often differ from New Zealand pre-harvest intervals, as the export crop

must meet importing country and final customer MRL standards.

New Zealand dichlorvos MRLs are specified for fruits, vegetables, cereals and grains with

these designations shown in Table 7. There are no MRLs for clover seed crops,

ornamentals or flower production as these are not food crops, but as for all crops there is a

re-entry period. There are no MRLs set in New Zealand for trichlorfon with the exception of

milk (0.05 mg/kg) and sugarbeet (0.05 mg/kg); therefore, trichlorfon residues must not

exceed the default of 0.1 mg/kg for all other crops.

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Table 7. Dichlorvos maximum residue limits (MRLs) and pre-harvest intervals in New Zealand and corresponding CODEX MRLs for the same crops.

Crop

New Zealand MRL

(mg/kg)

(NZFSA 2008)

CODEX MRL

(mg/kg) (CODEX

2009)

New Zealand Pre-

Harvest Intervals

(NOVACHEM 2009)

Clover seed

crops Not applicable

1 Not applicable

1

Brassica Vegetables - 2 3 days

Cereals Cereals & grains - 2 Cereals & grains - 5 3 days

Vegetables

(except

asparagus)

Vegetables - 2 3 days

Asparagus Vegetables - 2 1 day

Tamarillo Fruits - 2 7 days

Passionfruit Fruits - 2 7 days

Persimmon Fruits - 2 2 days

Strawberry Fruits - 2 2 days

Berryfruit

(except

strawberry)

Fruits - 2 3 days

Ornamentals Not applicable1 Not applicable

1

Glasshouse

vegetables Vegetables - 2 3 days

Glasshouse

flowers Not applicable

1 Not applicable

1

Mushrooms Vegetables - 2 Mushroom – 0.5 3 days

Greenhouse

Capsicum Vegetables - 2 3 days

1Not applicable as not a food crop

MRLs and corresponding pre-harvest intervals must be considered when assessing

alternative chemical control options. To be most effective, chemical applications need to be

timed to correlate with the pest phenology and developmental stage. Alternate products

must be available for use during this same period.

Quarantine Requirements for Export Crops

MAF Biosecurity New Zealand is the division of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)

charged with leadership of the New Zealand biosecurity system. It encompasses facilitating

international trade, protecting the health of New Zealanders and ensuring the welfare of our

environment, flora and fauna, marine life and Maori resources. An importing country’s

phytosanitary requirements (ICPR) standard is a MAF Biosecurity Authority document that

specifies an importing country's phytosanitary requirements (MAF Biosecurity New Zealand

2009).

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Pesticide Resistance Management

The resistance of pests to pesticides is where the pest population has changed genetically

so that it is less susceptible or sensitive to a pesticide or class of pesticides. This means a

higher dose of that pesticide is now required to kill all individuals of the pest population or

that the highest practical dose will not kill all the pests (Martin et al. (eds) 2005).

Prevention and management of insecticide and miticide resistance is based on two

principles:

� Preventing resistance to pesticides is a much better approach than trying to manage

resistance once control failures occur

� If the insect or mite population is not exposed to the pesticide, the proportion of

resistance within a population will decline to a level where at least one application of

pesticide per season will give control of the pest (Martin et al. (eds) 2005).

The key components of insecticide and miticide resistance prevention and management

strategies are:

� Maximise use of non-pesticide controls

� Only apply pesticides when their use can be justified

� Time pesticide applications for when they are most effective and target applications to

the specific parts of the crop where they will be most effective

� Use good application technique and apply when environmental conditions are favourable

� Use only one member of a chemical group of pesticides no more than the specified

maximum number of times per year or growing season

� Rotate chemical groups of pesticides (Martin et al. (eds) 2005).

Pesticide resistance prevention and management strategies (insecticide and miticide) for

New Zealand crops have been developed for these ‘at risk’ individual pest species:

� Diamond back moth

� Tomato fruitworm

� Spider mite

� Leafroller

� Thrips

� Whitefly

� Melon aphid

� Green peach aphid

� Lettuce aphid

� Leafhopper

� Mealybug

The details of these individual strategies are discussed, where relevant, in the context of

each crop.

Non-chemical control techniques

Non-chemical control options include:

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 11

� Quarantine (keeping the pest off the property and out of the country)

� Plant resistance

� Agronomic and cultural techniques

� Biological control and methods to enhance biological control e.g. use of predator insects,

insect specific viruses

� pheromone mating disruption (Martin et al. (eds) 2005).

Assessment of Control Options

There are a number of factors that were considered when assessing dichlorvos and

trichlorfon current use and alternative pest control options. These were:

� Products already registered in New Zealand for that crop

� Products already registered for use in New Zealand for control of that pest

� Products allowed by export industries

� Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) in New Zealand and key export markets

� Quarantine requirements for export crops

� Non-chemical (cultural) control options

� Agrichemical Resistance Management Guidelines

� Compatibility with integrated pest management principles, which gives preference to

pest-specific chemistry such as insect growth regulators and other selective insecticides

that are not toxic or disruptive to beneficial insects.

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Results and Discussion

Persimmons

The New Zealand persimmon industry comprises approximately 88 growers, which accounts

for a planted production area of 180 hectares. The 2008 crop volume was 3,000 tonne

valued at NZ$1 million on the domestic market and NZ$0.5 million export value (Plant &

Food Research 2008). The main growing regions are Auckland/Northland and Gisborne.

The key harvest period is April to June (MAF 2006). The New Zealand persimmon crop is

almost entirely exported, with the principal market being Asia (Persimmon Industry Council

2001).

Industry programme

In the 1980s, persimmon industry leaders recognised that a calendar spraying approach to

managing pests was not sustainable. Using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles

and with funding assistance for research and programme development from AGMARDT and

the Ministry for the Environment, an IPM system and manual was developed for persimmon

growers (Persimmon Industry Council 2001).

IPM involves the use of chemical, biological and cultural practices to manage pests,

therefore not relying solely on one method of control, and where possible using chemicals

that only target specific pests, enabling beneficial insects to contribute to pest control.

The Green & Gold® IPM system aims to enable persimmon growers to:

� Produce crops with minimal pesticide residues while still meeting market phytosanitary

requirements

� Meet customer requirements for environmentally responsible production (Persimmon

Industry Council 2001).

Pest control

There have been a wide range of insects and mites recorded on persimmon in New Zealand.

These insects can be categorised as major pests (damaging fruit), minor pests (indirect

damage by weakening trees therefore reducing yields), and passenger pests (contaminating

fruit). Any of these three categories of pest has the potential to cause serious biosecurity

problems if found on export fruit.

The major pests of persimmon are:

� Mealybugs – most commonly the longtailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus)

� Leafroller – most commonly the brown-headed leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) in

Gisborne and the lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) elsewhere

� Stathmopoda species – garden featherfoot (Stathmopoda skelloni)

� Armoured scales – the most serious is latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae)

� Greenhouse thrips – Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

� Tydeid mites – Orthotydeus californicus and O. caudatus

� Persimmon bud mite – Aceria diospyri.

Passenger pests include thrips (Nesothrips propinquus), oribatid mites, psocids (also known as booklice), spiders and slaters. There are also a number of minor pests (Persimmon Industry Council 2001).

