Diabetes Mellitus
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Transcript of Diabetes Mellitus
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Diabetes Mellitus
Ch 13 ~ Endocrine SystemMed Term
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• 18.8 million adults & children diagnosed
• 7.0 million diagnosed
• 79 million are prediabetic
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History of the Disease• 1500 BC ~ Egyptian physician Hesy-Re
described disease with polyuria
• 1st century AD ~ described as ‘melting down of flesh & limbs into urine’
• Up to 11th century ~ diagnosed by ‘water tasters’ who tasted the urine of suspected diabetics. Latin for ‘honey’ is ‘mellitus’
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• Dec. 1921 ~ insulin discovered by Dr. F. Banting
• 1940s ~ advances made in understanding of diabetes and better use of insulin
• 1950s ~ oral preparations discovered
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What is diabetes?
• Chronic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels
• Body is not able to utilize insulin to aid with the absorption of glucose into the cells
• May be due to a deficiency in the amt of insulin or due to the individual’s resistance to their own insulin
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What is insulin?
• A hormone secreted by the pancreas
• Functions to ‘carry’ glucose through the cell wall so the cell can produce energy
• Released after a meal when glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream
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What is normal blood sugar?
• Narrow range of 70 – 110 mg/dl of blood
• BS naturally remains elevated aprox. 2 hrs after a meal or drink then returns to normal
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Signs & Symptoms of DM• If insulin is deficient and sugars in blood are not
utilized by the cells for energy then the following S&S will appear:
• Extreme fatigue• Blurred vision• Polyuria
*dehydration* polydipsia
• Polyphagia• Unexplained weight loss • Slow healing
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Types of Diabetes• Type I Diabetes ~ (insulin deficiency)
* it’s all about lack of insulin
* formerly known as ‘juvenile diabetes’, an autoimmune insulin deficiency
* treated with insulin (injected), diet , exercise
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Etiology of Type I
• * autoimmune onset triggered by an event such as viral illness
• * insulin in not produced in type I
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Type I Signs & Symptoms• Extreme weakness/fatigue• Extreme thirst - dehydration (polydipsia)• Increased urination (polyuria)• Abd. Pain• N & V• Blurred vision• Slow healing wounds• Mood changes• Amenorrhea• Unexplained weight loss
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Treatment of Type I DM
• Obtaining ideal body wt.• Close monitoring of blood sugar levels• Following a diabetic diet with prescribed
calories (16 cal/lb per day)• Regular exercise• Insulin injections
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Type II Diabetes• Formerly known as ‘adult onset diabetes’
• Usually develops in middle age but more children & young adults are now susceptible
• Associated with insulin resistance or lack of insulin
• Usually hereditary tendency
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• Predisposed by obesity & hi caloric intake
• As obesity rates increase in the US, the diabetic rate increases in ALL age groups
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Type II Signs & Symptoms
• Come on more gradually than Type I
• Polyphagia• Polydipsia• Polyuria• Weight loss• Extreme fatigue• Slow healing
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Treatment of Type II DM
• Diet• Exercise• Oral hypoglycemic agents• Insulin (injections, pump)
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Long Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
• Chronic elevated blood sugars →→ • Microvascular Complications due to
atherosclerosis →→arteriostenosis →→
Coronary artery disease diabetic retinopathyChronic kidney disease diabetic neuropathy
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Complications cont
• Slow wound healing
• Decreased ability to fight infection
• Decrease sensation leads to increased injury
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Diabetic Foot Ulcers
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Gestational Diabetes• Cause is unknown; probably insulin resistance
• Mother not using available insulin
• Hyperglycemia apparent at aprox. 28 weeks
• Extra glucose from mother crosses placental barrier
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• Baby can’t utilize all the extra glucose and stores it as fat.
• Baby likely to be higher birth weight
• May be complications at birth due to ↑ size
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Gestational Diabetes
• Babies of mothers with GD may have ‘macrosomia’
• Higher risk of obesity as they grow
• Moms with GB at higher risk of developing DM as they get older
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Diabetic Testing
• Blood sugars = finger sticksFBS = done with pt. fasting and
at least 2 hrs postprandial
Hemoglobin A1C = measures average bld sugars for past 2-3
months