Diagnosis and Mitigation of Squirm and lateral …...being of same order of magnitude as tire...
Transcript of Diagnosis and Mitigation of Squirm and lateral …...being of same order of magnitude as tire...
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Squirm and lateral Wander in Certain
Textures
A Case Study of
Diagnosis and Mitigation
Research Pays Off Seminar Series
March 15 2016
Bernard Igbafen Izevbekhai, P.E., Ph.D.
MnDOT Research Operations Engineer
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Squirm Versus Lateral Wander Squirm
– Dictionary: Wriggle or twist the body from side to side, especially as a result of nervousness or discomfort.
– Engineering: A forced vehicular orientation in the path of motion in the direction of traffic by the texture.
• Short lived and goes away with traffic
• Uninformed correction can be expensive
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Squirm Versus Lateral Wander Lateral Wander
– Dictionary: Wriggle or twist of body from side to side from preferred or prescribed direction.
– Engineering: A Forced Orientation off the Path of Motion or Texture or the Direction of Traffic by Texture Anomaly. Associated with spontaneous self steer.
• Not Short lived and gets worse with Time & Traffic
• Very Unsafe • Must be mitigated very quickly and expensively
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Texture Categorization 101
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Texture Fundamentals
Orders of Magnitude cannot be ignored
Megatexture Faulting Joint Slap Texture Errors
Pavement Roughness Warp and Curl
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Texture Categorization Range Texture
Wavelength
Typical Amplitude
Remarks
Micro < 0.5 mm (<0.002”)
<0.001mm (<4.0E-5”)
Feels harsh but invisible to the naked eye necessary for adhesion friction
Macro 0.5-50 mm (0.002” -2”)
0.1-20 mm (0.004” -0.8”)
Important for tire interaction being of same order of magnitude as tire configurations
Mega 50 mm-500 mm (2” -20”)
0.1-50 mm (0.004”- 2”)
Wavelength similar to tire pavement contact patch and larger can cause wander
Giga >500 mm (> 20 “)
>50 mm (> 2”)
Warp and Curl, Faulting interval Panel warp &Curl, vertical curves (Ride Quality)
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CHAOS CAN BE MODELLED: Soccer Leg Locus (Keep your Friends Close)
AS FOR MODELING OF ORDER: Fourier transform of impulsive Function Spatial to Frequency Domain (Keep Your Enemies Even Closer)
CHAOS IS EASY TO MODEL
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Spatial Vs Frequency Domain
See from a Tire Perspective
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What Does the Tire See?
SPATIAL DOMAIN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
FOURIER TRANSFORM →
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Mean Profile Depth Vs Sand Path Texture Depth
News Flash: Mean Texture Depth is Not an Engineering Quantity
Coefficient of Determination is 97%
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Skewness of ADF = SKu. Negative (<0.1)
Neutral -0.1≤sku≤ 0.1or Positive (Sku>0.1)
Texture
orientation or
Spikiness
Ver
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Relevant Sector
From CTM Plot
PARSER
SOFTWARE
• Noise Prediction
• Friction Prediction
• Rolling Resistance
Association
OUTPUT
APPLICATION
Texture Orientation A Vital Pavement Performance indicator
ASP= Asperity Interval or ASPGW=Asperity Groove Width were found to be Significant Variables Izevbekhai 2012
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CASE STUDY: SP 2480-104 INTERSTATE 35 UNBONDED OVERLAY PROJECT FROM MNTH 30 TO SOUTH OF MN TH 251 Lateral Wander Observed • Significant in Small vehicles • Relative Steer between Front and Back Axle induced at the Rear Texturing; • Broom With Undulating Ripples of higher Order of Magnitude • CDG MPD= 0.9mm • Broom MPD= 0.63 • Broom MPD Reported by Contractor = 0.9 (Before Blading)
Objective: • Conduct tests to ascertain the cause of this low lateral skid
resistance and to facilitate recommendations.
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Research Design
• Null Hypothesis: Lateral Wander is not associated with Uneven Higher Order Wavelengths in this Project
• Evaluate the texture using various technologies to ascertain what characteristics may be associated with the unsafe conditions.