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Adequate late season pest control has been an ongoing problem since persimmon exports

from New Zealand started. Research by Prestidge et al. (1989) described one of the major

production barriers limiting exports as pre-harvest insect contamination of fruit. As the fruit

grows, the sepal flattens, effectively forming an umbrella that can cover and protect pests.

Insects and mites hide under fruit sepals and in calyx cracks, creating a quarantine problem

to importing countries. Residue tests completed in the late 1980s meant dichlorvos became

the preferred agrichemical pre-harvest, as it was virtually non-residual, with residues

declining below 0.01 mg/kg in 4 days (Prestidge et al. 1989). Earlier research by Steven &

Sale (1985) highlighted the same issues. The incidence of “passenger” mites (oribatid or

tydeid) was high. They were not controlled by chlorpyrifos, diazinon or carbaryl and were

difficult to eliminate with postharvest fumigation (Steven & Sale 1985). Synthetic pyrethroids

and pyrethrum are alternatives that have been tried but are not very effective (D Steven,

pers. comm.).

The persimmon industry currently relies on Attack® (active ingredients permethrin and

pirimiphos-methyl) (28%) and chlorpyrifos (20%), which together account for nearly 50% of

all insecticide applications. Withdrawal of Attack® from the New Zealand Kiwifruit Crop

Protection Programme is likely to result in Attack® being voluntarily withdrawn from sale in

New Zealand because of lack of sales (MAF 2009).

The persimmon industry Green & Gold® IPM system became available to growers in 2001.

In 2007, a commercial evaluation of the Green & Gold persimmon crop protection

programme was made in Gisborne, funded by the Ministry for Agriculture and Fisheries

(MAF) Sustainable Farming Fund. The main findings were that the programme was unable

to achieve pest control comparable with conventional blocks. Key pests such as leafroller

and mealybug should be able to be controlled by more selective insecticides, but there were

a concerning number of contaminants (e.g. spiders, booklice and woodlice) on conventional

and IPM programme fruit, which created a quarantine issue for export fruit (MAF 2009).

Dichlorvos use and alternatives

The Green & Gold® Manual lists the control options for each pest. Dichlorvos is

recommended as a pre-harvest ‘clean-up’ spray for the control of all pests and passenger

pests. Depending on the length of the harvest period, more than one spray may be required.

Product label rates are followed. Persimmons are not an easy crop to spray and spray

coverage is critical to obtain good control. Applications are with an air-blast sprayer using

high volume spraying with water rates at 1500 to 2000 litres per hectare, with the higher

rates at full canopy (Persimmon Industry Council 2001).

Good orchard hygiene will reduce possible sources of pests including passenger pests.

These cultural practices include reducing neighbouring known plant hosts, keeping shelter

belts trimmed, and preventing weeds from growing up into the persimmon trees and keeping

a grass-dominated mown sward in the orchard. In addition, sticky bands on tree trucks will

assist in preventing pests moving up into the tree canopy, and removing lichens by water

blasting the trees will also discourage passenger pests. However, while all these practices

should be followed as good orchard practice with an aim of preventing significant pest

infestations from establishing, good hygiene alone will only contribute to minimal reductions

in spraying (Persimmon Industry Council 2001).

Postharvest disinfestation methods are expensive and there are fruit damage risks Cold

treatment disinfestation together with modified atmosphere (low oxygen, high carbon

dioxide) treatments have shown that cold rather than gas atmosphere was the key

component contributing to successful lightbrown apple moth larvae mortality. Mealybugs

were more sensitive to cold than leafrollers. Ideally, temperatures of 0.8-10C are required for

6-8 weeks to achieve mortality. The risk of fruit phytotoxicity (fruit damage) increases beyond

this coolstorage interval. Most commercial coolstores operate at higher temperatures of

approximately 1 - 20C. In addition, an extended period of on shore coolstorage will be

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required as seafreight, which is the main method of shipment to the important Australian

market, only takes approximately two weeks. Extended coolstorage incurs extra costs (A

Woolf, I Turk, pers. comm.)

Hot water treatment has also been tested for disinfestation of insects and mites on

persimmons. Treatment at a water temperature of 51°C for 20 minutes is effective against

leafrollers and mealybugs. This method requires expensive equipment and operating costs

and there is a risk that a proportion of fruit (5-10%) will be damaged through skin cracking (A

Woolf, pers. comm.).

In conclusion, the registration and use of more selective insecticides will control key pests

such as leafroller and mealybugs. Dichlorvos is not used or required to control these pests.

However, dichlorvos is used extensively pre-harvest for the control of passenger pests such

as oribatid mites. It has a short pre-harvest interval, enabling it to be used close to harvest

as a cleanup spray. It is effective against a wide range of insects and its fumigant activity

provides control into calyx cracks and under sepals that cannot be achieved through the use

of other chemical formulations and spray techniques. With 90% of the persimmon crop

exported, it is important these passenger pests are controlled, given the strict quarantine

requirements of some markets. Postharvest treatments such as extended coolstorage,

modified atmosphere and hot water treatment are not economically viable options, do not fit

with current fruit transport and handling systems, and there are fruit damage risks. There

are no current alternatives that are effective in controlling this range of pests and that have

the unique mode of action provided by dichlorvos.

Passionfruit

The New Zealand passionfruit crop accounts for a production area of 47 hectares, which

produced 240 tonnes of crop, valued at NZ$0.6 million in export earnings in 2007

(HortResearch 2007). The main growing regions are Bay of Plenty, Taranaki and Northland

and the harvest period is from February to May (MAF 2006).

The crop is sprayed with a knapsack or framework sprayer (not airblast as the fruit are

delicate and easily knocked off the vines) at water rates of 1000 l/ha. There is low pest

pressure. The key pests are Fuller’s rose weevil, which feed on the growing tips, chewing

insects at the start of the season, and thrips, which get under the skin causing ‘pimpling’ on

the skin surface (K Sandom, pers. comm.). Thrips damage tends to escalate from late

December, resulting in a downgrading of the crop from export grade. Thrips are not a

problem every year but are more prevalent in a hot dry season; therefore, an insecticide is

not always required for thrip control. When thrips are present, a dichlorvos application is

made at label rates, followed by a second application seven to 10 days later. Some growers

make additional applications for control of other insect pests with use patterns varying

between seasons (various growers’ feedback).

Dichlorvos and diazinon are the only two insecticides specifically registered for use on

passionfruit (Table 8). Until recently, the industry also used maldison (Malathion 50 EC), for

which MRLs exist in the USA but in June 2009 this product was voluntarily withdrawn from

the New Zealand market by the distributor Nufarm Ltd. The main export market is USA.

There is no MRL for diazinon or dichlorvos into this market; however, because of its short

residual effect dichlorvos is the only insecticide currently available for thrip control for

passionfruit for the USA market (various growers’ feedback).

Table 9 lists spinosad as one potential insecticide that will control thrips. There is an MRL

set for spinosad on passionfruit in the USA; however, spinosad is not registered for use on

passionfruit in New Zealand.

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Passionfruit is a minor crop, whose growers are unable to fund the necessary trials to

provide efficacy, crop safety and residue data to support a label claim for spinosad or any

other potential alternative. Before de-registering dichlorvos, consideration must be given to

identifying a pathway to provide the required efficacy, crop safety and residue data to

support a label claim, and sufficient time to develop the technical knowledge and funding to

enable the identification and development of alternative control measures.

Table 8. Insecticides registered for use on passionfruit in New Zealand (Novachem 2009).

