Diabetes: Glucose Monitoring Topics in Bioengineering.
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Transcript of Diabetes: Glucose Monitoring Topics in Bioengineering.
Diabetes: Glucose Monitoring
Topics in Bioengineering
Diabetes background: Trivia
• What are the three main types?– Type I (children, no insulin)– Type II (adults, insulin
resistance)– Gestational (resolves after
pregnancy• What cells make insulin?– Beta cells
• Where are they found?– Pancreas, Islets of
Langerhans
• How many people in the US?– 20 million
• How many people worldwide?– 346 million (type II only!)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002194/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
Diabetes – huge healthcare problem!
• Type I is autoimmune, causes unknown (requires insulin)
• Life-long, no cure• Type II linked with obesity
(sometimes managed/ reversed with drugs, lifestyle changes)
• Gestational: if not carefully managed, serious risks for mother and baby
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002194/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
Complications:• Cardiovascular diseases (risk
doubled)• Diabetic retinopathy (impaired
vision, blindness)• Diabetic nephropathy (chronic
kidney disease, dialysis)• Diabetic neuropathy (numbness,
tingling foot ulcers amputation)
How is it managed?
• Insulin first available in 1921• Blood glucose must be tightly
monitored and controlled glucose biosensors
• Types:– Finger prick (still most common?)– Continuous (insert sensor SubQ)– Microdialysis (still requires SubQ
implant)– Reverse iontophoresis
(noninvasive)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002194/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitusTMH Lee (2008) Sensors. 8:5535-5559.
Commercially Available Finger-Prick Glucose Meters
TMH Lee (2008) Sensors. 8:5535-5559. Table 1.
Inseong
Tamada et al. (1995) Nature Medicine.
Figure 1
Inseongi.v. insulin oralglucose i.v.
Tamada et al. (1995) Nature Medicine.
Figure 2
Maura
Tamada et al. (1995) Nature Medicine.
Table 1
Maura
Tamada et al. (1995) Nature Medicine.
Figure 3
Michael
What does it look like?
Tamada’s version was probably something like this…
https://www.google.com/search?q=transdermal%20extraction%20of%20glucose&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=XB6hUMTrOIa50QHl9IAQ&biw=1366&bih=644&sei=dh6hUMj8AfDh0wGvqoGoDQ
Modern version? Commercially/clinically available?
Paige
Shrinidhi
CGMS Gold (Medtronic)Needle-type
http://www.medtronic.co.jp/about-medtronic/news-release/2009/2009-13/index.htmhttp://www.diabetesdaily.com/voices/2012/07/my-lovehate-relationship-with-the-cgm-continuous-glucose-monitor/ http://216.71.46.171/diabetesforum/articles/2003/2003_A2/04%20weitgasser%202003%20A2.htm
GlucoDay (A. Menarini)Microdialysis
Wentholt et al. (2005) Diabetes Care. Figure 1
Shrinidhi
Wentholt et al. (2005) Diabetes Care. Figure 2
Anna
Wentholt et al. (2005) Diabetes Care. Figure 3
Felix
Wrap-upKevin