• Investigate Surface at various orders of Magnitude • Micro and macro Texture • Megatexture • Gigatexture
• Check for uniformity • Analyze the results obtained. • Draw plausible tenable inferences
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Visuals: Envelopment Theory
Figure 7: Section 1 Surface
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Diamond Grind Envelopment
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Micro Texture and MacroTexture
Ames Texture Imaging Scanner
Figure 4: Ames Texture Imaging Scanner
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SNAPSHOT FROM TEXTURE SCANNER
Drag
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SNAPSHOT FROM TEXTURE SCANNER
Grind
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Micro texture
• The Circular Track Meter (ASTM E-2157):
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Strange Observation • Broom drag texture had a negative texture which
is unusual unless it was bladed after paving.
• Conventionally Diamond ground section exhibited a neutral to positive texture orientation as expected
Izevbekhai, Wong & Ig-Izevbekhai (2015)
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Texture Wavelength & Skewness
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Mega Texture Intercalation
Figure 8: Section 1: Profile Recreated with the PARSER Software. Megatexture = 15mm to 50mm
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Test1
Test1
Envelopment 50 Car 70 truck 90 Semi
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Diamond Grind Envelopment
Envelopment Theory Hamet & Klein 2001
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Negative Texture Observed Section Location Lane Wheelpath MPD RMS Remarks
1 1 DL Rwp 0.47 0.28 Negative Texture
Orientation
1 2 DL Cl 0.5 0.31 Negative Texture
Orientation
1 3 DL Lwp 0.51 0.21 Negative Texture
Orientation
1 4 PL Rwp 0.88 0.45 Negative Texture
Orientation
1 5 PL Cl 0.68 0.37 Negative Texture
Orientation
1 6 PL Lwp 0.8 0.42 Negative Texture
Orientation
1 7 DL Rwp 0.49 0.27 Negative Texture
Orientation
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Other Observations
A Megatexture of wavelengths between 25 mm to 75 mm was observed in the broom dragged section, corroborating the visual observation of true megatextures on which the macro textures had been established. The danger of such megatexture lies in the inhibition of tire contact with the macro texture and an effective reduction in adhesion and hysteretic friction.
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GIGATEXTURE Investigation
Warp and Curl showed Kink in the transverse profile at the wheel path otherwise on giga scale there was no red flag.
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Diagnosis:Macro on Mega: Geometrically Similar
-1.50000
-1.00000
-0.50000
0.00000
0.50000
1.00000
1.50000
0 20 40
Mega
Macro
-1.50000
-1.00000
-0.50000
0.00000
0.50000
1.00000
1.50000
0 10 20 30 40
Micro on Mega Texture
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Diagnosis: Macro on Mega Texture: (Geometrically Dissimilar)
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50
MegaTexture
MicroTexture
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 10 20 30 40 50
MacroonMega
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Remedy in Case Study
• Remove the mega Texture that inhibits envelopment.
• Performed Conventional Grind of Entire Cross Section
• Investigate Possible language to avert reoccurrence.
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• A friction spec Is not sufficient • A texture depth spec is not even sufficient • Absence of Lateral wander is required. Additionally an
X inch long straight edge must make contact with at least “Y” % of the intervening asperities at the wheel track.
• No single gap between contacting asperities shall be
greater than “Z” inch. The engineer may elect how much failure percentage is acceptable per lot not more than 7% is suggested.
• A Simple Device…
MINIMIZING LATERAL WANDER OCCURRENCE
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Lasting Solution
• Specification Language
• Avoidance by compliance to best practices 1. No strange broom set up
2. Use turf drag
3. Pretextured Longitudinal Tining
• Avoidance by early detection
• Proper use of a straight edge
• Invention of a laser or other envelopment device
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Acknowledgement
• Field Testing was performed by Steve Olson and Gordy Bruhn
• Investigation was requested by Maria Masten and Curtis Turgeon.
• Dave Van Deusen acting manager at that time signed my time sheet
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QUESTIONS
THE ENDLESS ROAD OF RESEARCH