Chemical Group Active

Ingredient

Registered Products Target Pest

Organophosphate diazinon DewTM

600, Diazinon

50W, Diazinon EC,

Diazinon 800, Diazinon

800 EC, Diazonyl® 60EC,

DigrubTM

, Hortcare

Diazinon 500EW

Aphids, caterpillars,

whitefly, grass grub beetle

Organophosphate dichlorvos Nuvos®, DivapTM

Aphids, caterpillars,

whitefly

Table 9. Potential alternative active ingredients to dichlorvos for thrips control but not registered or trialled on passionfruit.

Chemical Group Active

Ingredient

Product1 Current Registration in

New Zealand1

and points of interest

Macrocyclic

lactone Spinosad

Success®

Naturalyte®,

Yates Success®

Naturalyte®

Registered on summerfruit

for leafroller, thrips and

cherry slug. MRL registered

in the USA for passionfruit

1Novachem 2009

MRL = maximum residue limit

Tamarillos

The commercial tamarillo industry comprises 175 growers, with a planted area of 194ha. The

740-tonne crop has a domestic sales value of NZ$1.4 million and export value of NZ$1.1

million (Plant & Food Research 2008). The main growing areas are Northland, Auckland,

Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Taranaki with smaller plantings in Levin, Nelson and Karamea: the

key harvest period is June to August (MAF 2006, Watson 2009).

The main export market is Australia. However, this market was closed to tamarillo and all

other solanaceaous crops in June 2008 as a result of the establishment of tomato/potato

psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) in New Zealand. Tomato/potato psyllid is the vector for a new

species of bacterial plant disease Candidatus spp. (Horticulture NZ 2008, Watson 2009).

The industry has been moving towards lower use of insecticides and use of insecticides that

only target specific insect pests. Insecticides currently registered for use on tamarillos are

listed in Table 10. However, existing spray programmes have not controlled tomato/potato

psyllid infestations. Trials of possible alternative products have found Calypso® (thiacloprid),

Chess® (pymetrozine), SuccessTM

NaturalyteTM

, Applaud® (buprofezin), Oberon®

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(spiromesifen) and Coragen® (chlorantraniliprole) do not control tomato/potato psyllid at

label rates. Contact insecticides such as Nuvos® (dichlorvos), Decis® Forte (deltamethrin)

and Avid® (abamectin) have shown greater control (Watson 2009).

Dichlorvos (Nuvos®) is used by the tamarillo industry. Frequency of dichlorvos use by the

tamarillo industry varies but common practice is twice a season. Nuvos® has a short pre-

harvest interval of seven days for local and export fruit. The only other contact insecticide

currently registered on tamarillo has a long pre-harvest interval of 60 days on export fruit, but

seven days on fruit destined for the local market. With the recent establishment of

tomato/potato psyllid, dichlorvos usage will have increased during the 2009 season, as the

dichlorvos products Nuvos® and DivapTM

are the only contact insecticides available for

export production (C Watson, pers. comm.).

In 2009, tomato/potato psyllid infestation caused up to 60% tree death, devastating some

crops (C Watson, pers. comm.). This is an industry that currently needs all options available

to it to be able to produce a commercial tamarillo crop. Dichlorvos is the only registered

insecticide option currently found to be effective for tomato/potato psyllid control.

Table 10. Insecticides registered for use on tamarillo in New Zealand (Novachem 2009).

Chemical Group Active

Ingredient

Registered Products1 Target Pest

Carbamate carbaryl Carbaryl 50F, Sevin®

Flo

Caterpillar, grass grub

beetle, leafroller

Organophosphate acephate Lancer® 750 DF,

Orthene® WSG

Aphids, caterpillars, grass

grub beetle

Organophosphate diazinon DewTM

500, Diazinon

50W, Diazinon EC,

Diazinon 800, Diazinon

800 EC, Diazonyl®

60EC, DigrubTM

,

Diazol®, Hortcare

Diazinon 500EW

Aphids, caterpillars,

whitefly, grass grub beetle

Organophosphate dichlorvos Nuvos®, DivapTM

Aphids, caterpillars,

whitefly. Some control of

tomato/potato psyllid.

Short pre-harvest interval

of 7 days for local and

export.

Pyridine

azomethine

pymetrozine Chess® WG Aphids, whitefly. Does

not control tomato/potato

psyllid

Synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin Decis® Forte,

BallisticTM

, Deltaphar®

25 EC

Whitefly, grass grub.

Some control of

tomato/potato psyllid.

Short pre-harvest interval

of 7 days for local but 60

days for export.

Synthetic pyrethroid taufluvalinate Mavrik® Aqua Flo Green peach aphid,

whitefly

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Thiadiazine buprofezin Applaud® 40 SC,

Buprimax, MortarTM

,

Pilan® 25WP,

OvationTM

50 WDG

Whitefly. Does not control

tomato/potato psyllid

1Novachem 2009

Berryfruits

The New Zealand berryfruit industry comprises approximately 360 growers, accounting for a

planted area of 2451ha. The domestic crop is valued at NZ$63 million and NZ$24 million in

export value (Plant & Food Research 2008).

Dichlorvos was not used on blackcurrant, Boysenberry and blueberry export crops in 2009

with the exception of one export blueberry grower who applied dichlorvos for bronze beetle

control. Bronze beetle is becoming more widely recognised as a pest problem on

blueberries. The beetles feed on the developing berries, reducing yields. As pest control

programmes reduce the number of broad-spectrum products applied, beetles such as

bronze beetle become more prevalent. Few products that have the necessary short pre-

harvest interval to protect the developing fruit are effective against bronze beetle (G

Langford, pers. comm.).

Strawberry growers and local market berry growers use dichlorvos mainly for carpophilus

beetle (Carpophilus davidsoni Coleoptera:Nitiludae) control in the North Island (Skelton

Ivory, Hastings, pers. comm.) and small amounts in the South Island for aphid and caterpillar

control (M Ross, pers. comm.). Carpophilus beetle is currently found in the North Island and

Nelson. Insect numbers are greater in hot dry seasons so the need for dichlorvos varies

between seasons from none to approximately three applications. Like bronze beetle in

blueberry, carpophilus beetle is increasing in significance as more persistent

organophosphates are removed from production programmes. A small trial in 2008 in

Hawke’s Bay found mass trapping of carpophilus beetle in lure-and-kill traps was not

effective enough to replace chemical control (P Lo, pers. comm.).

Growers are finding dichlorvos to be effective for carpophilus beetle control and it is likely to

be an effective control option for bronze beetle control on blueberries. Its fumigant action

gives good coverage and its short residual effect means it can be used close to harvest,

while its broad-spectrum activity provides a useful option when growers are faced with

unexpected and late season pest problems.

Ornamentals and Cut Flower Production

The domestic cut flower market is estimated to be worth NZ$60 million. The orchid cut

flower export crop had a value of NZ$22.9 million in 2007. There are over 1200 flower

growers, approximately 400 of which are full time producers (glasshouse and field

production) (HortResearch 2007).

