Diabetes - Barbados Underground · National Diabetes Education Program One Diabetes Way Bethesda,...
Transcript of Diabetes - Barbados Underground · National Diabetes Education Program One Diabetes Way Bethesda,...
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Diabetes
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How things normally work
When you eat, your body
breaks food down into
glucose. Glucose is a
type of sugar that is
your body’s
main source
of energy.
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How things normally work
As blood glucose
rises, the body
sends a signal to
the pancreas, which
releases insulin.
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How things normally work
Acting as a key, insulin
binds to a place on the
cell wall (an insulin
receptor), unlocking
the cell so glucose can
pass into it. There,
most of the glucose is
used for energy right
away.
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Blood glucose regulation
Blood glucose
goes up and down
throughout the
day:
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As your blood
glucose rises (after a meal), the
pancreas releases
insulin.
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Type 2 diabetes
Your cells don’t use
insulin properly.
The insulin can’t
fully “unlock” the
cells to allow
glucose to enter
(insulin resistance).
Your pancreas may not
produce enough insulin
(insulin deficiency).
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Natural History of Diabetes
Years of Diabetes
*IGT = impaired glucose tolerance.
Obesity IGT* Diabetes Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia
Relative -Cell Function
100 (%)
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
PlasmaGlucose
Insulin Resistance
Insulin Secretion
120 (mg/dL)
Adapted from International Diabetes Center (IDC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Fasting Glucose
Post-Meal
Glucose
Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes
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Diagnosing diabetes
less than 100 mg/dL normal
125 mg/dL to 100 mg/dL pre-diabetes
126 mg/dL or greater diabetes
Fasting plasma glucose test
(FPG) results
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Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Are overweight.
Are 45 or older.
Are physically inactive.
Have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes.
Are African American, Native American, Hispanic American, or Pacific Islander.
Have abnormal cholesterol levels.
Have had gestational diabetes, or given birth to a baby greater than 9 lbs.
Have high blood pressure.
Type 2 is more common in people who:
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Hyperglycemia Can Cause
Serious Long-Term Problems
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Blood Glucose Targets for
Adults
Pre-meal or fasting: 80-120
2 hours post-meal:
80-140
Bedtime: 80-140 or 100-140
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When & How Often
Should I Be Testing?
On insulin: 4
times per day.
Not on insulin:
2 times per day.
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Test at Alternating Times
of the Day
Before or 2 Hours After Eating
X X Wed.
X X
Tues.
X X Mon.
Bedtime Dinner Lunch Breakfast Day of
the week
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Meal plan works like this
Breakfast Lunch Dinner
CHO
Maximum
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Meal plan works like this
Breakfast Lunch Dinner
CHO CHO CHO
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Hypoglycemic Symptoms
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How to care for yourself when you’re hypoglycemic
Eat or drink 15 grams of fast-acting,
low-fat carbohydrate right away.
Quick energy sources
The following items are quick energy sources that contain about
15 grams of carbohydrate:
½ cup fruit of orange, apple, or grapefruit juice
1/3 cup grape, prune, or cranberry juice
2 tbsp raisins
6 crackers
3-5 pieces hard candy
1 cup skim milk
1 piece bread
3-4 glucose tablets, or 1 tube glucose gel
½ cup regular soft drink (not diet)
11 jellybeans 96
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HbA1c: the blood test with a memory
What is HbA1c?
Hemoglobin is a protein that makes
your red blood cells red-colored.
When hemoglobin picks up glucose
from your bloodstream, the hemoglobin
becomes glycosylated.
Glycosylated hemoglobin is HbA1c.
The HbA1c test measures the
percentage of HbA1c in your blood—
a number that corresponds to your
average blood glucose for the previous
3 months.
HbA1c in your bloodstream.
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Introduction to self-management
Key pieces of diabetes self-management:
Monitoring
blood glucose
Taking
medication
Following a
meal plan
Getting regular
exercise
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Good News About Physical
Activity
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Can’t exercise?
Pools
Exercise balls or exercise bands
Walking tape
Stationary bikes
Exercise videos
Yoga
Local Recreation Centers or school facilities
TV Programs like:
“Sit and Be Fit” M,W, F at 8:30AM on channel 9
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Exercise is boring.
Vary your routine and
don’t be afraid to try
something new.
Participate in things
you like to do.
Exercise with a friend
Use music or books on
tape to make the time
pass more quickly.
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Tips for Safe Physical Activity
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Long-Term Complications
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Hyperglycemia Can Cause
Serious Long-Term Problems
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Diabetes-CVD Facts
Nearly all adults with diabetes have one or more cholesterol problems, such as:
– high triglycerides
– low HDL (“good”) cholesterol
– high LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
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ABC’s
A – A1c, or hemoglobin A1c test.
ADA goal is 7% or less.
AACE goal is 6.5% or less.
B – Blood pressure
< 130/80 mmHg for non-pregnant adults.
C – Cholesterol
HDL (good) cholesterol – >40 mg/dl (men); >50 mg/dl
(women)
LDL (bad) cholesterol – <100 mg/dl
Triglycerides – <150 mg/dl
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Good News for Type 1
Diabetes
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Good News for Type 2
Diabetes
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Take Steps to Reduce Risk
Factors for Heart Disease
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Aspirin Therapy
Recommended dose: 81-325 mg /day
Should not be used in people with: Aspirin allergies, a history of gastric bleeding, clotting disorders, or people already taking a blood-thinning agent.
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Diabetes Can Lead to Nerve
and Small Blood Vessel
Damage
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Getting regular medical care
Schedule for routine medical care
Once (repeat at age 65) Pneumococcal vaccine
1 time/year Flu shot
1 time/year Urine microalbumin/
creatinine ratio
2 times/year Dental exam
At least 1 time/year Foot exam
1 time/year Dilated eye exam
At least every other year Cholesterol
At least 2 times/year Blood pressure
2-4 times/year HbA1c
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Find Diabetes Educators in
Your Area
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Organizations & websites
Intermountain Health Care IHC Diabetes Management Program Phone: 1-800-442-5305 www.ihc.com/diabetes
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse 1 Information Way Bethesda, MD 20892-3560 Phone: 1-800-860-8747 www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
American Diabetes Association ATTN: National Call Center 1701 North Beauregard Street Alexandria, VA 22311 Phone: 1-800-DIABETES (1-800-342-2383) www.diabetes.org
American Dietetic Association 120 South Riverside Plaza, Suite 2000 Chicago, Illinois 60606-6995 Phone: 1-800-877-1600 www.eatright.org
National Diabetes Education Program
One Diabetes Way
Bethesda, MD 20814-9692
Phone: 301-496-3583
www.ndep.nih.gov
Diabetes Exercise and Sports Association
8001 Montcastle Dr.
Nashville, TN 37221
Phone: 1-800-898-4322
www.diabetes-exercise.org
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
120 Wall Street
New York, NY 10005-4001
Phone: 1-800-533-CURE (2873)
www.jdf.org
Joslin Diabetes Center
One Joslin Place
Boston, MA 02215
Phone: 617-732-2400
www.joslin.org 105