Diabetes mellitus
description
Transcript of Diabetes mellitus
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Diabetes mellitus
Type 1, IDDM, juvenile DM
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2 types1. Insulin dependent (autoimmune mediated)
2. Non- Insulin dependent (non-autoimmune mediated)
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Endocrine PancreasProduce and secretes:1. Insulin2. GlucagonImportant in glucose homeostasis
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Insulin dependent (autoimmune mediated)Results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas The subsequent lack of insulin leads to increased blood and urine glucose. Eventually, type1 diabetes is fatal unless treated with insulin.
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Cause Diabetes type I is induced by a combination of genetic susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger and exposure to a driving antigen.MHC : DRB1 0401, DRB1 0402, DRB1 0405, DQA 0301, DQB1 0302 and DQB1 0201
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Process of Immune destruction
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Environmental2. Viruses: (Coxsackie virus & Rubella virus)3. Diet: (through influencing gut flora, intestinal permeability, and immune function in the gut) 4. Chemicals and drugs:(Pyrinuron, a rodenticide streptozotocin, an antibiotic and antineoplastic agent used in chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer)
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Diagnosis1. Clinical2. Biochemical (high blood sugar, H 1 C)3. Auto-Abs against pancreatic islet
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Treatment -Replacement with insulin. -Islet graft ?
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Adrenal glandsSuprarenal Glands
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Adrenal glands
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The cortices produce:
Cortisol Aldosterone. Addisons disease occurs when adrenal glands do not produce enough Cortisol and sometimes Aldosterone. Production of Cortisol is regulated by the pituitary gland's secretion of ACTH
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Autoimmune Addisons diseaseIt is an autoimmune inflammation of adrenal glands, resulting in their gradual destruction and inability to make sufficient amounts of adrenal hormones.
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Addisons disease occurs when more then 90% of adrenal gland tissue is destroyed.
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Presence of Addisons disease or other autoimmune diseases in families.Commonly associated with polyglandular syndromesPresence of autoantibodies
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ClinicalsManifested as:HypotensionFatiguePoor appetites,Nausea Dizziness Weight loss
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DiagnosisClinicalCortisol levels in blood. ACTH Stimulation Test Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia Test CT scan of abdomen NMRI (nuclear magnetic resonance imaging)
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TreatmentHormonal replacement