Dichlorvos has some use in ornamental and flower crops but is widely used in cymbidium

orchids. It is used in cymbidium orchids because it is a useful insecticide for the control of

scale insect in IPM programmes. While it is harmful to the adult and juvenile stages of the

two-spotted mite predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Kopperts website (www.koppert.com)

indicates that it is safe to the eggs of this predatory mite. Information from this website also

indicates that the predatory mite can be reintroduced immediately after an application has

been made. Increasing numbers of cymbidium orchid growers are using the predatory mite

for two-spotted mite control, as they are unable to control this pest with the available

miticides (P Workman, pers. comm.).

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Mites are a key quarantine pest for export cut flowers. As dichlorvos has a short pre-harvest

interval, wide pest control spectrum and fumigant activity, if mites or other insect pests are

found in a crop, it can be treated then harvested the next day. The flowers can also be

treated postharvest prior to sleeving (J Wilkinson, pers. comm.). The fumigant action is

advantageous as it avoids blooms getting wet during treatment, which can cause disease.

There is also some interest in fumigation, with dichlorvos as an option to meet new

lightbrown apple moth quarantine procedures for cut flowers and foliage to the USA (R

Meinhardt, pers. comm.).

Glasshouse Vegetable Production

Dichlorvos is used fairly extensively in vegetable glasshouse production. It is widely used

because it has a short pre-harvest interval and therefore applications of this product are not

too disruptive to harvesting. Dichlorvos is also used widely because it can be applied

effectively using foggers, as it has fumigant activity. This method of application is much

quicker than applying a wet spray (P Workman, pers. comm.). Dichlorvos is frequently used

as a clean-up treatment for glasshouse crop pests. It is also used strategically in

glasshouses to knock down pests, before re-introduction of bumble bees for pollination of

tomato crops and predator mites for control of two-spotted mites (S McKenney, pers.

comm.). Dichlorvos is widely used in the glasshouse industry for controlling whitefly and

aphids. The key reason for this is that there are no other products available with a fogging

(fumigant) action (M Ross, pers. comm.).

There are no alternative insecticides with these properties of short pre-harvest interval, wide

pest control spectrum and fumigant activity (P Workman, pers. comm.).

As a result of the establishment of tomato/potato psyllid in New Zealand, previously

established integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in greenhouse tomato and

capsicum crops have been severely disrupted, resulting in higher pesticide dependence.

Implications of this are reduced quality of pollination, reduced yield, lower fruit quality and a

risk of pesticide resistance (Thompson 2009). Dichlorvos is listed as one of the insecticides

that can be used for control of tomato/potato psyllid (Horticulture New Zealand 2008).

Mushrooms

There are 11 commercial mushroom growers in New Zealand, comprising a total production

area of 42 hectares. The New Zealand mushroom crop volume is estimated at 8500 tonnes,

valued at NZ$ 41.1 million in domestic sales and fresh exports of $NZ1.5 million (Plant &

Food Research 2008).

Few insecticides are used in mushroom production (Table 11). Where they are, preference

is given to the insect growth regulator Dimilin® (diflubenzuron) for the control of sciarid flies

(Lycoriella spp.). Mushroom growers do not currently use dichlorvos. However, the de-

registration of dichlorvos would leave very few alternative insecticides available (M Speeden,

pers. comm.).

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Table 11. Insecticides registered for use on mushroom in New Zealand (Novachem 2009).

Chemical Group Active Ingredient Registered

Products1

Target Pest

Biological control

agent

Fungus gnat

predator Hypoaspis

(Gaeolealaps)

aculeifer

EntomiteTM

, Hypo-

miteTM

Sciarid flies, thrips,

some nematodes

Biological control

agent

Steinernema feltiae Nemasys® Sciarid flies

Organophosphate dichlorvos Nuvos®, DivapTM

Phorid & sciarid flies,

mites, aphids,

caterpillars, thrips,

whitefly

Phenyl pryrazole fipronil Ascend® Sciarid, cecid &

phorid flies

Substituted benzoyl

phenyl urea (insect

growth regulator)

diflubenzuron Dimilin® 2L, Difuse®

25WP, PorinexTM

SniperTM

Sciarid flies

1Novachem 2009

Field Vegetables

Growers do occasionally use dichlorvos in field vegetable production, in particular, for

periods with particularly bad insect infestation problems. There are other insecticides from

different chemical groups available for pest control, but dichlorvos is useful for a quick

knockdown of high pest populations (C Cowell, S McKinney, pers. comm.).

Asparagus

There are 100 asparagus growers, with a planted area of 871 ha, producing 3136 tonnes

with domestic sales valued at NZ$5.6 million, export sales at NZ$2.5 million and processed

NZ$0.7 million (Plant & Food Research 2008).

Table 12. Insecticides registered for use on asparagus in New Zealand (Novachem 2009).

Chemical Group Active Ingredient Registered

Products1

Target Pest

Synthetic pyrethroid esfenvalerate Sumi-alpha® Garden weevil

Organophosphate dichlorvos Nuvos®, DivapTM

Aphids, caterpillars,

mites, thrips 1Novachem 2009

Fumigation of fresh asparagus with dichlorvos incorporated with a gas propellant product

(Insectigas®) is standard practice for export asparagus (Table 12). The treatment is to

eliminate thrips in particular, which pose a quarantine pest risk to some export markets

(especially Japan). The only alternative is methyl bromide, which has to be used at 23°C,

shortening the shelf life of the asparagus. Dichlorvos has superior efficacy, proven cost

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effectiveness, excellent penetration (semi-fumigant action) and rapid knockdown (D Brash, P

Falloon, pers. comm.).

Japan is currently demanding a Dichlorvos Residue Approval Programme (DRAP) to provide

assurance that dichlorvos has not been used on fresh produce exported to Japan (C Ward,

pers. comm.). Research into a suitable long-term alternative for the postharvest treatment of

asparagus for thrips control, such as hot water treatment, has so far been unsuccessful (D

Brash, pers. comm.; Ward 2009).

Pasture and Cereals

There is little use of dichlorvos on cereal crops where synthetic pyrethroids are used to

control aphids and caterpillar pests (N Pyke, pers. comm.). Insectigas® is registered for use

in grain storage but it is unknown whether it is used for this purpose in New Zealand.

Dichlorvos is not used on ryegrass (N Pyke, pers. comm.). However, trichlorfon is

occasionally used for porina control in Southland pasture. Trichlorfon (sold as TrifonTM

) is a

broad-spectrum organophosphate that is registered for use on a range of field crops and

pasture. Because of its low level of use, it is likely TrifonTM

will be voluntarily withdrawn from

market (W Palleson, pers. comm.).

Clover Seed and Vegetable Seed Production

Dichlorvos has been replaced with synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. Mavrik®) for control of clover

case bearer, thrips and aphids. Synthetic pyrethroids are a cost-effective alternative, at

approximately NZ$ 4-6 per hectare. While clover root weevil has been a recent problem in

pasture, it is not seen as a major problem in seed production, since clover grown for seed

production is only in the ground for two years, which does not give enough time for clover

root weevil to establish (N Pyke, pers. comm.).

A small amount of dichlorvos may be occasionally used for vegetable seed production, but

there are pollination issues (i.e. safety to bees) associated with its use. There are 2-3,000

ha of vegetable seed crops (N Pyke, pers. comm.), returning NZ$30 million in 2007

(HortResearch 2007).

Turf

In 2006, it was estimated there is a turf grass area of 58,139 ha managed for both sports

and amenity uses (Haydu et al. 2008).

The main pests in turf management are porina, weevils, grass grub, black beetle, crickets

and worms. Worm levels are higher in New Zealand than overseas because of our high

organic matter. Typical water rates used on turf are 200-300 litres per ha applied with a

boom sprayer. Rates can be as high as 600-800 litres per hectare where soil irrigation is

needed to target a specific issue. The number of insecticide applications made per year

depends on the field purpose and pest problem. There are 0-3 insecticide applications made

per year on fairways, with up to 10 on a high quality green. On sports fields, insecticide use

is much lower, estimated at once every three years for worms, and once every two years for

porina, where porina is a problem (B Hannan, pers. comm.).

Dichlorvos is not currently used in turf management. Pest control options in turf management

are diazinon, chlorpyrifos and synthetic pyrethroids, depending on the target pest.

Trichlorfon may be used to target specific problems such as porina moth (B Hannan, pers.

comm.).

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 21

Fruit fly Surveillance Programme

New Zealand has a unique position in that it is free from fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). The

severe economic impact of even a temporary establishment of fruit flies represents a major

biosecurity threat to New Zealand’s horticulture industry, which was worth $2.9 billion in

exports in 2008 (Plant & Food Research 2008; Suckling et al. 2008).

The absence of fruit fly species represents a very significant export market advantage

allowing fresh export produce to be certified as free of infestation and exported to areas

where fruit flies do not occur. It allows fruit fly-susceptible crops to be produced in New

Zealand without a need for the management of this pest, which results in savings in terms of

pest management inputs. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand

(MAFBNZ) operates a nationwide surveillance trapping programme at a cost of

approximately $1.2 million per annum (MAFBNZ 2009). This programme was initiated in the

mid 1970s to provide trading partners with an auditable assurance that New Zealand

remains free of fruit flies, and is designed to detect incursive fruit fly populations quickly, so

that they may be efficiently eradicated (Suckling et al. 2008; MAFBNZ 2009)

Central to the programme are about 7385 Lynfield traps deployed at 3518 sites at a range of

locations based on incursion risk profile, with the largest number (about 67%) in Auckland

and fewer than 18% of the traps in the South Island. The fruit fly traps are set up according

to a MAF specification and only by contract operators, who have to undergo training and

subsequent auditing of procedures. Any changes to operational procedures must be made

with caution, to avoid losing sensitivity of the surveillance operation (MAF 2004; Suckling et

al. 2008;MAFBNZ 2009).

The DDVP insecticide strips are used as a rapid knock down insecticide to male fruit flies

attracted by lures (attractant) in fruit fly traps. A rapid knock down insecticide is needed to

ensure trapped fruit flies that are attracted by the lure will remain in the insect trap for later

collection and identification. Different lures are used in the insect trap depending on the type

of fruit fly species. There are several thousand fruit fly species, but few are very

economically important. The lures used in the fruit fly traps in New Zealand are primarily

targeting Queensland fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata (Weid)), Froggatt (Bactrocera tryoni), melon

fly (B. cucurbitae (Coquillet)), Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis (Hendel)) and other male lure-

responsive species (MAF 2004; Suckling et al. 2008).

Fruit fly traps are usually set up from late August in northern New Zealand, and later in the

year further south as the temperatures increase. The traps remain in place until June of the

following year. The traps are placed either 400 or 1200 metres apart (one to eight traps per

km2), depending on the type of lure. The traps are placed in potential host plants, are not

hung below foliage and no closer than 1.3 metres to the ground. If there is more than one

trap on a property, then these are not placed in the same tree and must be at least three

metres apart. Each trap is inspected two-weekly and the DDVP insecticide strip is replaced

six-weekly. Replacement of the lure is six or 12-weekly depending on the type of lure (MAF

2004).

DDVP insecticide strips are used in fruit fly traps overseas. The recommended alternative

depends on the trap type used but most commonly is a cotton wick soaked in dichlorvos,

maldison (Malathion) or naled. Malathion and naled are organophosphates and are not

available in New Zealand (IAEA 2003). There are currently no alternatives available to

replace DDVP insecticide strips in the New Zealand fruit fly surveillance programme (V

Thomson, pers. comm.).

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Page 22 2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009

Conclusions and Recommendations

Trichlorfon (sold as TrifonTM

) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate that is registered for use

on a range of field crops and pasture. Little TrifonTM

is used in New Zealand, with only some

minor use for the control of porina larvae in Southland pasture and possibly in turf

management. As a result of its low level of use, it is likely TrifonTM

will be voluntarily

withdrawn from market.

Dichlorvos is an inexpensive but effective broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide

registered for use on a wide range of horticultural crops in New Zealand. It also has public

health uses for the indoor and outdoor control of pests such as flies, cockroaches, and ants,

and food storage pests such as flour beetles and grain weevils. The main horticultural

sectors currently using dichlorvos are cut flowers, particularly orchid production, glasshouse

vegetables, field vegetables, persimmon, tamarillo, passionfruit, berryfruits, postharvest

fumigation of asparagus and it is used in fruit fly surveillance traps. However, there is also

occasional use on other crops such as vegetable seed production and ornamentals, and

potential use in grain and food storage silos and warehouses.

Dichlorvos is sold for use in horticulture as two formulations, as an emulsifiable concentrate

(sold as Nuvos® and DivapTM

) and as an aerosol (sold as ArmourCrop DDVP and

Insectigas®). It is also available to MAF Biosecurity contained in vapour-releasing strips

(DDVP Insecticide Strips), which are used in New Zealand’s fruit fly surveillance traps.

Dichlorvos has superior efficacy, proven cost effectiveness, excellent penetration (semi-

fumigant action) and rapid knockdown. Its short residual effect means it can be used close

to harvest, while its broad-spectrum activity provides a useful option when growers are faced

with new pests or unexpected or late season pest build-ups. Its efficacy across a wide range

of pests, short residual effect, unique fumigant activity and rapid knockdown make it ideal for

pre-harvest and postharvest disinfestation to meet quarantine regulations, while these

properties also provide a range of application options to fit with packing and handling

systems. The unique properties associated with dichlorvos mean that most of its uses are for

specific purposes for which there are few if any alternatives.

Persimmon

Dichlorvos is used as a pre-harvest for the control of passenger pests such as oribatid mites.

Its short pre-harvest interval enables it to be used close to harvest as a clean-up spray. It is

effective against a wide range of insects and its fumigant activity provides control into calyx

cracks and under sepals that cannot be achieved through the use of other chemical

formulations and spray techniques. With 90% of the persimmon crop exported, it is

important that these passenger pests are controlled. Postharvest treatments have not

proved to be economically viable options, do not fit with current fruit transport and handling

systems and there are fruit damage risks. There are no current alternatives that have the

unique mode of action provided by dichlorvos that are effective in controlling these pests.

Tamarillo

Dichlorvos (Nuvos®) is used by the tamarillo industry. Nuvos® has a short pre-harvest

interval of seven days for local and export fruit. The only other contact insecticide currently

registered on tamarillo has a long pre-harvest interval of 60 days on export fruit, but seven

days on local fruit. In 2009, tomato/potato psyllid infestation caused up to 60% tree death

devastating some crops. This is an industry that currently needs all options available to it to

be able to produce a commercial tamarillo crop. Dichlorvos is the only registered insecticide

option currently found to be effective for tomato/potato psyllid control.

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 23

Passionfruit

Until recently, the industry also used Malathion 50 EC, for which MRLs exist in the USA, but

in June 2009 this product was voluntarily withdrawn from the New Zealand market by the

distributor Nufarm Ltd. The main export market is USA. There is no MRL for diazinon or

dichlorvos into this market; however, because of its short residual effect, dichlorvos is the

only insecticide currently available for thrip control for passionfruit for the USA market.

Dichlorvos and diazinon are the only two insecticides specifically registered for use on

passionfruit in New Zealand.

Berryfruits

Strawberry growers and local market berry growers are using dichlorvos mainly for

carpophilus beetle control in the North Island and small amounts are being used in the South

Island for aphid and caterpillar control. Dichlorvos was not used in any blackcurrant or

Boysenberry export crops in 2009 and only one export blueberry grower applied dichlorvos

for bronze beetle control.

As pest control programmes reduce in broad-spectrum activity, beetles such as bronze

beetle and carpophilus beetle become more prevalent. Berryfruit growers are finding

dichlorvos to be an effective control where there are few alternatives. Its fumigant action

gives good coverage and short residual effect means it can be used close to harvest, while

its broad-spectrum activity provides a useful option when growers are faced with unexpected

and late season pest problems.

Ornamentals and Cut Flower Production

Dichlorvos is less widely used in ornamental and flower crops than in glasshouse vegetable

crops, with the exception of cymbidium orchids. It is used in cymbidium orchids because it is

a useful insecticide for the control of scale insect in IPM programmes. Increasing numbers

of cymbidium orchid growers are using the predatory mite for two-spotted mite control, as

they are unable to control this pest with the available miticides.

Mites are a key quarantine pest for export cut flowers. As dichlorvos has a short pre-harvest

interval, wide pest control spectrum and fumigant activity, this means that if mites or other

insect pests are found in a crop, it can be treated then harvested or packed the next day.

The fumigant action is advantageous as it avoids blooms getting wet during treatment which

can cause disease. There is also some interest in fumigation with dichlorvos, as an option to

meet new lightbrown apple moth quarantine procedures for cut flowers and foliage to the

USA.

Glasshouse Vegetable Production

Dichlorvos is used fairly extensively in glasshouse vegetable production. It is widely used

because it has a short pre-harvest interval and therefore applications of this product are not

too disruptive to harvesting and it can be applied effectively using foggers, as it has fumigant

activity. Dichlorvos is frequently used as a clean-up treatment for glasshouse crop pests

including whitefly and aphids. It is also used strategically in glasshouses to knock down

pests, before re-introduction of bumble bees for pollination of tomato crops and predator

mites for control of two-spotted mites. There are no alternative insecticides with these

properties of short pre-harvest interval, wide pest control spectrum and fumigant activity.

As a result of the establishment of tomato/potato psyllid in New Zealand, previously

established integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in greenhouse tomato and

capsicum crops have been severely disrupted, resulting in higher pesticide dependence.

Dichlorvos is listed as one of the insecticides that can be used for control of tomato/potato

psyllid.

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Mushroom

Few insecticides are used in mushroom production. When they are, preference is given to

the insect growth regulator Dimilin® (diflubenzuron) for the control of sciarid flies (Lycoriella

spp). Mushroom growers do not currently use dichlorvos. However, the de-registration of

dichlorovs would leave very few alternative insecticides available.

Field Vegetables

Growers do occasionally use dichlorvos in field vegetable production, in particular, for

periods with particularly bad insect pest problems. There are other insecticides from different

chemical groups available for pest control, but dichlorvos is useful for a quick knockdown of

high pest populations.

Asparagus

Fumigation of fresh asparagus with dichlorvos incorporated with a gas propellant product

(Insectigas®) is standard practice for export asparagus. The treatment is to eliminate thrips

in particular, which pose a quarantine pest risk to some export markets (especially Japan).

Dichlorvos has superior efficacy, proven cost effectiveness, excellent penetration (semi-

fumigant action) and rapid knockdown.

Japan is currently demanding a Dichlorvos Residue Approval Programme (DRAP) to provide

assurance that dichlorvos has not been used on fresh produce exported to Japan. Research

into a suitable long-term alternative for the postharvest treatment of asparagus for thrip

control has so far been unsuccessful.

Pasture and Cereals

There is little use of dichlorvos on cereal crops: synthetic pyrethroids are typically used to

control aphids and caterpillar pests. Insectigas® is registered for use in grain storage but it

is unknown whether it is used for this purpose in New Zealand. Dichlorvos is not used on

ryegrass. However, trichlorfon (sold as TrifonTM

) is occasionally used for porina control in

Southland pasture. Because of its low level of use, it is likely that TrifonTM

will be voluntarily

withdrawn from market.

Clover seed and Vegetable Seed Production

Dichlorvos has been replaced with synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. Mavrik®) for control of clover

case bearer, thrips and aphids. A small amount may be occasionally used for vegetable

seed production, but there are pollination issues (i.e. safety to bees) associated with its use.

Turf

Dichlorvos is not currently used in turf management. Trichlorfon may be used to target site

specific problems such as porina moth.

Fruit fly Surveillance Programme

New Zealand has a unique position in that it is free from fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). The

severe economic impact of even a temporary establishment of fruit flies represents a major

biosecurity threat to New Zealand’s horticulture industry. Central to the programme are

about 7385 Lynfield traps deployed at 3518 sites at a range of locations based on incursion

risk profile, with the largest number (about 67%) in Auckland and fewer than 18% of the

traps in the South Island. DDVP insecticide strips are used in the traps as a rapid knock-

down insecticide to fruit flies attracted by lures (attractant) in the fruit fly traps. A rapid knock-

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 25

down insecticide is needed to ensure trapped fruit flies that are attracted by the lure will

remain in the insect trap for later collection and identification. DDVP insecticide strips are

also used in fruit fly traps overseas. The recommended alternative depends on the trap type

used, but most commonly is a cotton wick soaked in dichlorvos, maldison (Malathion) or

naled. Malathion and naled are organophosphates and are not available in New Zealand

There are currently no alternatives available to replace DDVP insecticide strips in the New

Zealand fruit fly surveillance programme.

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Page 26 2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009

References

BOC Limited 2007. Insectigas (BOC limited – NZ) (5% Dichlorvos). Material Safety Data Sheet #0142. Reviewed 26 June 2007. www.boc.co.nz

BOC Limited 2009. Pest control solutions. Brochure. Retrieved July 2009 https://boc.co.nz/boc_sp/downloads/gas_brochures/BOC_Pestigas_Brochure.pdf

CODEX Alimentarius 2009. Pesticide residues in food. Maximum Residue Limits. FAO/WHO Food Standards. Database last updated 30 March 2009. http://www.codexalimentarius.net/mrls/pestdes/jsp/pest_q-e.jsp

ERMA New Zealand 2004. Fruit Growers Compliance Guide. ER-CG-10-01 06/04. ERMA New Zealand. Wellington. p2. www.ermanz.govt.nz/resources/publications/pdfs/ER-CG-10-1.pdf

ERMA New Zealand 2008. Three more hazardous chemicals up for review. Media Release. 10 September 2008. www.ermanz.govt.nz/news-events/archives/media-releases/2008/mr-20080911.html

Haydu J, Way B, Hodges A, Cisar J, Aldous D. 2008. Economic challenges confronting New Zealand’s sports turf industry. Proceedings 2

nd International Conference on

Turfgrass. Acta Horticulturae 783, ISHS 2008. p349-356.

Horticulture New Zealand. 2008. New Zealand code of practice for the management of the tomato/potato psyllid in greenhouse tomato and capsicum crops. Horticulture NZ’s Fresh Tomato and Fresh Vegetable Product Groups. November 2008. www.tomatoesnz.co.nz

HortResearch 2007. FreshFacts. New Zealand Horticulture. The New Zealand Horticulture & Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd. p33. www.hortresearch.co.nz

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 2003. Trapping Guidelines for area-wide fruit fly programmes. IAEA, Vienna. p47 www.iaea.org/nafa/d4/public/trapping-web.pdf

Manktelow D, Stevens, P, Walker J, Gurnsey S, Park N, Zabkiewicz, Teulon D, Rahman A 2005. Trends in pesticide use in New Zealand: 2004. Report to the Ministry for the Environment, Project SMF4193. HortResearch, Auckland. www.hortresearch.co.nz/files/science/ifp/nz-pesticide-trends.pdf

Martin NA, Beresford RM, Harrington KC eds 2005. Pesticide resistance: Prevention and management strategies 2005. New Zealand Plant Protection Society Inc 2005. www.nzpps.org/resistance/index.php

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) 2004. Form HS1 application for approval to

import or manufacture any hazardous substance for release. DDVP Insecticide Strip.

Applicant Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. HSR04011. p44. Accessed from

www.ermanz.co.nz

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) 2006. Horticulture Monitoring Report. MAF Policy. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington. July 2006. p108.

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) 2009. Sustainable Farming Fund Final Report. Perfecting persimmon spraying. Grant No 03/133. Web page updated 23 February 2009. Retrieved from www.maf.govt.nz/sff/about-projects/search/03-133/final-report.htm

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand (MAFBNZ) 2009. Fruit fly surveillance programme. Updated 15 April 2009. www.biosecurity.govt.nz

New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) 2008. New Zealand (Maximum Residue Limits of Agricultural Compounds) Food Standards 2008. Gazette Notice 2238. Effective 1 May 2008. http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/policy-law/legislation/food-standards/index.htm#mrl

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New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) 2009. ACVM database of currently registered veterinary medicines, plant compounds and vertebrate toxic agents. Accessed 25 May 2009. www.nzfsa.govt.nz/acvm/registers-lists/acvm-register/index.htm

Novachem 2009. New Zealand Novachem Agrichemical Manual 2009. Young S (ed) AgriMedia Ltd, Christchurch. p779. www.spraybible.com.

Persimmon Industry Council 2001. Green & Gold® Persimmon IPM System Manual.

October 2001. Persimmon Industry Council. Wellington. p77.

Plant & Food Research 2008. FreshFacts. New Zealand Horticulture. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd. p33. www.plantandfood.com.

Prestidge RA, Holland PT, Clarke AD, Malcolm CP. 1989. Pesticides for use close to and during harvest of persimmons. Proceedings 42

nd New Zealand Weed and Pest

Conference. 1989. p195-199. www.nzpps.org.nz.

Steven D, Sale PR. 1985. Insect control trials on persimmons. Proceedings 38th New

Zealand Weed and Pest Conference. 1985. p203-206. www.nzpps.org.nz.

Suckling DM, Jang EB, Holder P, Carvalho L, Stephens AE. 2008. Evaluation of lure

dispensers for fruit fly surveillance in New Zealand. Pest Management Science

64(8):848-56. August 2008.

Thompson J. 2009. Industry perspectives and observations – greenhouses. Solanaceaous

Crops Psyllids & Liberibacter. 7th World Potato Congress. Proceedings of the

workshop held 26 March 2009. Christchurch, New Zealand.

Ward C. 2009. Conference to take a global outlook. NZ Asparagus Council. Grower. Vol

64 No 2 March 2009.

Watson C. 2009. Tamarillo Growers. Solanaceaous Crops Psyllids & Liberibacter. 7th World

Potato Congress. Proceedings of the workshop held 26 March 2009. Christchurch,

New Zealand.

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Page 28 2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009

Acknowledgements

Adria Crop Protection

AgResearch, Denise Bewsell and colleagues

Allan Woolf, Plant & Food Research

Brendon Hannan, NZ Sports Turf Institute

Chris Ward, New Zealand Asparagus Council

Craig Watson, NZ Tamarillo Growers Association

David Manktelow, Manktelow and Associates

David Steven, IPM Research Ltd

Don Brash, Plant & Food Research

Geoff Langford, Plant & Food Research

Graham Walker, Plant & Food Research

Ian Turk, Horticulture New Zealand

Ivan Angland, Adrian Rigby, Heinz-Watties

John Barnes, Meadow Mushrooms

John Wilkinson, Christine Cowell, Stephen McKinney, Horticentre

Keith Sandom, Passionfruit Growers Association, and grower members

Lindsay Wells, Persimmon Industry Council

Martin Speeden, Commercial Mushroom Growers Federation New Zealand

Murray Ross, PGG Wrightsons, Christchurch

Nick Martin, Plant & Food Research

Nick Pyke, Foundation for Arable Research (FAR)

Peter Falloon, Aspara Pacific

Peter Lo, Plant & Food Research

Peter Workman, Plant & Food Research

Ralph Meinhardt, BOC NZ Limited

Skelton Ivory, Hastings

Trevor Lupton, Lupton Lewis Consultants

Vivien Thomson, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand

Wayne Palleson, Zelam Limited

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 29

Appendices

Appendix 1. Insecticide use in horticulture.

(data from survey results from Manktelow et al. 2005, Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand:2004)

FAO Category Active

Ingredient1

Total Tonnes a.i/y

% of Total Insecticide Use

Acaricides (I2) azocyclotin 0.31 0.21% clofentezine 0.28 0.19% dicofol 0.31 0.22% fenbutatin oxide 0.03 0.02% fenpyroximate 0.02 0.01% milbemectin 0.00 0.00% propargite 0.03 0.02% Botanicals and Biological control agents abamectin 0.00 0.00% Bacillus thuringiensis

var aizawai/kurstaki 0.19 0.13%

Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (h-3a,3b hd1)

0.39 0.28%

Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (h-3a,3b, sa-11)

4.00 2.82%

pyrethrins 0.04 0.03% spinosad 1.43 1.00% Carbamate insecticides carbaryl 16.37 11.52% furathiocarb 0.00 0.00% methomyl 0.35 0.24% oxamyl 2.27 1.60% pirimicarb 5.06 3.56% Insect Growth Regulators (I1) buprofezin 1.80 1.27% lufenuron 0.66 0.46% tebufenozide 12.67 8.91% Organophosphates acephate 2.52 1.77% azinphos-methyl 0.31 0.22% chlorpyrifos 14.91 10.49% diazinon 22.03 15.51% dichlorvos 1.13 0.79% dimethoate 0.60 0.42% fenamiphos 10.66 7.50% maldison 1.47 1.04% methamidophos 17.85 12.56% phorate 5.62 3.95% pirimiphos-methyl 7.54 5.31% prothiofos 1.13 0.80% terbufos 0.06 0.04%

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Appendix 1. Insecticide use in horticulture (continued)

FAO Category Active

Ingredient1

Total Tonnes a.i/y

% of Total Insecticide Use

Other Insecticides (I3) dienochlor 0.02 0.01% emamectin benzoate 0.00 0.00% endosulfan 1.61 1.13% fipronil 0.02 0.02% imidacloprid 3.43 2.41% indoxacarb 1.39 0.98% pymetrozine 1.42 1.00% thiacloprid 0.47 0.33% thiamethoxam 0.01 0.01% Pyrethroids alpha-cypermethrin 0.00 0.00% bifenthrin 0.14 0.10% cyfluthrin 0.20 0.14% cypermethrin 0.04 0.03% deltamethrin 0.07 0.05% esfenvalerate 0.00 0.00% lambda-cyhalothrin 0.14 0.10% permethrin 0.97 0.68% tau-fluvalinate 0.12 0.08% Total Insecticide 142.09 100.00%

Appendix 2. CODEX Maximum Residue Level (MRL) 2009 for dichlorvos and trichlorfon.

Commodity Dichlorvos MRL (mg/kg)*

Cereal grains 5

Meat (from mammals other than marine mammals)

0.05

Milks 0.02

Mushrooms 0.5

Poultry meat 0.05

Wheat bran, Unprocessed 10

Wheat flour 1

Wheat germ 10

Wheat wholemeal 2

*for Trichlorfon there are no MRLs established or prior MRLs revoked

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 31

Appendix 3. Summary of product application methods, label rates and use

Crop type Dichlorvos

and/or

trichlorfon use

Crop Application

equipment

Trifon*

label rate

(500 g/L

trichlorfon)

NuvosTM

label rate

(1000 g/L

dichlorvos)

Divap®

label rate

(1140 g/L

dichlorvos)

Water

rates

ArmourCrop DDVP

& Insectigas

(50 g/kg

dichlorvos,

propellant CO2)

DDVP

Insecticide

Strip

(188 g/kg

dichlorvos)

If

used,

apps

per

year,

Min.

Apps

per

year,

Max.

Total crop

area (ha)1

Number

of

growers1

Asparagus yes - export

produce

Asparagus Fog -

postharvest

2.5 g/m2 1 1 used

postharvest

100

Cereal little use - use

synthetic

pyrethroids

Cereals Boom 1.8-2.4

L/ha

350-750 ml/ha 300 – 650

ml/ha

220 - 450

l/ha

1 1

Covered

crop

yes Glasshouse

capsicum

Fog –

dispensing

system or

handgun

2.5 g/m2 1 2 128

56

Covered

crop

yes Glasshouse

flowers

Fog or light

spray -

dispensing

system or

handgun

5 ml/litre/

100 m3 or

25 ml/5 litres

4 ml/litre/

100 m3 or

20 ml/5

litres

2.5 g/m2 1 2

Covered

crop

yes Glasshouse

vegetables

Fog or light

spray -

dispensing

system or

handgun

5 ml/litre/100

m3 or

25 ml/5 litres

4 ml/litre/

100 m3 or

20 ml/5

litres

2.5 g/m2 1 2 122 (under-

estimate?)

300

Covered

crop

no - but

removal of

dichlorvos

leaves few

alternates

Mushroom Fog or light

spray -

dispensing

system or

handgun

5 ml/litre/100

m3 or

25 ml/5 litres

4 ml/litre/

100 m3 or

20 ml/5

litres

1 1 42 11

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Page 32 2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009

Crop type Dichlorvos

and/or

trichlorfon use

Crop Application

equipment

Trifon*

label rate

(500 g/L

trichlorfon)

NuvosTM

label rate

(1000 g/L

dichlorvos)

Divap®

label rate

(1140 g/L

dichlorvos)

Water

rates

ArmourCrop DDVP

& Insectigas

(50 g/kg

dichlorvos,

propellant CO2)

DDVP

Insecticide

Strip

(188 g/kg

dichlorvos)

If

used,

apps

per

year,

Min.

Apps

per

year,

Max.

Total crop

area (ha)1

Number

of

growers1

Field

Vegetable

occasional for

pest outbreaks

vegetables

(brassicas,

tomatoes,

beans, other

field

vegetables)

Boom

Market

gardens

may use

mist blower

small scale

1.8-3.6

L/ha

(for

cutworm

can apply

as bait)

500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100 L

440-700

ml/ha or 50

ml/100 L

220-450

L/ha

60 L/ha for

mist

blower

1 2 49779 total

vegetable

production

(large over-

estimate of

likely area)

3435

Forage crop no - generally

use

chlorpyrifos

Forage

brassicas

Boom 1.8-3.6

L/ha (for

cutworm

can apply

as bait)

350-750 ml/ha 300 – 650

ml/ha

220-450

L/ha

1 1

Fruit fly

surveillance

programme

yes Fruit fly

surveillance

programme

Vapour

releasing

strip

not

applicable

1 x 2.6-g

strip per

trap. 1 trap

per km2.

Renewed

every 6

weeks

8 9

Ornamental occasional for

pest outbreaks

Ornamental

nursery

production

Mist blower

or handgun

500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100 L

440-700

ml/ha or

50 ml/100 L

Handgun

apply to

runoff

60 L/ha for

mist

blower

1 1

Pasture very

occasional - in

Southland for

porina moth

Pasture Boom 1.8-2.4

L/ha

170-220

litres/ha

1 1

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2810 Dichlorvos and trichlorfon use in New Zealand horticulture July 2009 Page 33

Crop type Dichlorvos

and/or

trichlorfon use

Crop Application

equipment

Trifon*

label rate

(500 g/L

trichlorfon)

NuvosTM

label rate

(1000 g/L

dichlorvos)

Divap®

label rate

(1140 g/L

dichlorvos)

Water

rates

ArmourCrop DDVP

& Insectigas

(50 g/kg

dichlorvos,

propellant CO2)

DDVP

Insecticide

Strip

(188 g/kg

dichlorvos)

If

used,

apps

per

year,

Min.

Apps

per

year,

Max.

Total crop

area (ha)1

Number

of

growers1

Pasture possible Turf Boom 1.8-2.4

L/ha

170-220

litres/ha

1 1 58,139

Seed no - use

synthetic

pyrethroids

Clover seed

crops

Boom 1.8-2.4

L/ha (grass

seed)

150-220 ml/ha 130 – 190

ml/ha

110 - 170

L/ha

1 1

Seed occasional Vegetable

seed

Boom

500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100 L

440-700

ml/ha or

50 ml/100 L

220-450

L/ha

1 1 2-3,000

Tree fruit yes Persimmon Airblast 100 ml/100 L 90 ml/100 L 2000 L/ha 1 2 180 88

Tree fruit yes Tamarillo Airblast 100 ml/100 L 90 ml/100 L 600-1200

L/ha

1 2 194 175

Vine & Bush

fruit

yes Berryfruit -

field

strawberry

Boom 500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100 L

440-700

ml/ha or

50 ml/100 L

220-450

L/ha

1 3 170 100

Vine & Bush

fruit

occasional for

pest outbreaks

Berryfruit -

row

blueberry

blackcurrant

Boysenberry

Airblast or

similar

500-800 ml/ha

or

60 ml/100 L

440-700

ml/ha or

50 ml/100 L

1000 L/ha

probably

1 2 2395 262

Vine & Bush

fruit

yes Passionfruit Knapsack or

framework

(not

airblast)

100 ml/100 L 90 ml/100 L 1000 L/ha 1 3 47

1Plant & Food Research 2008